Introduction
Materials and preparation of composites
Materials
Compounding
Samples | PP (wt%) | MAPP (wt%) | CP (wt%) | APP (wt%) | Samples | PLA (wt%) | CP (wt%) | APP (wt%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP-0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | PLA-0 | 100 | 0 | 0 |
PP-1 | 86.7 | 3.3 | 10 | 0 | PLA-1 | 90 | 10 | 0 |
PP-2 | 66.7 | 3.3 | 30 | 0 | PLA-2 | 70 | 30 | 0 |
PP-3 | 46.7 | 3.3 | 50 | 0 | PLA-3 | 60 | 40 | 0 |
PP-4 | 86.7 | 3.3 | 0 | 10 | PLA-4 | 90 | 0 | 10 |
PP-5 | 76.7 | 3.3 | 10 | 10 | PLA-5 | 80 | 10 | 10 |
PP-6 | 56.7 | 3.3 | 30 | 10 | PLA-6 | 60 | 30 | 10 |
PP-7 | 36.7 | 3.3 | 50 | 10 | PLA-7 | 50 | 40 | 10 |
Injection molding
Evaluation methods for the flammability
Flammability test
Cone calorimetry test
Measurement of the char layer thickness
TGA test
Results and discussion
Flammability and combustion behavior
Samples | