10. A Macro-Micro Framework of ADR Use in the Malaysian Construction Industry

Inspired by Coleman’s scheme, this paper presents a theoretical framework on decision making process in a macro-micro perspective for Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) in the Malaysian construction industry. Macro conditions influence the overall level of ADR use in the construction industry, not directly, but through the myriad of decisions made by construction practitioners in using ADR. By drawing on Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Institutional Theory, this paper demonstrates how micro outcomes (actual ADR use behaviour) is linked with micro-level decision making process, embedded in a macro-level configuration that influences overall macro outcomes (overall level of ADR use in the construction industry). Overall, decision making process in ADR use can be conceptualized with the process of forming intentions; while macro conditions, through institutional isomorphism such as coercive pressures, normative pressures, and mimetic pressures systematically influence intention. Both coercive and normative pressures would influence subjective norm; while mimetic pressures would influence descriptive norm. The combination of attitude, perceived behavioural control, subjective norm and descriptive norm would form intentions that further predict the use of ADR. Optimistically, the overall framework could offer practical premise for useful policies and interventions that yield favourable micro and macro outcomes.