Sie können Operatoren mit Ihrer Suchanfrage kombinieren, um diese noch präziser einzugrenzen. Klicken Sie auf den Suchoperator, um eine Erklärung seiner Funktionsweise anzuzeigen.
Findet Dokumente, in denen beide Begriffe in beliebiger Reihenfolge innerhalb von maximal n Worten zueinander stehen. Empfehlung: Wählen Sie zwischen 15 und 30 als maximale Wortanzahl (z.B. NEAR(hybrid, antrieb, 20)).
Findet Dokumente, in denen der Begriff in Wortvarianten vorkommt, wobei diese VOR, HINTER oder VOR und HINTER dem Suchbegriff anschließen können (z.B., leichtbau*, *leichtbau, *leichtbau*).
Dieses Kapitel untersucht die entscheidende Rolle des Seeverkehrs in den globalen Lieferketten und die durch die COVID-19-Pandemie aufgedeckten Schwachstellen. Sie führt ein Blockchain-basiertes Rahmenwerk ein, das Datenintegrität und Compliance in der Seeschifffahrt gewährleisten soll. Das Framework nutzt dockerisierte Mikroservices für Skalierbarkeit und Blockchain-Technologie für den Manipulationsschutz von Daten. Der Text vertieft sich in die Architektur und konzeptionelle Umsetzung dieser Lösung und betont die Verwendung föderierter Identität für die Rückverfolgbarkeit und die Integration von Orakeln für den Zugriff auf externe Daten. Außerdem wird die Anwendung dieses Rahmens auf die MRV-Vorschriften der EU diskutiert und gezeigt, wie sich die Datenerhebungs- und Verifikationsprozesse rationalisieren lassen. Das Kapitel schließt mit einem Vergleich der vorgeschlagenen Lösung mit dem aktuellen dokumentenlastigen Ansatz und betont die Vorteile verbesserter Robustheit, Skalierbarkeit und Überprüfbarkeit. Durch die Umsetzung dieses Rahmens kann die maritime Industrie ihre Widerstandsfähigkeit verbessern, die Betriebskosten senken und eine faire Verteilung der Befolgungskosten sicherstellen.
KI-Generiert
Diese Zusammenfassung des Fachinhalts wurde mit Hilfe von KI generiert.
Abstract
Ships generate huge amounts of sensor data, which is largely underutilized due to lack of standardization. The ad-hoc data collection and transmission procedures and proprietary nature of sensor naming conventions make it challenging to implement and scale digital solutions based on this data. Ensuring data integrity can present an additional challenge as data is generated by multiple sensors onboard a ship with constrained connectivity to shore. Sensor as well as stakeholder identities are significant here, in order to reflect ownership structures, maintain access control and link actions with the entity that performed it. In this paper we present Vidameco, an integrated hardware and software framework for standardized data collection and tamperproofing. Dockerized microservices are developed for data collection, hashing, publication of hashes on the blockchain and verification by data consumers. Further, we present an architecture to integrate this tamperproofed data with sensor and stakeholder identity in order to create an underpinning for a digitalized value chain. Sensors are named in a hierarchical structure using the ISO19848 standard and this structure is interfaced with digital identities of stakeholders on the blockchain such as from the European Blockchain Services Infrastructure (EBSI). Finally, taking EU’s Monitoring Recording and Verification (MRV) regulations as a case study we conceptually demonstrate this framework. MRV reporting is a complex value chain involving multiple stakeholders and extensive documentation and forms the basis for EU’s Emissions Trading System (ETS), which is set to include shipping from 2024. This case study presents and evaluates an end-to-end digitalized ETS ecosystem based on tamperproofed data using MRV as the Oracle in smart contracts for ETS trading.
1 Introduction
Maritime transport is the backbone of the global supply chain, carrying over 90% of the world’s merchandise trade, an estimated 11 billion tons of cargo each year [1]. The importance of maritime transport came into sharp focus during COVID-19 crisis as shipping dependent supply chains were key not only for business continuity and keeping the economies functioning, but also to critical supply lines, delivering essentials and keeping food on the table. The pandemic has also shown the vulnerabilities of the sector and the need to increase resilience in the face of challenges. A recent World Bank-IAPH report [1] advocates for a broader and better coordinated integration of digitalization into the supply chains, particularly creation of a digital ecosystem which can unlock significant efficiency gains with lower emissions and more resilient supply chains.
However, today, data streams generated on board vessels are transmitted to data consumers on shore by ad-hoc and disparate means and thus requires keeping track of several different and non integrated data pipelines. Such a complex system is not easily scalable as adding a new data resource or supporting multiple services using several separately collected data points becomes challenging. Also challenging, is ensuring data integrity between processes in resource constrained environments where data transfers are not immediate. The integrity of the data is vital, as possible undetected tampering can severely undermine trust in the data and services relying on it. Further, investing into these improvements can translate into the bottom line. A study by BCG [2], estimated that digitalization can reduce OPEX in shipping by 15%, significant in such a price sensitive sector. Regulatory actors such as IMO have also pushed for digitalization through their Facilitation Convention, making electronic data exchange mandatory since 2019 with guidelines for integrity, authentication and confidentiality of information exchanges in the maritime sector.
Anzeige
EU’s MRV and IMO’s DCS regulations as well as the inclusion of shipping in the ETS program show the growing importance of traceability of emissions in shipping. ETS has a market value of €751 billion in 2023 [3] and the projections for ETS costs for shipping alone are €3.1 billion (2024), €5.7 billion (2025) and €8.4 billion (2026) [4], factoring in the 3 year phase in. With the introduction of market based measures comes the incentive to adjust emissions reported in order to reduce costs. For instance, some years ago, Europol found that carbon credit fraud in the ETS system cost a loss of tax revenues of €5 Billion [5]. More recently, in 2023, an instance of a multi-million euro ETS fraud was found in Bulgaria [6]. With the current granularity and accuracy of emissions as well as verification procedures, this may not be easy to discover. The estimated daily ETS cost of €10k for a container ship would translate to north of a million per annum per vessel [7] assuming more than 100 sailing days. With the current acceptable margin for error in MRV (5%) this would mean a difference of €50k per vessel per year. As such, the proposed approach if implemented can improve granularity and accuracy and reduce attempts at cheating so that the EU and IMO regulations will have greater effect and contribute to a fair distribution of costs.
2 Architecture and Conceptual Implementation
2.1 Standardization and Tamperproofing
Our solution addresses standardization and edge data integrity using two salient building blocks- Dockerized microservices and Blockchain respectively. Docker is a platform that simplifies the delivery of application code by bundling it with operating system (OS) libraries and dependencies creating containers—self-contained and standardized execution units that can run in any environment. Docker containers can be run in a Swarm mode to ensure high availability and scalability. Further, Docker containers can be used to deploy microservices. Microservice architecture granularizes and modularizes functionality into separate standalone components that can collaborate. This architecture creates interchangeable, scalable components, plug and play by design.
Blockchain, also known as a Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is the technology that underpins Bitcoin, and other cryptocurrencies but the applications of this technology have now expanded to enterprise use cases such as supply chain management, personal identity, IoT asset administration and trading renewable energy. Blockchain is so named as it consists of blocks of transactions chained together though cryptographic hashes. It is a shared ledger of immutable records, maintained by peers in a network using consensus algorithms such as Proof-of-work, Proof-of-stake or Proof-of-Authority to determine the transactions and the correct order of transactions in a block. This immutability makes it possible to use it for tamperproofing of data.
Figure 1 shows the architecture of the Vidameco solution. Microservices are developed to collect edge data batches. These batches are hashed, and the hash is published to the blockchain. Later the data consumer can use our DApp to access a microservice for verification of data integrity based on the published hash. These microservices are deployed as Docker containers making a modular solution with plug and play components. MQTT broker is used for inter-process communication. Vidameco can be used to enable standardization and data integrity for a variety of use cases. In more traditional sectors such as shipping this can drive digitalization. Focusing on EU’s MRV regulations, implementing the Vidameco approach, can reduce redundancy in data collection and quick verification of both, the data used as input to the value chain and the certification produced at the end, ensuring traceability from the former to the latter. Tying the stakeholder activities and data to their identity will reduce complexity and avenues for mistakes and fraud.
Blockchain based solutions often need to take in data from the outside world. Oracles enable a blockchain ecosystem to access data as well as advanced computations. For instance if a smart contract encodes a bet between two individuals based on the outcome of a race, this information must be delivered into the smart contract. However, blockchain oracle mechanisms using a centralized entity to inject data to a smart contract create a single point of failure, defeating the entire purpose of a decentralized blockchain application. Further, identity on the blockchain is important as it is in the real world. The EU has created EBSI with the ambition to provide a digital identity to every person and legal entity in the EU. However, identity can be used not only to authenticate parties, but also as an intuitive way to structure data by identifying components. The DNV sensor naming rule Vessel Information Structure (VIS) [8] based on the ISO 19848 standard provides a hierarchical naming scheme for sensors and components based on function. As seen in Fig. 2, we propose an hierarchical and integrated identity to ensure traceability of data at the granularity level of sensors and linking this with the EBSI identity of stakeholders. Further, such an identity created by interoperability of VIS and EBSI can be issued by a trusted issuer and be used to tamperproof the data streams. The identity, certificates and tokenized carbon assets as well as coins can be stored in a blockchain wallet. The source data can be stored in an offchain storage solution. This enables the creation of hybrid smart contracts combining on-chain and off-chain code, data and infrastructure. Further, as the oracle inputs are based on tamperproofed data, this creates an evidence based system where proof can be produced on demand. Thus, an Oracle for trusted data, middleware for blockchain interoperability between VIS and EBSI, interface between on and offchain storage, access control as well as a wallet will be needed. To provide all these capabilities, a Decentralized App will be developed for end to end traceability covering this entire value chain and providing a user friendly experience for all stakeholders.
