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Introduction to Development in India: Micro and Macro Perspectives Read chapter Read first chapter

2016 | OriginalPaper | Chapter

15. Value of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in South Asia and India: Past, Present and Future

Author : Anil Markandya

Published in: Development in India

Publisher: Springer India

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Abstract

South Asia (SASIA) is endowed with a number of biomes that contain valuable biodiversity and provide ecosystem services of special significance to poor rural communities. The paper looks at trends in mean species abundance adjusted estimates of land areas under different biomes: ice and tundra, grassland and steppe, scrubland and savannah and three types of forests: boreal, temperate and tropical. Changes in these areas from 1900 to 2000 are assessed and valued and projections are made to 2050. Finally the current values and future values of services provided by forests, grasslands, wetlands, mangroves and coral reefs are presented for India alone.

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previous chapter Information Technology and Its Role in India’s Economic Development: A Review
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Footnotes
1
World Health Organization web site. http://​www.​who.​int/​mediacentre/​factsheets/​fs134/​en/​index.​html, accessed July 27th 2011.
 
2
This section draws extensively on Markandya and Chiabai (2014).
 
3
Stumpage is the value paid by a contractor to the landowner for the standing trees in a designated harvest area. The contractor assumes the right to harvest the trees, under specific requirements concerning the timing of harvest or the conservation of the area.
 
5
This assumption was corroborated by an analysis of the timber prices and associated rents in the World Bank database (Bolt et al. 2002). See Chiabai et al. (2011).
 
6
Contingent valuation and choice experiments have been used for recreational values of grasslands and wildlife conservation, hedonic pricing has been used for the amenity value, and the net factor income and market prices have been used to estimate food provisioning (McVittie et al. 2011).
 
7
The conversion of carbon stock values to flows is an artificial construct as in fact the carbon stock does not represent a present value of a sequence of flows. Rather the flow associated with a give carbon stock gives us an annuity that would result to someone who had securitized that capital value of the carbon.
 
8
All figures are for 2009 values (or as close to that year as possible) and are given in rupees with dollar equivalents using an exchange rate of Rs. 47.5 to the dollar.
 
9
This range is different from the one used in the previous section. Whereas previously we took a range from US$4/ton CO2 to US$53, now we are considering values from US$8 to US$20.5. The latter is based on some more recent work. In the final version of the paper we will use this latest range for both sectors.
 
10
The review covered sources such as EconLit, EVRI database and IUCN database for forest studies.
 
11
All original study values were converted into 2009 dollars and converted to rupees at an exchange rate of 47.5 rupees to the dollar.
 
12
In all cases but one (lakes and rivers) values were estimated in $/hectare. For lakes and rivers the meta-analysis was in terms of willingness to pay per household.
 
13
Contingent valuation and choice experiments have been used for recreational values of grasslands and wildlife conservation, hedonic pricing has been used for the amenity value, and the net factor income and market prices have been used to estimate food provisioning (Hussain et al. 2011).
 
14
Gundimeda et al. (2006) introduced a concept GDP of the poor that includes GDP only from agriculture, forestry and fishery, since these sectors reflect growth potential for most of the rural, predominantly poor Indian making up 72 % of the total. Of course not all income in these sectors goes to the poor but possibly a higher percentage of it does than for most other sector.
 
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Metadata
Title
Value of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services in South Asia and India: Past, Present and Future
Author
Anil Markandya
Copyright Year
2016
Publisher
Springer India
Book
Development in India

Print ISBN: 978-81-322-2540-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-81-322-2541-6

Copyright Year: 2016

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-2541-6_15

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