9. A Comprehensive Review on Advances, Challenges, and Opportunities in Lithium-Ion Batteries for Hybrid and Electric Vehicles

This chapter offers a comprehensive review of the recent advancements in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in the context of its application in electric and hybrid vehicles (HEVs). The chapter begins with an introduction to EVs and HEVs followed by battery requirements, working principles, and the history of LIB development. Thereafter, the battery pack design is elaborated in detail. It is followed by sections on emerging anode materials such as silicon and lithium metal and high-voltage, high-density cathode materials such as organic cathodes, lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO₂), lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides (NCM), lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA), and lithium nickel manganese oxide (LNMO). Furthermore, the role of solid-state and polymer electrolytes, as well as novel binders for improved safety, stability, and performance, are discussed. The chapter also explores the degradation mechanism of LIB and the influence of temperature on its performance and provides a set of approaches to enhance the life of LIB. The chapter also explores the aspect of sustainability and circular economy in the context of LIB materials. Finally, the major challenges plaguing the LIB development for EVs and opportunities for innovations are discussed. By reviewing the recent research and technological advancements, this chapter aims to systematically understand the current landscape and future potential of LIBs in the rapidly evolving domain of hybrid and electric vehicles.