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2014 | Buch

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Climate Change, Energy, Sustainability and Pavements

herausgegeben von: Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan, Wynand JvdM Steyn, John Harvey

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

Buchreihe : Green Energy and Technology

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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Über dieses Buch

Climate change, energy production and consumption, and the need to improve the sustainability of all aspects of human activity are key inter-related issues for which solutions must be found and implemented quickly and efficiently. To be successfully implemented, solutions must recognize the rapidly changing socio-techno-political environment and multi-dimensional constraints presented by today’s interconnected world. As part of this global effort, considerations of climate change impacts, energy demands, and incorporation of sustainability concepts have increasing importance in the design, construction, and maintenance of highway and airport pavement systems. To prepare the human capacity to develop and implement these solutions, many educators, policy-makers and practitioners have stressed the paramount importance of formally incorporating sustainability concepts in the civil engineering curriculum to educate and train future civil engineers well-equipped to address our current and future sustainability challenges.

This book will prove a valuable resource in the hands of researchers, educators and future engineering leaders, most of whom will be working in multidisciplinary environments to address a host of next-generation sustainable transportation infrastructure challenges.

"This book proposes a broad detailed overview of the actual scientific knowledge about pavements linked to climate change, energy and sustainability at the international level in an original multidimensional/multi-effects way. By the end, the reader will be aware of the whole global issues to care about for various pavement technical features around the world, among which the implications of modelling including data collection, challenging resources saving and infrastructures services optimisation. This is a complete and varied work, rare in the domain."

Dr. Agnes Jullien
Research Director
Director of Environmental, Development, Safety and Eco-Design Laboratory (EASE)
Department of Development, Mobility and Environment
Ifsttar Centre de Nantes
Cedex- France

“An excellent compilation of latest developments in the field of sustainable pavements. The chapter topics have been carefully chosen and are very well-organized with the intention of equipping the reader with the state-of-the-art knowledge on all aspects of pavement sustainability. Topics covered include pavement Life Cycle Analysis (LCA), pervious pavements, cool pavements, photocatalytic pavements, energy harvesting pavements, etc. which will all be of significant interest to students, researchers, and practitioners of pavement engineering. This book will no doubt serve as an excellent reference on the topic of sustainable pavements.”

Dr. Wei-Hsing Huang
Editor-in-Chief of International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology (IJPRT) and Professor of Civil Engineering
National Central University
Taiwan

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Pavement Life Cycle Assessment

Abstract

Efficient use of fuel and material resources, reduction in greenhouse gas emissions and control of environmental impacts have become important to the construction industry, including pavement engineering. Life cycle assessment, including carbon footprinting, is one important way of estimating the scale and environmental impacts of resource use and emissions to the environment. LCA results can be used for product development, benchmarking and policy making (e.g. investment decisions). Decision makers need to have confidence in the results of LCA studies and this will require that they are conducted in compliance with standards, in a consistent and transparent way. This chapter provides a short introduction to LCA before describing typical inputs and outputs required for pavement LCA and discussion of LCA standards as applied to road pavements. Some existing pavement LCA studies and tools are introduced and briefly reviewed. Finally, a framework for pavement LCA is suggested along with a checklist for conducting these studies and a note on challenges for developing the method in this area.

Yue Huang, Tony Parry

Chapter 2. Application of LCA Results to Network-Level Highway Pavement Management

Abstract

Environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method developed in the 1960s for identifying environmental objectives, defining the system to be analyzed, quantifying environmentally important inputs and outputs to the system over a life cycle, and assessing the impacts. The application of LCA to pavements is a relatively new development. Pavement management systems (PMS) have been developed and implemented since the 1970s to manage pavement network asset inventories, collect condition data, predict performance for various management decisions and report the results to support decision-making needed to meet performance and cost objectives. This chapter discusses the relationship between LCA and PMS and benefits of integrating LCA into PMS. An example is provided for the objective of reducing greenhouse gas emissions on a state highway network. Gaps in implementation are identified, and recommendations are made for future work.

John Harvey, Ting Wang, Jeremy Lea

Chapter 3. The Product Process Service Life Cycle Assessment Framework to Estimate GHG Emissions for Highways

Abstract

This chapter introduces readers to the Product Process Service (PPS) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) framework. This framework is founded in principals of pavement life cycle assessment and provides the basis for tools that can aid decision-makers in assessing pavement life cycle Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. The chapter will discuss methodologies involved in the data collection process, emissions calculation and project inventory development that support the PPS framework.

