Skip to main content
Disciplines
Automotive Business IT + Informatics Construction + Real Estate Electrical Engineering + Electronics Energy + Sustainability Insurance + Risk Finance + Banking Management + Leadership Marketing + Sales Mechanical Engineering + Materials
Events
DE
EN
Books
Journals
Topic Page
Marketing
Start single access now
Access for companies
EXTENDED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Published in:
Introduction to Sustainability of Biofuels Toward Sustainable Development Read chapter Read first chapter

2013 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

4. Production of Palm Biofuels Toward Sustainable Development

Authors : Keat Teong Lee, Cynthia Ofori-Boateng

Published in: Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass

Publisher: Springer Singapore

Log in

Activate our intelligent search to find suitable subject content or patents.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

The oil palm presents a comparatively advantageous source of feedstock for biofuels production compared to other first-generation biofuel feedstocks. Among the sources of feedstocks for biofuel production currently available and developed in the world, the oil palm is the prime option which fulfills the sustainability criteria for high productivity, efficiency, competitive price discounts, and above all it is cost effective. Biofuels produced from oil palm biomass would be considered sustainable only when all the production chains from oil palm cultivation to biofuels production (including the production of input materials and energy) are within the acceptable production criteria for sustainable oil palm and biofuels developments. In order for the oil palm industry to fully accomplish the objectives of sustainable oil palm biofuels production, Malaysia and Indonesia are currently ensuring the implementation of stringent sustainability standards via best management practices especially for the production of palm biofuels so as to improve yield and reduce the amount of input resources. This chapter highlights on some best management practices involving globally accepted initiatives for sustainable oil palm agriculture, palm oil milling, and refining as well as different production routes to palm biofuels production. Integration of different production routes for various types of palm biofuels through effective utilization of wastes for sustainable development are also elaborated in this chapter.

Dont have a licence yet? Then find out more about our products and how to get one now:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

inform now
previous chapter Oil Palm Biomass as Feedstock for Biofuel Production
next chapter Environmental Sustainability Assessment of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass
Footnotes
1
‘Oil palm biomass’ in this book refers to both the liquid products and by-products from the processing of FFB (like POME, CPO) and solid residues from the oil palm tree (like FFB, OPF, EFB) after harvesting and processing of FFB.
 
2
Only about 20 % oil palm biomass in the form of solid residues that are generated within the plantation are utilized as nutrients and mulch with a few being used as furniture etc. The remaining 80 % are under-utilized (Yusoff 2006).
 
3
Only about 40 % of the oil palm biomass generated within the mill like PPF, PKS, EFB are mostly used to fuel the boilers for steam generation while POME is mostly utilized for biogas production. The remaining biomass are dumped at landfills or incinerated without controlled methods of producing energy (Yusoff 2006).
 
4
The ‘value’ of a resource may lie within its mass, ‘energy’ or economic contents not leaving out their social and environmental impacts. These indicators may be found by critical assessments of the in–out flows of a production process.
 
5
Patum Vegetable Oil Company Limited (a biodiesel producer) is the largest exporter of refined palm oil (RPO) in Thailand and every month, this company contributes about 80 % of the total RPO exported in Thailand (RSPO).
 
6
FFB plugged from the palm tree are immediately subjected to oxidation which leads to rapid rise in free fatty acid (>0.3) content of the oil (which is not economical when used raw material for biofuel production). In order to avoid this reaction to affect the oil, the FFB must be processed immediately to maintain its quality.
 
7
Out of the wastes produced in the oil mill, EFB, PKS, PPF and POME form about 3.22–3.50, 0.84–0.98, 1.96–2.11 and 6.50–7.42 kg respectively (Yusoff 2006).
 
8
The cost of bioethanol from corn, sugarcane and lignocellulosic materials are USD 0.88, USD 0.82 and USD 1.50 respectively (McAloon et al. 2000; Quintero et al. 2008).
 
