Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Lipid and biodiesel production by cultivation isolated strain Chlorella sorokiniana pa.91 and Chlorella vulgaris in dairy wastewater treatment plant effluents

  • Research article
  • Published:
Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study provided a comparison of two species of microalgae growth in dairy wastewater treatment plant effluents. In optimum conditions their operation to biomass production, lipid accumulation and fatty acids methyl ester composition so as to biodiesel production is studied. For the first time, the not sterilized effluents of dairy wastewater treatment plant was used as the culture mediums of native microalgae, Chlorella sorokiniana strain pa.91, and another one Chlorella vulgaris. They were cultured under 5 light intensity levels so as to find optimum conditions to observed high biomass and lipid production. At the optimum light intensity the composition of fatty acids methyl ester in their lipids was analyzed by GC-MS. The light intensity of 7500 Lux was obtained as the optimum for both microalgae to produce high biomass. The biomass productivity of C. sorokiniana pa.91 and C. vulgaris in preliminary treated effluent at this light intensity was obtained 0.233 and 0.214 g L−1 day−1, respectively. This parameter in secondary treated effluent was achieved 0.185 and 0.166 g L−1 day−1, respectively. Moreover, the highest lipid content of their biomass was observed at the light intensity of 2500 Lux. At this light intensity and at the preliminary effluent the maximum lipid content of C. sorokiniana pa.91 and C. vulgaris was observed 31% and 34%, respectively and at the secondary one it was obtained 35% and 36.67%, respectively. Based on the results, the fatty acids composition in the lipids of microalgae C. sorokiniana pa.91 and C. vulgaris cultured in both effluents had the high amount of cetane number which is really useful for high quality biodiesel production. Also, the other valuable properties which produce the high quality biodiesel were the obtained amounts of CFPP and CP which shown a high performance potential biodiesel even at low temperatures. This feature was obtained, on the grounds that the unsaturated fatty acid was obtained more than saturated fatty acid. The nutrients-rich media of dairy wastewater effluents were applicable to growth both microalgae and useful biomass production, lipid accumulation and fatty acids profiling. Furthermore, the compounds of fatty acids had the best conditions to biodiesel production especially in cold weather areas.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Choudhary M, Peter CN, Shukla SK, Govender PP, Joshi GM, Wang R. Environmental issues: a challenge for wastewater treatment. In: M. Naushad, E. Lichtfouse, editors. Green materials for wastewater treatment. Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020. pp. 1–12.

  2. Agrawal MA, Shrivastav MJ. Treatment of wastewater by effluent treatment plant. Journal of Environmental Engineering and Studies. 2018;3(1):1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Yadavalli R, Heggers GRVN. Two stage treatment of dairy effluent using immobilized Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Environmental health science and engineering. 2013;11(1):36. https://doi.org/10.1186/2052-336X-11-36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Alcamo J, Henrichs T, Rösch T. World water in 2025: Global modeling and scenario analysis for the world commission on water for the 21st century. Center for environmental systems research 2017.

  5. Li Z, Li C, Wang X, Peng C, Cai Y, Huang W. A hybrid system dynamics and optimization approach for supporting sustainable water resources planning in Zhengzhou City, China. J Hydrol. 2018;556:50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.11.007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Li WK, Wang WL, Li LJ. Optimization of water resources utilization by multi-objective moth-flame algorithm. Water Resour Manag. 2018;32(10):3303–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Rahpeyma SS, Raheb J. Microalgae biodiesel as a valuable alternative to fossil fuels. BioEnergy Research. 2019;12:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12155-019-10033-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Deshmukh S, Bala K, Kumar R. Selection of microalgae species based on their lipid content, fatty acid profile and apparent fuel properties for biodiesel production. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2019;26:24462–73.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Dickinson S, Mientus M, Frey D, Amini-Hajibashi A, Ozturk S, Shaikh F, et al. Policy e. a review of biodiesel production from microalgae. Clean Techn Environ Policy. 2017;19(3):637–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10098-016-1309-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Živković SB, Veljković MV, Banković-Ilić IB, Krstić IM, Konstantinović SS, Ilić SB, et al. Technological, technical, economic, environmental, social, human health risk, toxicological and policy considerations of biodiesel production and use. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2017;79:222–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.048.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Ashour M, Elshobary ME, El-Shenody R, Kamil AW, Abomohra AE. Evaluation of a native oleaginous marine microalga Nannochloropsis oceanica for dual use in biodiesel production and aquaculture feed. Biomass Bioenergy. 2019;120:439–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.12.009.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Hoang AT, Pham VV. Impact of jatropha oil on engine performance, emission characteristics, deposit formation, and lubricating oil degradation. Combust Sci Technol. 2018;191:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/00102202.2018.1504292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hoang AT, Le VV, Pham VV, Tham BC. An investigation of deposit formation in the injector, spray characteristics, and performance of a diesel engine fueled with preheated vegetable oil and diesel fuel. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2019.1582731

