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2020 | Book

Introduction Read chapter Read first chapter

Assessing Wastewater Management in India

Authors: Dr. M. Dinesh Kumar, Dr. Cecilia Tortajada

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Book Series : SpringerBriefs in Water Science and Technology

Part of: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

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About this book

This book highlights the institutional, legal, and policy measures to manage water pollution in India, and discusses how effective they have been in improving the overall quality of the country’s surface and groundwater resources. It also reviews the status of wastewater generation, collection and treatment in urban areas to provide insights into the gaps in wastewater treatment. Further, it offers a detailed analysis of the wastewater treatment systems available and examines the human health impacts of water pollution in the country, as well as the future trajectory of investment in wastewater treatment systems and potential sectors for reuse and recycling of wastewater, briefly assessing the market demand for treated wastewater. Lastly, it investigates the factors influencing the environmental sustainability and economic viability of wastewater treatment as well as future areas of research in the field.

Table of Contents

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Introduction
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the water management problems facing India due to growing demand-supply gap, and how water quality deterioration due to increasing pollution of surface water and groundwater from untreated or partially treated industrial effluents, urban sewage and poor sanitation compound these challenges, while posing a serious threat to public health. The chapter also outlines the objectives of the study which forms the basis for this monograph, the scope and the methodologies used.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 2. The Legal, Institutional and Policy Regime for the Control of Water Pollution in India
Abstract
This chapter discusses the range of legal measures, institutional and policy interventions and major programmes for water quality management and pollution control in India, including that for water quality monitoring. It lists all acts, government rules, policies, manuals and guidelines on sanitation, waste management and pollution control in India. It also analyses how effective these measures were in controlling pollution of India’s water resources, and discusses the issues involved in pollution control.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 3. Status of Water Quality in India and Compliance with Pollution Control Norms
Abstract
Through a review of various published reports from the Central Pollution Control Board, Comptroller and Auditor General of India, the Ministry of Environment and Forests and the Infrastructure Development Finance Company, the chapter presents the water quality status of selected stretches of some important rivers and their tributaries; analyses the changes in water quality status over a time (2007–2014); and examines the status of compliance of pollution control norms by the statutory agencies.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 4. Effectiveness of Wastewater Collection and Treatment Systems
Abstract
This chapter discusses the situation in Indian cities and towns with regard to wastewater generation, collection and treatment systems. The statistics pertaining to water supply by urban water utilities, wastewater generation, sewage collection, existing capacities for treatment of wastewater and actual volume of sewage treated in the existing facilities are presented and analyzed across city classes, i.e., metropolitan cities and class I and class II cities. While comparing the wastewater treatment capacity available across states, issues pertaining to low capacity utilization of wastewater treatment plants are also discussed.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 5. Health Impacts of Water Pollution and Contamination
Abstract
This chapter lists the range of water-borne diseases, causative organisms, mode of spread of the disease-causing agents/organisms and the symptoms. It also presents the data on reported cases of water-borne discusses in India, the major diseases that cause death and loss of productivity. It finally presents case studies from several pollution hotspots in India, showing the impact of source water contamination on public health, and the agents causing pollution of water bodies in those localities.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 6. Reuse of Treated Wastewater: Present Scenario
Abstract
This chapter presents some reported cases of reuse of treated wastewater from urban areas of India for agriculture in peri urban areas, watering of public parks, and municipal uses, including the extent of use. It then discusses some of benefits of using treated wastewater. Finally, it highlights some infrastructure and policy related issues that keep the demand for treated wastewater in India suppressed.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 7. Wastewater Treatment Technologies and Costs
Abstract
The chapter presents data on different wastewater treatment technologies that are in use in the urban areas of India, including centralized and decentralized ones, and the extent of use of each technology. It also presents data pertaining to the performance of different technologies, especially their BOD and COD removal efficiency, and discusses the comparative performance. The capital and operation and maintenance costs of various treatment technologies are also presented and discussed.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 8. Case Studies on Performance of Wastewater Treatment Systems
Abstract
The chapter presents case studies on the performance of sewage treatment plants from four locations in India, viz., New Delhi, Pune, Nashik and Hyderabad. The various performance attributes, including technical (BOD and COD removal, bacteriological concentration of treated water, dissolved oxygen and pH), managerial (staff, water quality monitoring) and economic (capital and O&M costs per cubic metre of water treated) aspects are analyzed and discussed. The factors influencing plant operating efficiency are also briefly discussed.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 9. Environmental Sustainability and Economic Viability
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors influencing the economic viability of wastewater treatment plants. The range of physical/environmental and socio-economic factors that determine the cost of treatment per unit volume of wastewater are first discussed. Subsequently, the range of physical and socio-economic factors that determine the economic value of the treated wastewater which includes that accrued from direct economic, environmental and social benefits. The trade-off between economic viability and environmental sustainability of wastewater treatment is also highlighted.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 10. Growth of Treatment Plants and Reuse of Treated Wastewater
Abstract
In this chapter, we analyze the scale of investment in different types of wastewater treatment systems vis-à-vis the treatment capacity and investment costs, based on projections of the key drivers, viz., urban population growth, presence of water stress, the city category, and demand for treated wastewater. Three different time horizons were considered, i.e., short term; medium term; and long term. The potential extent of reuse of treated wastewater in different types of regions are also analyzed.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 11. Market for Treated Wastewater in India
Abstract
This chapter analyses the future market demand for treated wastewater, by considering the factors that drive the overall demand (in terms of volume) and the ‘willingness to pay’ including that for environmental management services in different time horizons. Along with time, the factors considered are: the overall water availability and demand situation in different regions; the suitability of the treated wastewater for various uses; changing income levels of the urban dwellers demand for environmental management services.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Chapter 12. Conclusions and Areas for Future Research
Abstract
This chapter briefly discusses the findings and outcomes of the study on wastewater treatment and reuse that are covered in various chapters, vis-à-vis the key areas covered. It also discusses the future areas of research that would help design efficient wastewater treatment systems. It includes the key un-answered questions on the performance of the commonly used treatment systems in the country; performance of the technologies of removing complex compounds; performance of nature-based wastewater treatment system solutions; and, optimum level of performance of wastewater treatment systems that produce highest impacts in terms of their social, economic and environmental benefits.
M. Dinesh Kumar, Cecilia Tortajada
Backmatter
Metadata
Title
Assessing Wastewater Management in India
Authors
Dr. M. Dinesh Kumar
Dr. Cecilia Tortajada
Copyright Year
2020
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-15-2396-0
Print ISBN
978-981-15-2395-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2396-0