MRV will be used for ETS reporting when maritime transport is included in the ETS system in 2024. The MRV reporting value chain is complex, with many stakeholders, each with their own systems of record and data. Currently, annual emissions calculations are not based on sensor measurements on board a ship. These are estimated based on the fuel consumption data and operational data reported by the ship in daily reports called the noon reports. The fuel consumption reported in the noon reports is substantiated by invoices on fuel sale and by sample studies done in laboratories on samples of fuel from a batch. In order to comply with reporting requirements, all this data must be submitted to an accredited verifier like DNV, for consistency check and verification before being submitted to the EU Commission. The documents are delivered to the verifier by email from each stakeholder in an unstructured fashion, as seen on the left hand side of Fig. 3. Sorting and structuring these documents, requesting missing documents, as well as checking for class certifications and validations is an extensively paper based and document heavy process. Additionally, as regulation is now moving towards demanding more granularity and transparency in emissions reporting, such aggregated annualized reporting may not be sufficient in the near future. Finally, as regulation continues to evolve, this unstructured data makes it more challenging to keep up. Data that is granular, tamperproofed and structured by identity will ease combining data sets in different ways, reducing rework and producing evidence based reports.
The right hand side of Fig. 3 shows our proposed solution. Here, a fuel supplier issues a bunkering invoice and tamperproofs it using our solution so that the hash of the bunkering invoice is published on the blockchain against the identity of the fuel supplier. This hash is meaningless without the source data and cannot be used to get any information about the source data including size of data. Similarly, the laboratory produces and tamperproofs their reports. The ship starts the voyage and collects and hashes data in 10 min batches using the hierarchical identity and publishes the hashes to blockchain. The source data for all three stakeholders is stored in an offchain repository.
Fig. 3.
MRV data pipeline current(left) and proposed(right)
Later, when the MRV verifier is given access to this off chain database, they are able to retrieve the data stored, structured by stakeholder as well as sensor identity and verify its integrity against the hash stored on the blockchain.
4 Discussion and Conclusions
We now compare and contrast our approach with the current document heavy approach. Robustness and resilience to failure is an important characteristic for such a system. Here, the Docker based data collection infrastructure in Swarm mode ensures availability so that when one Docker container fails, another one is automatically spun up to take its place. Further, the tamperproofing as well as the identity infrastructure uses blockchain which is maintained by a peer network meaning that each peer maintains a copy of the network, ensuring availability. In the current approach, there are many single points of failure that can be as simple as missing an email. Scalability is one of the main benefits of such a solution as it is scalable by design. The Dockerized microservices can be replicated as needed, and the standardized and structured fused data and identity eases adding in a new data source or combining multiple data sources, making it much more scalable than the current approach. Verifiability of presented reports will be essential as the regulations evolve, enforcing more traceability. Currently, the values presented in the reports are checked for consistency based on a model but integrating granular sensor data as proposed will improve Verifiability at each step of this value chain. Further, compared to a centralized Oracle, that defeats the purpose of blockchain, evidence is essential to ensure accountability.
The proposed approach will digitize the maritime value chain, beyond compliance reporting like MRV, improving robustness and ensuring end to end traceability.
Acknowledgement
This work was partially funded by the Research Council of Norway.
Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this chapter are included in the chapter's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the chapter's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
World Bank, IAPH: Accelerating Digitalization: Critical Actions to Strengthen the Resilience of the Maritime Supply Chain. World Bank (2020)
2.
KPMG: Digital transformation in the shipping industry is here (2021)
3.
Reuters: Global Carbon Markets Value hit record \$909 bln last year (2023)
4.
Hellenic Shipping News: Shipping set for €3 billion-plus 2024 EU ETS bill (2023)
5.
Europol: Carbon Credit fraud causes more than 5 billion euros damage for European Taxpayer (2010)
6.
EPPO: Bulgaria: EPPO probes into multi-million euro fraud regarding greenhouse gas emissions (2023)
7.
Biermans M., van der Klip, M.: Prow Capital BV: The Financial Consequences of bringing Shipping under ETS: a preliminary review (2023)
8.
Lag, S., Vindoy, V., Ramsrud, K.: A standardized sensor naming method to support digital twins and enabling new data driven applications in the maritime industry. In: 13th Symposium on High-Performance Marine Vehicles, HIPER (2021)
