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Learning & Behavior

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05.11.2015

A derived transformation of emotional functions using self-reports, implicit association tests, and frontal alpha asymmetries

Erschienen in: Learning & Behavior | Ausgabe 2/2016

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Abstract

Research on the derived transformation of stimulus functions (ToF) typically employs single dependent measures for assessing the stimulus functions after derived relations have been established. For the first time, we examined ToF using three dependent measures both prior to and after relational training and testing. Specifically, we employed self-reports, implicit association tests, and frontal alpha asymmetry as pre versus post measures for assessing ToF. First, we trained two abstract shapes as contextual cues for happier-than and unhappier-than relations, respectively. Next, four conditional discriminations (A+/B–, B+/C–, C+/D–, and D+/E–) were trained in the presence of the happier-than cue only, where A, B, C, D, and E were blurred faces. This was followed by tests for contextually controlled transitive inference (TI) in the presence of both the happier-than and unhappier-than cues. For the participants who demonstrated TI, performance across all three measures following relational training and testing indicated that the “happiness” functions of the A/B stimuli were greater than those of the D/E stimuli. This constitutes the first known demonstration of emotional ToF along explicit, implicit, and neurophysiological measures concurrently.

Vorheriger Artikel Associatively mediated stopping: Training stimulus-specific inhibitory control

Nächster Artikel Central amygdala lesions inhibit pontine nuclei acoustic reactivity and retard delay eyeblink conditioning acquisition in adult rats

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Research by Kawahara and Shinohara (2012) suggested that “angular” shapes may be more emotionally loaded than “rounded” ones, in that the former appear to be associated with emotional attributes related to arousal rather than to valence per se (e.g., “shocked” rather than “sad”). In the present study, however, even if the more “angular” Cue 2 was emotionally “loaded” a priori, note that the conditional discriminations involving the A–B, B–C, C–D, and D–E stimulus pairs were reinforced in the presence of Cue 1 only.

Identifying appropriate reference sites in alpha asymmetry research has been a contentious issue (Hagemann, 2004; Hagemann, Naumann, & Thayer, 2001), particularly if FAA is computed as the difference in separately derived power values of individual electrodes referenced to the vertex (Hagemann et al., 2001, p. 848). Although the details of this matter are beyond the scope of the present article, it suffices to say that Cz has been the most commonly used reference in the FAA research (Coan & Allen, 2003) and continues to be a popular reference of choice (cf. Huang et al., 2014). Given that numerous studies have successfully predicted relationships using the Cz reference, it may be the case that published results utilizing Cz may not only reflect an FAA effect in relation to the construct under investigation, but also sources of variance unique to Cz (Allen, Coan, & Nazarian, 2004). Given that the specific topography of the EEG response was not the variable of interest in the present study, the Cz reference was employed so that the present results may be compared with the wider literature on induced FAAs.

Although individual alpha bands are typically calculated over posterior sites in order to minimize ocular “noise” (which can resemble alpha activity—see Hagemann, 2004, pp. 159–162), ancillary analyses of the aforementioned participants’ data sets revealed no notable differences between frontal and posterior alpha peaks (SDs < 1 Hz).

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Titel: A derived transformation of emotional functions using self-reports, implicit association tests, and frontal alpha asymmetries
Publikationsdatum: 05.11.2015
Erschienen in: Learning & Behavior / Ausgabe 2/2016
Print ISSN: 1543-4494
Elektronische ISSN: 1543-4508
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3758/s13420-015-0198-6

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