9
SSCF process for bioethanol from lignocellulosic materials through various integrated schemes is found to have the best energy performance (Gutierrez et al. 2009).
 
Literature
Abdullah N, Gerhauser H (2008) Bio-oil derived from empty fruit bunches. Fuel 87:2606–2613CrossRef
Akhtar J, Kuang SK, Amin NS (2010) Liquefaction of empty palm fruit bunch (EFB) in alkaline hot compressed water. Renew Energ 35:1220–1227CrossRef
Alamu OJ, Waheed MA, Jekayinfa SO (2007) Biodiesel production from Nigerian palm kernel oil: effect of KOH concentration on yield. Energ Sust Dev 11:77–82CrossRef
Alamu OJ, Waheed MA, Jekayinfa SO (2008) Effect of ethanol-palm kernel oil ratio on alkali-catalyzed yield. Fuel 87:1529–1533CrossRef
Atnaw SM, Sulaiman SA, Yusup S (2011) Prediction of calorific value of syngas produced from oil-palm fronds gasification. In: Proceedings of the 3rd national postgraduate conference, Tronoh
Bahadori A, Vuthaluru HB (2010) Estimation of performance of steam turbines using a simple predictive tool. Appl Therm Eng 30:1832–1838CrossRef
Boey P-L, Maniam GP, Hamid SA, Ali DMH (2011) Utilization of waste cockle shell (Anadara granosa) in biodiesel production from palm olein:optimization using response surface methodology. Fuel 90:2353–2358CrossRef
Bonnie TYB, Mohtar Y (2009) Characteristics and properties of fatty acid distillates from palm oil. Oil Palm Bull 59:5–11
Boonnoun P, Maneesiri A, Pattamaprom C (2008) Production of biodiesel from palm fatty acid distillate. Thammasat Int J Sci Technol 13:32–37
Bula A, Mendoza J, Gomez R, Sanjuan M (2012) Syngas for methanol production from palm oil biomass residues. Int J Thermodyn 15:169–175
Ceriani R, Meirelles AJA (2006) Simulation of continuous physical refiners for edible oil deacidification. J Food Eng 76:261–271CrossRef
Cerveró JM, Skovgaard PA, Felby C, Sørensen HR, Jørgensen H (2010) Enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation of palm kernel press cake for production of bioethanol. Enzym Microbial Technol 46:177–184
Chan KW, Chow MC, Ma AN, Yusof B (2002) The global challenge of GHG emission reduction: palm oil industry’s response. In: Proceedings of the 2002 national seminar on palm oil milling, refining technology, quality and environment, Kota Kinabalu, 10–20 August 2002, pp 12
Cheah KY, Siew WL (1999) Relationship between physical properties of bleaching earth and its bleaching efficiency on palm oil. In: Proceedings of the 1999 PORIM international palm oil congress (chemistry and technology). Istana Hotel, Kuala Lumpur, 1–6 February, pp 36–44
Cheah KY, Toh TS, PM (2010) Palm fatty acid distillate biodiesel: Next-generation palm biodiesel. INFORM - Int News Fat Oil Related Mat 21:264–266
Cho HJ, Kim SH, Hong SW, Yeo Y-K (2012) A single step non-catalytic esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) for biodiesel production. Fuel 93:373–380CrossRef
Choi C-S, Kim J-W, Jeong C-J, Kim H, Yoo K-P (2011) Transesterification kinetics of palm olein oil using supercritical methanol. J Supercrit Fluid 58:365–370CrossRef
Chong ML (2009) Biohydrogen production from palm oil mill effluent by locally isolated clostridium butyricum Eb6. Ph.D. thesis, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Chongkhong S, Tongurai C, Chetpattananondh P, Bunyakan C (2007) Biodiesel production by esterification of palm fatty acid distillate. Biomass Bioenergy 31:563–568CrossRef
Choo YM, Ong ASH, Cheah KY, Abu B (1992) Production of alkyl esters from oils and fats. Australian Patent No. 626014