Amlan Mukherjee, Darrell Cass

Chapter 4. Anticipating and Responding to Pavement Performance as Climate Changes

Abstract

As climate changes, the performance of pavements can be expected to change too. More rainfall can be expected to lead to softer subgrades and less support to the pavement structure with consequences for more rapid cracking and rutting. Even if the amount of rainfall doesn’t change, many places can expect the rain to fall in less frequent but more intense storms leading to challenges for current pavement drainage systems. If temperature rises, then asphaltic pavements may be expected to suffer from greater rutting in hot weather; but if the temperature rise causes greater evaporation then improved support conditions could arise; and if the temperature rise is in an area that historically experiences fully frozen conditions in the winter, then weak, thawing pavements could result. Predicting these and other effects of climate change involves an understanding of the sensitivity to climatic effects of both material properties and of overall pavement performance. In turn the predictions of such changes might indicate the need for adaptation in design, construction or materials selection—the extent of the need being dependent on the severity and risk associated with the predicted changes. In this way appropriate responses can be made to the challenges that future climate change will bring. In some places no change to practice may be required. However, for most authorities the immediate response should be to restate design codes and specifications with climate change in view. Mostly, the practices, techniques and tools for an adequate response are already available but users may need to employ adjusted practice if they don’t want future maintenance demands to become excessive.

Andrew Dawson

Chapter 5. Climate Change Scenarios and Their Potential Effects on Transportation Infrastructure Systems

Abstract

Various theories and understandings exist around climate change. Depending on the viewpoint taken, various scenarios can be generated for the potential effects of these scenarios on transport infrastructure systems. This chapter evaluates the process of developing such scenarios with the focus on transportation infrastructure systems, and the potential effects that the various scenarios has on the systems.

Wynand JvdM Steyn

Chapter 6. Effect of Pavement Surface Conditions on Sustainable Transport

Abstract

This chapter deals with the effect of pavement surface conditions on transport costs, including Vehicle Operating Costs (VOC) and damage to transported goods. The chapter starts with a brief introduction on the need for economic analysis of pavement projects in the context of sustainable pavement management strategies. Then, various user costs are presented, focusing on those cost components that are specifically affected by pavement surface conditions. These include fuel consumption, repair and maintenance, and tire wear (vehicle operating costs), and damage to transported goods/packaging costs (non-vehicle operating costs). The discussion differentiates between empirical and mechanistic models putting a vision for future mechanistic-based models. Finally, a section on trends in emerging vehicle and tire technology and how they affect future costs is presented. The discussion does not include details on the effect of pavement conditions on changes in travel time, safety-related or other implications of pavement conditions.

Karim Chatti, Imen Zaabar

Chapter 7. Permeable Pavements and Storm Water Management

Abstract

The purpose of this book chapter is to summarize the recent literature on permeable pavements and related systems, highlighting current trends in research and practice, and to recommend future areas of research and development. Note that permeable pavements are also known as porous and pervious pavements depending on the industry and country of origin. The development of permeable pavements using concrete pavers as an integral part of sustainable drainage systems is reviewed in the context of traditional and modern urban drainage. Emphasis is given to detailed design, maintenance and water quality control aspects. The advantages and disadvantages of different pavement surfaces are discussed with the help of recent and relevant case study findings. The latest innovations are explained, and their potential for further research work is outlined. Current research regarding the development of systems combining geothermal heating and cooling, water treatment and recycling, and pavement is promising.

Miklas Scholz

Chapter 8. Pervious Concrete

Abstract

The applications and benefits of using pervious concrete are immense and include everything from the common stormwater mitigation to more uncommon applications such as permafrost mitigation. This chapter will discuss the fundamental properties and behaviors of pervious concrete to provide background for future designs. Since stormwater management is covered in detail in the permeable pavements chapter, this chapter will discuss the aspects and applications unique to pervious concrete.