  14. Hoang AT, Pham VV. A study of emission characteristic, deposits, and lubrication oil degradation of a diesel engine running on preheated vegetable oil and diesel oil. Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2018.1520344

  15. Hernández-García A, B.Velásquez-Orta C, Novelo E, Yáñez-Noguez I, Monje-Ramírez I, Ledesma MTO. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. Wastewater-leachate treatment by microalgae: Biomass, carbohydrate and lipid production. 2019; 174:435–444.

  16. Ramanna L, Rawat I, Bux F. Light enhancement strategies improve microalgal biomass productivity. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2017;80:765–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Ye Y, Huang Y, Xia A, Fu Q, Liao Q, Zeng W, et al. Optimizing culture conditions for heterotrophic-assisted photoautotrophic biofilm growth of Chlorella vulgaris to simultaneously improve microalgae biomass and lipid productivity. Bioresour Technol. 2018;270:80–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Sui Y, Muys M, Van de Waal DB, D'Adamo S, Vermeir P, Fernandes TV, et al. Enhancement of co-production of nutritional protein and carotenoids in Dunaliella salina using a two-phase cultivation assisted by nitrogen level and light intensity. Bioresour Technol. 2019;287:121398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121398.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Khanra S, Mondal M, Halder G, Tiwari O, Gayen K, Bhowmick TKJF, et al. Downstream processing of microalgae for pigments, protein and carbohydrate in industrial application: a review. Food Bioprod Process. 2018;110:60–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2018.02.002.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Lafarga T. Effect of microalgal biomass incorporation into foods: nutritional and sensorial attributes of the end products. Algal Res. 2019;41:101566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2019.101566.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Mofijur M, Rasul MG, Hassan NMS, Nabi MN. Recent development in the production of third generation biodiesel from microalgae. Energy Procedia. 2019;156:53–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.088.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Dong X, Han B, Zhao Y, Ding W, Yu X. Enhancing biomass, lipid production, and nutrient utilization of the microalga Monoraphidium sp. QLZ-3 in walnut shell extracts supplemented with carbon dioxide. Bioresour Technol. 2019; 287:121419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121419

  23. Seo S-H, Srivastava A, Han M-S, Lee H-G, Oh H-M. Maximizing biomass and lipid production in Ettlia sp by ultraviolet stress in a continuous culture Bioresour Technol 2019; 288:121472.

  24. Ortiz-Martínez VM, Andreo-Martíneza P, García-Martínez N, Pérez de los Ríos A, Hernández-Fernández FJ, Quesada-Medina J. Approach to biodiesel production from microalgae under supercritical conditions by the PRISMA method. Fuel Process Technol 2019; 191:211–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2019.03.031.