Choo YM, Cheng SF, Yung CL, Lau HLN, Ma AN, Yusof B (2002) Low pour point palm diesel. Malaysian Patent Application No. PI 20021157
Ciofalo V, Barton N, Kreps J, Coats I, Shanahan D (2006) Safety evaluation of a lipase enzyme preparation, expressed in Pichia pastoris, intended for use in the degumming of edible vegetable oil. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 45:1–8CrossRef
Conway C, Barbier EG (1990) After the green revolution: sustainable agriculture for development. Earthscan Publications Ltd, London, p 205
Cowan D, Oxenbøll KM, Holm HC (2008) Determining the sustainability of enzyme processes with life cycle assessment. Oil Mill Gaz 113:10–13
Deris RRR, Sulaiman MR, Darus FM, Mahmus MS, Bakar NA (2006) Pyrolysis of oil palm trunk (OPT). In: Som MA, Veluri MVPS, Savory RM, Aris MJ, Yang YC (eds.) Proceedings of the 20th symposium of Malaysian chemical engineers (SOMChE 2006), 19–21 December 2006. UiTM Shah Alam, University Publication Center (UPENA), Selangor, pp 245–250
Dias MOS, Modesto M, Ensinas AV, Nebra SA, Filho RM, Rossell CEV (2011) Improving bioethanol production from sugarcane: evaluation of distillation, thermal integration and cogeneration systems. Energy 36:3691–3703CrossRef
Duarte ARCLM, Bezerra UH, Tostes MEL, Filho GNR (2007) Alternative energy sources in the amazon: evaluating the energy potential of palm oil for the generation of electricity in isolated communities. IEEE Power Energy Mag 5:51–57
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization): Global Forest Resources Assessment (2005) Progress towards sustainable forest management
Franceschin G, Zamboni A, Bezzo F, Bertucco A (2008) Ethanol from corn: a technical and economical assessment based on different scenarios. Chem Eng Res Des 86:488–498CrossRef
Franke K, Strijowski U, Fleck G, Pudel F (2009) Influence of chemical refining process and oil type on bound 3-chloro-1,2-propanediol contents in palm oil and rapeseed oil. LWT-Food Sci Technol 42:1751–1754CrossRef
Grisales R, Cardona CA, Sánchez OJ, Gutiérrez LF (2005) Heat integration of fermentation and recovery steps for fuel ethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass. 2nd mercosur congress on chemical engineering and 4th mercosur congress on process systems engineering, ENPROMER, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Gutierrez LF, Sánchez ÓJ, Cardona CA (2009) Process integration possibilities for biodiesel production from palm oil using ethanol obtained from lignocellulosic residues of oil palm industry. Bioresour Technol 100:1227–1237CrossRef
Hayyan A, Alam MZ, Mirghani MES, Kabbashi NA, Hakimi NINM, Siran YM, Tahiruddin S (2010) Sludge palm oil as a renewable raw material for biodiesel production by tow-step processes. Bioresour Technol 101:7804–7811CrossRef
Hishida M, Shinoda K, Akiba T, Amari T, Yamamoto T, Matsumoto K (2011) Biomass syngas production technology by gasification for liquid fuel and other chemicals. Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Tech Rev 48:37–47
Hui Ying L (2008) Biodiesel from refined bleached deodorized palm kernel oil. MSc thesis and Dissertation, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur
Husain Z, Zainac Z, Abdullah Z (2002) Briquetting of palm fibre and shell from the processing of palm nuts to palm oil. Biomass Bioenergy 22:505–509CrossRef
Husain Z, Zainal ZA, Abdullah MZ (2003) Analysis of biomass-residue-based cogeneration system in palm oil mills. Biomass Bioenergy 24:117–124CrossRef
