Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Journal of Business Economics 6/2015

01.08.2015 | Original Paper

Nonlinear portfolio views: an efficient extension to the Black-Litterman approach

verfasst von: Thomas Mazzoni

Erschienen in: Journal of Business Economics | Ausgabe 6/2015

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Two efficient approximate methods for optimal (Bayesian) blending of views on portfolios of assets with nonlinear payoff profiles are introduced. The idea is based on the observation that the application of the Black-Litterman model, with respect to market views, is equivalent to the measurement update in the linear filtering problem in engineering and statistics. The approaches suggested here are motivated by results from nonlinear filtering theory. In particular it is shown that the simple Gaussian framework can be approximately maintained, despite of nonlinear relations with the respective risk factors, by using the extended Kalman filter update or the unscented transform. Both methods are well suited for high dimensional problems from a computational point of view, and can thus be applied to large portfolios of derivatives.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Journal of Business Economics

From January 2013, the Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft (ZfB) is published in English under the title Journal of Business Economics (JBE). The Journal of Business Economics (JBE) aims at encouraging theoretical and applied research in the field of business economics and business administration, promoting the exchange of ideas between science and practice.

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
To be more precise, the initial state vector, containing the returns of the DJI members, has to be extended by the returns of the respective option positions, as already exercised before.
 
2
The DJI members were ordered lexicographically with respect to their ticker-symbols. Thus, the sequence of the first four members is Alcoa (AA), American Express (AXP), Boeing (BA), and Bank of America (BAC).
 
3
The analysis was also conducted with 5000 and 10,000 replications. The runtimes for Monte Carlo simulation did not differ much between prior and posterior selection. They were recorded approximately as 1.94 s (5000 replications), 3.85 s (10,000 replications), and 38.47 s (100,000 replications). The EKF and UKF solutions were available in order \(10^{-3}\) s. There was a noticeable difference in the results due to the increasing number of replications.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Almgren R, Chriss N (2006) Optimal portfolios from ordering information. J Risk 9(1):1–47CrossRef Almgren R, Chriss N (2006) Optimal portfolios from ordering information. J Risk 9(1):1–47CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Andrieu C, Doucet A (2002) Particle filtering for partially observed Gaussian state space models. J Royal Stat Soc Series B 64(4):827–836CrossRef Andrieu C, Doucet A (2002) Particle filtering for partially observed Gaussian state space models. J Royal Stat Soc Series B 64(4):827–836CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Beneš AR (1981) Exact finite-dimensional for certain diffusions with nonlinear drift. Stochastics 5(1/2):65–92 Beneš AR (1981) Exact finite-dimensional for certain diffusions with nonlinear drift. Stochastics 5(1/2):65–92
Zurück zum Zitat Beneš AR (1985) New exact nonlinear filters with large Lie algebras. Syst Control Lett 5:217–221CrossRef Beneš AR (1985) New exact nonlinear filters with large Lie algebras. Syst Control Lett 5:217–221CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Berzuini C, Best NG, Gilks W, Larizza C (1997) Dynamic conditional independent models and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. J Am Stat Assoc 92:1403–1412CrossRef Berzuini C, Best NG, Gilks W, Larizza C (1997) Dynamic conditional independent models and Markov chain Monte Carlo methods. J Am Stat Assoc 92:1403–1412CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Black F, Litterman R (1992) Global portfolio optimization. Financ Anal J 48(5):28–43CrossRef Black F, Litterman R (1992) Global portfolio optimization. Financ Anal J 48(5):28–43CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Black F, Scholes M (1973) The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. J Polit Econ 81:637–654CrossRef Black F, Scholes M (1973) The pricing of options and corporate liabilities. J Polit Econ 81:637–654CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chen R, Liu JS (2000) Mixture Kalman filter. J Royal Stat Soc Series B 62(3):493–508CrossRef Chen R, Liu JS (2000) Mixture Kalman filter. J Royal Stat Soc Series B 62(3):493–508CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Daum FE (1986) Exact finite dimensional nonlinear filters. IEEE Trans Autom Control 31(7):616–622CrossRef Daum FE (1986) Exact finite dimensional nonlinear filters. IEEE Trans Autom Control 31(7):616–622CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Glasserman P (2010) Monte Carlo methods in financial engineering. Springer, Berlin Glasserman P (2010) Monte Carlo methods in financial engineering. Springer, Berlin
Zurück zum Zitat Gordon N, Salmond D, Smith AF (1993) Novel approach to nonlinear/non-Gaussian bayesian state estimation. In: IEEE Proceedings F 140:107–113 Gordon N, Salmond D, Smith AF (1993) Novel approach to nonlinear/non-Gaussian bayesian state estimation. In: IEEE Proceedings F 140:107–113
Zurück zum Zitat Heston SL (1993) A closed-form solution for options with stochastic volatility with applications to bonds and currency options. Rev Finan Stud 6(2):327–343CrossRef Heston SL (1993) A closed-form solution for options with stochastic volatility with applications to bonds and currency options. Rev Finan Stud 6(2):327–343CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ito K, Xiong K (2000) Gaussian filters for nonlinear filtering problems. IEEE Trans Automatic Control 45(5):910–927CrossRef Ito K, Xiong K (2000) Gaussian filters for nonlinear filtering problems. IEEE Trans Automatic Control 45(5):910–927CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Jazwinski AH (1970) Stochastic processes and filtering theory. Academic Press, New York Jazwinski AH (1970) Stochastic processes and filtering theory. Academic Press, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Jorion P (2007) Value at risk. McGraw-Hill, New York Jorion P (2007) Value at risk. McGraw-Hill, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Julier S, Uhlmann J (1997) A new extension of the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems. Paper presented at the 11th international symposium on aerospace/defense sensing, simulation and control. Orlando, Florida Julier S, Uhlmann J (1997) A new extension of the Kalman filter to nonlinear systems. Paper presented at the 11th international symposium on aerospace/defense sensing, simulation and control. Orlando, Florida
Zurück zum Zitat Julier S, Uhlmann J (2004) Unscented Kalman filtering and nonlinear estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 92(3):401–422 Julier S, Uhlmann J (2004) Unscented Kalman filtering and nonlinear estimation. In: Proceedings of the IEEE 92(3):401–422
Zurück zum Zitat Julier S, Uhlmann J, Durrant-White HF (2000) A new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covariances in filters and estimators. IEEE Trans Automatic Control 45(3):477–482CrossRef Julier S, Uhlmann J, Durrant-White HF (2000) A new method for the nonlinear transformation of means and covariances in filters and estimators. IEEE Trans Automatic Control 45(3):477–482CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kalman RE (1960) A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Trans ASME J Basic Eng 82:35–45 Kalman RE (1960) A new approach to linear filtering and prediction problems. Trans ASME J Basic Eng 82:35–45
Zurück zum Zitat Kitagawa G (1987) Non-Gaussian state-space modelling of non-stationary time series. J Am Stat Assoc 82:503–514 Kitagawa G (1987) Non-Gaussian state-space modelling of non-stationary time series. J Am Stat Assoc 82:503–514
Zurück zum Zitat Kramer SC, Sorenson HW (1988) Recursive bayesian estimation using piece-wise constant approximations. Automatica 24:789–801CrossRef Kramer SC, Sorenson HW (1988) Recursive bayesian estimation using piece-wise constant approximations. Automatica 24:789–801CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lintner J (1965) The valuation of risk assets and the selection of risky investments in stock portfolios and capital budgets. Rev Econ Stat 47(1):13–37CrossRef Lintner J (1965) The valuation of risk assets and the selection of risky investments in stock portfolios and capital budgets. Rev Econ Stat 47(1):13–37CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Liu JS, Chen R (1998) Sequential Monte Carlo methods for dynamical systems. J Am Stat Assoc 93:1032–1044CrossRef Liu JS, Chen R (1998) Sequential Monte Carlo methods for dynamical systems. J Am Stat Assoc 93:1032–1044CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Liu JS, Chen R, Wong WH (1998) Rejection control and sequential importance sampling. J Am Stat Assoc 93:1022–1031CrossRef Liu JS, Chen R, Wong WH (1998) Rejection control and sequential importance sampling. J Am Stat Assoc 93:1022–1031CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Maggiar A (2009) Active fixed-income portfolio management using the Black-Litterman model. Master’s thesis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine Maggiar A (2009) Active fixed-income portfolio management using the Black-Litterman model. Master’s thesis, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine
Zurück zum Zitat Mardia KV, Kent JT, Bibby JM (2003) Multivar Anal. Academic Press, New York Mardia KV, Kent JT, Bibby JM (2003) Multivar Anal. Academic Press, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Markowitz H (1952) Portfolio selection. J Financ 7:77–91 Markowitz H (1952) Portfolio selection. J Financ 7:77–91
Zurück zum Zitat Mazzoni T (2012) Fast continuous-discrete DAF-filters. J Time Series Anal 33(2):193–210CrossRef Mazzoni T (2012) Fast continuous-discrete DAF-filters. J Time Series Anal 33(2):193–210CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Merton R (1973) The theory of rational option pricing. Bell J Econ Manag Sci 4:141–183CrossRef Merton R (1973) The theory of rational option pricing. Bell J Econ Manag Sci 4:141–183CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meucci A (2006) Beyond Black-Litterman in practice. Risk 19:114–119 Meucci A (2006) Beyond Black-Litterman in practice. Risk 19:114–119
Zurück zum Zitat Meucci A (2008) Fully flexible views: theory and practice. Risk 21(10):97–102 Meucci A (2008) Fully flexible views: theory and practice. Risk 21(10):97–102
Zurück zum Zitat Meucci A (2009) Enhancing the Black-Litterman and related approaches: views and stress-test on risk factors. J Asset Manag 10(2):89–96CrossRef Meucci A (2009) Enhancing the Black-Litterman and related approaches: views and stress-test on risk factors. J Asset Manag 10(2):89–96CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Meucci A (2010a) Black-Litterman approach. In: Encyclopedia of quantitative finance. Cont R (ed.) John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 196–198 Meucci A (2010a) Black-Litterman approach. In: Encyclopedia of quantitative finance. Cont R (ed.) John Wiley and Sons, Chichester, pp 196–198
Zurück zum Zitat Meucci A (2010b) The Black-Litterman approach: original model and extensions. Social Science Research Network (SSRN): 1117574 Meucci A (2010b) The Black-Litterman approach: original model and extensions. Social Science Research Network (SSRN): 1117574
Zurück zum Zitat Mossin J (1966) Equilibrium in a capital asset market. Econometrica 34(4):768–783CrossRef Mossin J (1966) Equilibrium in a capital asset market. Econometrica 34(4):768–783CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pitt M, Shephard N (1999) Filtering via simulation: auxiliary particle filter. J Am Stat Assoc 94:590–599CrossRef Pitt M, Shephard N (1999) Filtering via simulation: auxiliary particle filter. J Am Stat Assoc 94:590–599CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Qian E, Gorman S (2001) Conditional distribution in portfolio theory. Financ Anal J 57:44–51CrossRef Qian E, Gorman S (2001) Conditional distribution in portfolio theory. Financ Anal J 57:44–51CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt SF (1966) Application of state–space methods to navigation problems. In: Advances in Control Systems. Theory and Applications, Leondes CT (ed.) vol 3. Academic Press, New York, pp 293–340 Schmidt SF (1966) Application of state–space methods to navigation problems. In: Advances in Control Systems. Theory and Applications, Leondes CT (ed.) vol 3. Academic Press, New York, pp 293–340
Zurück zum Zitat Sharpe WF (1964) Capital asset prices: a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. J Financ 19(3):425–442 Sharpe WF (1964) Capital asset prices: a theory of market equilibrium under conditions of risk. J Financ 19(3):425–442
Zurück zum Zitat Shoji I (1998) Approximation of continuous time stochastic processes by a local linearization method. Math Comput 67(221):287–298CrossRef Shoji I (1998) Approximation of continuous time stochastic processes by a local linearization method. Math Comput 67(221):287–298CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Shoji I, Ozaki T (1997) Comparative study of estimation methods for continuous time stochastic processes. J Time Series Anal 18(5):485–506CrossRef Shoji I, Ozaki T (1997) Comparative study of estimation methods for continuous time stochastic processes. J Time Series Anal 18(5):485–506CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Šimandl M, Královec J, Söderström T (2006) Advanced point-mass method for nonlinear state estimation. Automatica 42:1133–1145CrossRef Šimandl M, Královec J, Söderström T (2006) Advanced point-mass method for nonlinear state estimation. Automatica 42:1133–1145CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Simon CP, Blume L (1994) Mathematics Economists. W.W. norton and Company, New York Simon CP, Blume L (1994) Mathematics Economists. W.W. norton and Company, New York
Zurück zum Zitat Sorenson HW (1970) Least squares estimation: from Gauss to Kalman. IEEE Spectr 7:63–68CrossRef Sorenson HW (1970) Least squares estimation: from Gauss to Kalman. IEEE Spectr 7:63–68CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tanizaki H (1999a) Nonlinear and non-normal filter using importance sampling: antithetic Monte-Carlo integration. Commun Stat Simul Comput 28(2):463–486CrossRef Tanizaki H (1999a) Nonlinear and non-normal filter using importance sampling: antithetic Monte-Carlo integration. Commun Stat Simul Comput 28(2):463–486CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tanizaki H (1999b) On the nonlinear and non-normal filter using rejection sampling. IEEE Trans Automatic Control 44(2):314–319CrossRef Tanizaki H (1999b) On the nonlinear and non-normal filter using rejection sampling. IEEE Trans Automatic Control 44(2):314–319CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tanizaki H (2001) Nonlinear and non-Gaussian state space modeling using sampling techniques. Annals Inst Stat Math 53(1):63–81CrossRef Tanizaki H (2001) Nonlinear and non-Gaussian state space modeling using sampling techniques. Annals Inst Stat Math 53(1):63–81CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Nonlinear portfolio views: an efficient extension to the Black-Litterman approach
verfasst von
Thomas Mazzoni
Publikationsdatum
01.08.2015
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Journal of Business Economics / Ausgabe 6/2015
Print ISSN: 0044-2372
Elektronische ISSN: 1861-8928
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11573-015-0767-3