  25. Basu S, Roy AS, Mohanty K, Ghoshal AK. Enhanced CO2 sequestration by a novel microalga: Scenedesmus obliquus SA1 isolated from bio-diversity hotspot region of Assam, India. Bioresource Technology. 2013;143:369–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2013.06.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Arbib Z, Ruiz J, Álvarez-Díaz P, Garrido-Perez C, Perales JA. Capability of different microalgae species for phytoremediation processes: wastewater tertiary treatment, CO2 bio-fixation and low cost biofuels production. Water Res. 2014;49:465–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2013.10.036.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Nayak M, Karemore A, Sen R. Performance evaluation of microalgae for concomitant wastewater bioremediation, CO2 biofixation and lipid biosynthesis for biodiesel application. Algal Res. 2016;16:216–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.algal.2016.03.020.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Ge S, Champagne P. Nutrient removal, microalgal biomass growth, harvesting and lipid yield in response to centrate wastewater loadings. Water Res. 2016;88:604–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.054.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Morowvat MH, Rasoul-Amini S, Ghasemi Y. Chlamydomonas as a “new” organism for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol. 2010;101(6):2059–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.11.032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Kings AJ, Raj RE, Miriam LM, Visvanathan MA. Cultivation, extraction and optimization of biodiesel production from potential microalgae Euglena sanguinea using eco-friendly natural catalyst. Energy Convers Manag. 2017;141:224–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Yang I-S, Salama E-S, Kim J-O, Govindwar SP, Kurade MB, Lee M, et al. Cultivation and harvesting of microalgae in photobioreactor for biodiesel production and simultaneous nutrient removal. Energy Convers Manag. 2016;117:54–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.03.017.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Karpagam R, Preeti R, Jawahar Raj K, Saranya S, Ashokkumar B, Varalakshmi P. Fatty acid biosynthesis from a new isolate Meyerella sp. N4: molecular characterization, nutrient starvation, and fatty acid profiling for lipid enhancement. Energy Fuel. 2014;29(1):143–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/ef501969a.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Li Y, Zhou W, Hu B, Min M, Chen P. Ruan. Effect of light intensity on algal biomass accumulation and biodiesel production for mixotrophic strains Chlorella kessleri and Chlorella protothecoide cultivated in highly concentrated municipal wastewater. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2012;109(9):2222–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.24491.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Vuppaladadiyam AK, Prinsen P, Raheem A, Luque R, Zhao M. Microalgae cultivation and metabolites production: a comprehensive review. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin. 2018;12:304–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.1864.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Li Y, Sun H, Wu T, Fu Y, He Y, Mao X, et al. Storage carbon metabolism of Isochrysis zhangjiangensis under different light intensities and its application for co-production of fucoxanthin and stearidonic acid. Bioresour Technol. 2019;282:94–102.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Iummato MM, Fassiano A, Graziano M, Afonso MdS, Molina MdCRd, Juárez AB. Effect of glyphosate on the growth, morphology, ultrastructure and metabolism of Scenedesmus vacuolatus 2019; 172:471–479.

  37. Bianco CM, Stewart JJ, Miller KR, Fitzgerald C, Coyne KJ. Light intensity impacts the production of biofuel intermediates in Heterosigma akashiwo growing on simulated flue gas containing carbon dioxide and nitric oxide. Bioresour Technol. 2016;219:246–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.07.119.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Ding GT, Yaakob Z, Takriff MS, Salihon J, Rahaman MSA. Biomass production and nutrients removal by a newly-isolated microalgal strain Chlamydomonas sp in palm oil mill effluent (POME). Hydrogen energy. 2015;41:4888–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.12.010.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Young EB, Beardall J. Rapid ammonium- and nitrate-induced perturbations to Chl a fluorescence in nitrogen-stressed Dunaliella. J Phycol. 2003;39:332–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Li X, Li W, Zhai J, Wei H. Effect of nitrogen limitation on biochemical composition and photosynthetic performance for fed-batch mixotrophic cultivation of microalga Spirulina platensis. Bioresour Technol. 2018;263:555–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Guidi L, Lo Piccolo E, Landi M. Chlorophyll fluorescence, Photoinhibition and abiotic stress: does it make any difference the fact to be a C3 or C4 species? Front Plant Sci. 2019;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00174.