John T. Kevern

Chapter 9. Photocatalytic Pavements

Abstract

Pavements which have been blended, coated, sprayed, etc., with photocatalytic TiO₂ additives have attracted world-wide interest during the past decade-plus period based on their environmentally beneficial abilities to provide reactive (i.e., ‘smog-eating pavement’ plus ‘self-cleaning’) and reflective (i.e., ‘cool pavement’) impacts. The former ‘reactive’ capabilities notably involve a de-polluting property where TiO₂ irradiation with UV-A spectrum light is able to oxidatively convert a variety of problematic organic and inorganic pollutants within both atmospheric and aqueous runoff zones. This suite of transportation-generated amenable contaminants notably includes NO_X residuals which otherwise represent a serious environmental and human-health challenge within high traffic density, inner-urban highway locations with high-density adjacent resident populations. Multiple laboratory-level photo-reactor studies published over the past several decades have demonstrated this photocatalytic NO_X-removal capability, while at the same time scientifically exploring and elucidating key relationships between NO_X abatement and various environmental factors (e.g., light wavelength and intensity, ambient relative humidity and surface moisture, pavement temperature, surface soiling impacts, etc.). Field monitoring, albeit in more limited fashion, has provided similarly supportive findings at a number of locations involving not only TiO₂-bearing pavements but also locations paved with blocks, pavers, bricks, etc. which have been sprayed or coated with TiO₂-enriched admixtures. This chapter, therefore, provides an overview of the related literature covering academic, industrial, patent, and related perspectives and both experimental and full-scale findings. While this existing body of knowledge is substantial, complementary conclusions are also provided regarding recommendations for additional research which appears warranted to pragmatically strengthen the future understanding of TiO₂-related pavement performance.

Joel K. Sikkema, James E. Alleman, Tom Cackler, Peter C. Taylor, Ben Bai, Say-Kee Ong, Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan

Chapter 10. Warm Mix Asphalt

Abstract

Warm Mix Asphalt (WMA) technologies have potential to reduce the application temperature of Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) and improve workability without compromising the performance of asphalt pavement. This promises various benefits, e.g. a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, decreased energy consumption and costs, improved working conditions, better compaction, extended paving season, higher reclaimed asphalt content, earlier opening to traffic, etc. These benefits as well as the potential concerns are discussed in this chapter. Mix design considerations and possible specializations of WMA technologies are summarized. Different WMA production technologies are reviewed with an emphasis on practical applications.

Martins Zaumanis

Chapter 11. Sustainability Issues Surrounding Unpaved Roads

Abstract

The majority of the road networks in developing countries and large percentages in most developed countries are currently unpaved. This results in the road surface being directly exposed to traffic and the environment with a consequent continual loss of gravel, which needs to be replaced at regular intervals. This has severe environmental and sustainability implications and is totally unacceptable in these respects in the long term. Alternatives to this need to be developed such that the materials are either protected against environmental loss or are treated to an extent that the annual loss is significantly reduced. The optimum solution is to pave all roads with either a bituminous or concrete surfacing such that the material imported into the road is preserved against loss by erosion and abrasion. This is, however, probably not financially viable in most developing countries. The alternative is to treat the materials in some way that will reduce the annual loss. Research has indicated that, firstly by selecting the most appropriate materials and secondly, by improving construction methods, significant reductions in material loss are possible. To supplement this, methods of chemical or physical treatment can be considered to minimize material loss. Essentially, the status quo is no longer sustainable and a paradigm shift in this respect is urgently necessary. The impact of the use of water during the construction and maintenance of unpaved roads should also not be neglected.

Phil Paige-Green

Chapter 12. Sustainable Airport Pavements

Abstract

Sustainability is increasingly becoming a priority issue, as well as the foundation for future prosperity, in the global aviation community. Pavement structures are an airport’s greatest asset and greatest liability, and along with their associated management systems, involve an intensive, expensive enterprise and consume massive amounts of nonrenewable resources at every airport. Pavement sustainability includes assessing various pavement strategies on the basis of eco-nomic, environmental, operational and societal impact throughout the pavement’s life cycle. Getting the most benefit for the least cost is a key attribute of pavement sustainability. This chapter presents an overview of the practices that are funda-mental to sustainable airside pavements, as well as some of the life cycle consid-erations. It includes pavement topics such as pavement condition, treatment types, traffic and climate, as well as life cycle cost, life cycle emissions and energy use and pavement management.

Dominique M. Pittenger

Chapter 13. Sustainable Pavement Management

Abstract

Sustainable pavement management as a business practice is about facilitating pavement investment trade-offs considering the triple bottom line of sustainability during the design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation of pavements. This chapter discusses the basic principles of pavement management and the changes necessary to help pavement manager make more sustainable decisions. It discusses the various levels of pavement management decisions, the importance of pavement management as a key asset management business process, and the data needed to support the various levels of analysis. A more sustainable decision-making pro-cess requires tools for analyzing the economic, environmental, and social impacts, as well as for comparing the pavement investment trade-offs. The chapter reviews some of these tools, provides guidelines for incorporating sustainability into the various levels pavement management decision making, and recommendations for making pavement management systems sustainable within an organization.

Gerardo Flintsch, James Bryce

Chapter 14. Sustainable Pavement Preservation and Maintenance Practices

Abstract

This chapter discusses the state-of-the-practice in sustainable pavement maintenance and preservation. Its focus is on quantifying and understanding how pavement preservation and maintenance practices minimize environmental impacts. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) differentiates between pavement preservation and pavement maintenance and uses this to allocate federal funds accordingly. While Canadian agencies recognize and practice the concepts of pavement preservation, there is no regulatory differentiation between it and maintenance as compared to the US. Pavement preservation promotes environmental sustainability by conserving energy, virgin materials, and reducing greenhouse gases by keeping good roads good. Therefore, a sustainable pavement maintenance program should consider allocating personnel and resources to pavement preservation.

Douglas D. Gransberg, Susan L. Tighe, Dominique Pittenger, Maria Catalina Miller

Chapter 15. Reclaimed Waste Materials in Sustainable Pavement Construction

Abstract

This chapter provides an in-depth but brief overview on the possible use of various waste materials for sustainable pavement construction. It compiles a literature review on the research done on such materials and highlights the current issues.

Animesh Das, Aravind Krishna Swamy

Chapter 16. Cool Pavements

Abstract

This chapter deals with Urban Heat Island (UHI) mitigation and cool pavements. It starts with a brief introduction on UHI and various mitigation approaches including cool pavements. The urban cityscape is covered with man-made materials that absorb the sun’s energy. Dark colored roads and roofs have replaced surface area which was once predominantly vegetated lands. Impervious pavements cover a large amount of urban surface area, typically 30–45 %. For these reasons summertime ambient temperatures in cities are typically warmer than those of rural areas. Heat islands lead to increased air conditioning use which puts a strain on a city’s energy grid. To supply this extra wattage, power plants must work harder and as a result emit more carbon. Therefore, the heat island effect contributes to environmental problems including air quality and climate change. One solution to this problem is the implementation of cool pavement technologies in areas of where less stringent structural requirements exist, such as parking lots and low volume roads. Cool pavements are a class of materials that exhibit enhanced cooling by means of increased reflectivity or increased convection. This chapter correlates heat island effect to climate change as well as outlining the different cool pavement technologies which may help to mitigate climate change effects.

K. Wayne Lee, Steven Kohm

Chapter 17. Powering Traffic Intersections with Wind and Solar Energy

Abstract

The chapter presents introductory materials to the decentralized small wind and solar energy applications within roadway infrastructure, which aims to provide a reference for transportation agencies to address the unique issues of roadway wind and solar energy projects, and develop project selection criteria for their jurisdictions. This is done by synthesizing an extensive literature review and providing a project evaluation approach to support decision making. The focus of this chapter is to introduce the use of small wind and solar energy as an alternative power source for signalized intersections. Small wind energy usually refers to small wind turbines with a capacity of less than 100 kW, which are typically used for individual homes and farms. This chapter discusses project siting requirements, energy production estimation, and project costing. A framework of primary project development is presented for integrating small wind and solar energy as an alternative power source at signalized intersections. This framework includes identifying appropriate renewable energy technologies and potential sites through a feasibility study, and evaluating project cost-effectiveness through a benefit-cost analysis. The chapter also introduces some data sources for conducting the physical and economic feasibility studies.

Mo Zhao, Anuj Sharma

Chapter 18. Energy Harvesting from Pavements

Abstract

Against a background of the immense solar radiation incident with available pavement surfaces, the opportunity for energy to be harvested from pavements is investigated. While the emphasis is on the harvesting of solar-derived heat energy, some attention is also paid to the collection of energy derived from displacement of the pavement by traffic and to solar energy converted directly to electricity via photovoltaic systems embedded in pavements. Basic theory of heat collection is covered along with a discussion of the relevant thermal properties of pavement materials that affect heat transmission and storage in a pavement. Available technologies for pavement energy harvesting are reviewed and some of their advantages and limitations reviewed. The chapter continues with some descriptions of the ways in which the harvested energy can be stored and then used before ending with sections on evaporative cooling of pavements and system evaluation.

Andrew Dawson, Rajib Mallick, Alvaro García Hernandez, Pejman Keikhaei Dehdezi

Titel: Climate Change, Energy, Sustainability and Pavements
herausgegeben von: Kasthurirangan Gopalakrishnan
Wynand JvdM Steyn
John Harvey
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Electronic ISBN: 978-3-662-44719-2
Print ISBN: 978-3-662-44718-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-44719-2