Inayat A, Ahmad MM, Mutalib MIA, Yusup S (2012) Process modeling for parametric study on oil palm empty fruit bunch steam gasification for hydrogen production. Fuel Process Technol 93:26–34CrossRef
Jiang F, Wang J, Kaleem I, Dai D, Zhou X, Li C (2011) Degumming of vegetable oils by a novel phospholipase B from Pseudomonas fluorescens BIT-18. Bioresour Technol 102:8052–8056CrossRef
Jitputti J, Kitiyanan B, Rangsunvigit P, Bunyakiat K, Attanatho L, Jenvanitpanjakul P (2006) Transesterification of crude palm kernel oil and crude coconut oil by different solid catalysts. Chem Eng 116:61–66CrossRef
Jørgensen H, Sanadi AR, Felby C, Lange NE, Fischer M, Ernst S (2012) Production of ethanol and feed by high dry matter hydrolysis and fermentation of palm kernel press cake. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 161:318–332CrossRef
Jung YH, Kim IJ, Kim JJ, Oh KK, Han J-I, Choi I-G, Kim KH (2011) Ethanol production from oil palm trunks treated with aqueous ammonia and cellulose. Bioresour Technol 102:7307–7312CrossRef
Kala DR, Rosenani AB, Fauziah CI, Thohirah LA (2009) Composting oil palm wastes and sewage sludge for use in potting media of ornamental plants. Malay J Soil Sci 13:77–91
Kansedo J, Lee KT, Bhatia S (2009) Biodiesel production from palm oil via heterogenous transesterification. Biomass Bioenergy 33:271–276CrossRef
Kelly-Yong TL, Lim S, Lee KT (2011) Gasification of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibers in hot compressed water for synthesis gas production. J Appl Sci 11:3563–3570CrossRef
Kim S-J, Jung S-H, Kim J-S (2010) Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel shells: influence of operation parameters on the bio-oil yield and the yield of phenol and phenolic compounds. Bioresour Technol 101:9294–9300CrossRef
Konda RE, Sulaiman SA, Ariwahjoedi B (2012) Syngas production from gasification of oil palm fronds with an updraft gasifier. In Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on production, Energy and Reliability, Kuala Lumpur, 12–14 June 2012
Lai OM, Ghazali HM, Cho F, Chong CL (2000) Enzymatic transesterification of palm stearin:anhydrous milk fat mixtures using 1,3-specific and non-specific lipase. Food Chem 70:221–225CrossRef
Leaño EP, Babel S (2012) The influence of enzyme and surfactant on biohydrogen production and electricity generation using palm oil mill effluent. J Clean Prod 31:91–99CrossRef
Lee KT, Ofori-Boateng C (2013) Utilisation of oil palm wastes for biofuel and other added bio-products: a holistic approach to sustainable waste management for the oil palm industry. In: Ravindra P, Sarbatly RHj (eds.). Advances in biofuels. Springer Science+Business Media New York, pp. 53–87
Lim XY, Andrésen JM (2011) Pyro-catalytic deoxygenated bio-oil from palm oil empty fruit bunche and fronds with boric oxide in a fixed-bed reactor. Fuel Process Technol 92:1796–1804CrossRef
Llamas A, García-Martínez M-J, Al-Lal A-M, Canoira L, Lapuerta M (2012) Biokerosene from coconut and palm kernel oils: production and properties of their blends with fossil kerosene. Fuel 102:483–490CrossRef
Lu K-M, Lee W-J, Chen W-H, Liu S-H, Lin T-C (2012) Torrefaction and low temperature carbonization of oil palm fiber and eucalyptus in nitrogen and air atmosphere. Bioresour Technol 123:98–105CrossRef
Ma AN (1999) The planters, Kuala Lumpur innovations in management of palm oil mill effluent. Palm Oil Research Institute of Malaysia (PORIM), Kuala Lumpur
McAloon A, Taylor F, Yee W (2000) Determining the cost of producing ethanol from corn starch and lignocellulosic feedstocks, NREL Report TP-580-28893. National renewable energy laboratory, Golden, CO
Man Z, Elsheikh YA, Bustam MA, Yusup S, Mutalib MIA, Muhammad N (2013) A Brønsted ammonium ionic liquid-KOH two-stage catalyst for biodiesel synthesis from crude palm oil. Indust Crop Prod 41:144–149CrossRef
Mazaheri H, Lee KT, Bhatia S, Mohamed AR (2010) Sub/supercritical liquefaction of oil palm fruit press fiber for the production of bio-oil: effect of solvents. Bioresour Technol 101:7641–7647CrossRef
Millati R, Wikandari R, Trihandayani ET, Cahyanto MN, Taherzadeh MJ, Niklasson C (2011) Ethanol from oil palm empty fruit bunch via dilute-acid hydrolysis and fermentation by mucor indicus and saccharomyces cerevisiae. Agric 6:54–59
MOPS (Malaysian Oil Palm Statistics) (2002) 22nd edn. Malaysia Palm Oil Board (MPOB), Kuala Lumpur
MPOB (Malaysian Palm Oil Board) (2011) Overview of the Malaysian oil palm industry 2009. Ministry of plantation industries and commodities Malaysia. www.​mpob.​gov.​my
Nasikin M, Susanto BH, Hirsaman MA, Wijanarko A (2009) Biogasoline from palm oil by simultaneous cracking and hydrogenation reaction over nimo/zeolite catalyst. World Appl Sci 5(Special Issue for Environment):74–79
Ngan M (1999) Innovations in management of palm oil mill effluent. Kuala Lumpur: The Planter 75:381–389
Ngo T-A, Kim J, Kim SS (2011) Fast pyrolysis of palm kernel cake in a closed-tubular reactor: product compositions and kinetic model. Bioresour Technol 102:4273–4276CrossRef
Nipattummakul N, Ahmed II, Kerdsuwan S, Gupta AK (2012) Steam gasification of oil palm trunk waste for clean syngas production. Appl Energy 92:778–782CrossRef
NKEA (National Key Economic Areas) (2011) Biogas capture and CDM project implementation for palm oil mills. NKEA: National Biogas Implementation (EPP5), Malaysia, pp 1–28
Ofori-Boateng C, Lee KT (2013) Sustainable utilization of oil palm wastes for bioactive phytochemicals for the benefit of the oil palm and nutraceutical industries. Phytochem Rev 12:173–190
Ojolo SJ, Adelaja AO, Sobamowo GM (2011) Production of bio-diesel from palm kernel oil and groundnut oil. Adv Mat Res 367:501–506
O-Thong S, Boe K, Angelidaki I (2012) Thermophilic anaerobic co-digestion of oil palm empty fruit bunches with palm oil mill effluent for efficient biogas production. Appl Energ 93:648–654CrossRef
Poku K (1993) Innovations in village based palm oil processing. Paper presented at the BUROTROP-AFOPDA seminar on small- and medium-scale oil palm and coconut technologies, Accra, Ghana
Quintero JA, Montoya MI, Sanchez OJ, Giraldo OH, Cardona CA (2008) Fuel ethanol production from sugarcave and corn: comparative analysis for colombian case. Process Biochem 34:115–119
Raita M, Champreda V, Laosiripojana N (2010) Biocatalytic ethanolysis of palm oil for biodiesel production using microcrystalline lipase in tert-butanol system. Process Biochem 45:829–834CrossRef
Razuan R, Finney KN, Chen Q, Sharifi VN, Swithenbank J (2011) Pelletised fuel production from palm kernel cake. Fuel Process Technol 92:609–615CrossRef
Rockström J, Karlberg L, Wami SP, Barron J, Hatibu N, Owels T, Bruggeman A, Farahani J, Qiang Z (2010) Managing water in rainfed agriculture—The need for a paradigm shift. Agric Water Manage 97:543–550CrossRef
RSPO (Rountable on Sustainable Palm Oil production) (2007) Principles and criteria for sustainable palm oil production. Guidance document format to emphasize guidance for national interpretation. http://​www.​rspo.​org/​. Accessed 12 June 2012
Saleh AF, Kamarudin E, Yaacob AB, Yussof AW, Abdullah MA (2011) Optimization of biomethane production by anaerobic digestion of palm oil mill effluent using response surface methodology. Asia-Pac J Chem Eng 7:353–360CrossRef
Salema AA, Ani FN (2012) Microwave-assisted pyrolysis of oil palm shell biomass using an overhead stirrer. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 96:162–172CrossRef
Shahbazi MR, Khoshandam B, Nasiri M, Ghazvini M (2012) Biodiesel production via alkali-catalyzed transesterification of Malaysian RBD palm oil-characterization, kinetic model. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 43:504–510CrossRef
Sharma Y, Parnas R, Li B (2011) Bioenergy production from glycerol in hydrogen producing bioreactors (HPBs) and microbial fuel cells (MFCs). Int J Hydrogen Energy 36:3853–3861CrossRef
Skoulou VK, Zabaniotou AA (2013) Co-gasification of crude glycerol with lignocellulosic biomass for enhanced syngas production. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 99:110–116CrossRef
Song E-S, Lim J-W, Lee H-S, Lee Y-W (2008) Transesterification of RBD palm oil using supercritical methanol. J Supercrit Fluid 44:356–363CrossRef
Talukder MMR, Wu JC, Nguyen TBV, Fen NM, Melissa YLS (2009) Novozym 435 for production of biodiesel from unrefined palm oil: comparison of methanolysis methods. J Mole Catal B: Enzym 60:106–112CrossRef
Uemura Y, Omar W, Othman NA, Yusup S, Tsutsui T (2013) Torrefaction of oil palm EFB in the presence of oxygen. Fuel 103:156–160CrossRef
WWF (World Wildlife Fund) (2011) Palm oil: environmental impacts. World Wildlife Fund
Wahid O (2009) Inventory of oil palm plantings on peat in Malaysia. MPOB joint project with the Netherlands, Malaysia palm oil board, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Available at http://​www.​mpob.​gov.​my.​
Yaakob Z, Sukarman ISB, Narayanan B, Abdullah SRS, Ismail M (2012) Utilization of palm empty fruit bunch for the production of biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil. Bioresour Technol 104:695–700CrossRef
Yan FY, Krishniah D, Rajin M, Bono A (2009) Cellulose extraction from palm kernel cake using liquid phase oxidation. J Eng Sci Technol 4:57–68
Yang J, Wang Y, Yang B, Mainda G, Guo Y (2006) Degumming of vegetable oil by a new microbial lipase. Food Technol Biotechnol 44:101–104
Yusof B (2007) Palm oil production through sustainable plantations. Eur J Lipid Sci Technol 109:289–295CrossRef
Yusoff S (2006) Renewable energy from palm oil-innovation on effective utilization of waste. J Clean Prod 14:87–93CrossRef
Zahari MA, Zakaria MR, Ariffin H, Mokhtar MN, Salihon J, Shirai Y, Hassan MA (2012) Renewable sugars from oil palm frond juice as an alternative novel fermentation feedstock for value-added products. Bioresour Technol 110:566–571CrossRef
Zhang Z, Xin L, Li W (2012) Electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol on Pt/C in anion exchange membrane fuel cell: cogeneration of electricity and valuable chemicals. Appl Catal B: Environ 119–120:40–48CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Production of Palm Biofuels Toward Sustainable Development
Authors
Keat Teong Lee
Cynthia Ofori-Boateng
Copyright Year
2013
Publisher
Springer Singapore
Book
Sustainability of Biofuel Production from Oil Palm Biomass

Print ISBN: 978-981-4451-69-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-981-4451-70-3

Copyright Year: 2013

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-70-3_4