  42. Degrenne B, Pruvost J, Christophe G, Cornet JF, Cogne G, Legrand J. Investigation of the combined effects of acetate and photobioreactor illuminated fraction in the induction of anoxia for hydrogen production by Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Hydrog Energy. 2010;35(19):10741–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.02.067.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Zhang L, Wang N, Yang M, Ding K, Wang YZ, Huo D, et al. Lipid accumulation and biodiesel quality of Chlorella pyrenoidosa under oxidative stress induced by nutrient regimes. Renew Energy. 2019;143:1782–90.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Lee N, Oh HS, Oh HM, Kim HS, Ahn CY. Enhanced growth and lipid production in psychrotolerant Acutodesmus by controlling temperature-dependent nitrogen concentration. Biomass Bioenergy. 2019;127:105267.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Guedes AC, Meireles LA, Amaro HM, Malcata FX. Changes in lipid class and fatty acid composition of cultures of Pavlova lutheri, in response to light intensity. J Am Oil Chem Soc. 2010;87(7):791–801.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Rinna F, Buono S, Cabanelas ITD, Nascimento IA, Sansone G, Barone CA. Wastewater treatment by microalgae can generate high quality biodiesel feedstock. Journal of Water Process Engineering. 2017;18:144–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2017.06.006.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Liu J, Song Y, Qiu W. Oleaginous microalgae Nannochloropsis as a new model for biofuel production: review and analysis. Renew Sust Energ Rev. 2017;72:154–62.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Wang X-W, Liang J-R, Luo C-S, Chen C-P, Gao Y-H. Biomass, total lipid production, and fatty acid composition of the marine diatom Chaetoceros muelleri in response to different CO2 levels. Bioresour Technol. 2014;161:124–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.03.012.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Mandal MK, Saikia P, Chanu NK, Chaurasia N. Modulation of lipid content and lipid profile by supplementation of iron, zinc, and molybdenum in indigenous microalgae. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2019;26:20815–28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05065-6.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Schulze PSC, Hulatt CJ, Morales-Sánchez D, Wijffels RH, Kiron V. Fatty acids and proteins from marine cold adapted microalgae for biotechnology. Algal Res. 2019;42:101604.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Charles CN, Msagati T, Swai H, Chacha M. Microalgae: an alternative natural source of bioavailable omega-3 DHA for promotion of mental health in East Africa. Scientific African. 2019;6:187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Rai MP, Gupta S. Effect of media composition and light supply on biomass, lipid content and FAME profile for quality biofuel production from Scenedesmus abundans. Energy Convers Manag. 2017;141:85–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.05.018.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Mishra S, Anand K, Mehta PS. Predicting the Cetane number of biodiesel fuels from their fatty acid methyl Ester composition. Energy Fuel. 2016;30:10425–34. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.6b01343.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  54. Magalhães AM, Pereira E, Meirelles AJ, Sampaio KA, Maximo GJ. Proposing blends for improving the cold flow properties of ethylic biodiesel. Fuel. 2019;253:50–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.04.129.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Han F, Pei H, Hu W, Song M, Ma G, Pei R. Optimization and lipid production enhancement of microalgae culture by efficiently changing the conditions along with the growth-state. Energy Convers Manag. 2015;90:315–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.11.032.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Shu C-H, Tsai C-C, Chen K-Y, Liao W-H, Huang H-C. Enhancing high quality oil accumulation and carbon dioxide fixation by a mixed culture of Chlorella sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng. 2013;44:936–42.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Arguelles ED, Laurena AC, Monsalud RG, Martinez-Goss MR. Fatty acid profile and fuel-derived physico-chemical properties of biodiesel obtained from an indigenous green microalga, Desmodesmus sp.(I-AU1), as potential source of renewable lipid and high quality biodiesel. J Appl Phycol. 2018;30(1):411–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Giakoumis EG. Analysis of 22 vegetable oils’ physico-chemical properties and fatty acid composition on a statistical basis, and correlation with the degree of unsaturation. Renew Energy. 2018;126:403–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2018.03.057.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors appreciate Civil-Environmental Research Lab., the Babol Noshirvani University of Technology which supplied required equipment for present research and the financial support of this institution through the research Grant number BNUT/393016/97.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Civil Engineering, Babol Noshirvani University of Technology, Babol, Iran

    Pariya Asadi, Hassan Amini Rad & Farhad Qaderi

Authors
  1. Pariya Asadi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hassan Amini Rad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Farhad Qaderi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Hassan Amini Rad.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Asadi, P., Rad, H.A. & Qaderi, F. Lipid and biodiesel production by cultivation isolated strain Chlorella sorokiniana pa.91 and Chlorella vulgaris in dairy wastewater treatment plant effluents. J Environ Health Sci Engineer 18, 573–585 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00483-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40201-020-00483-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation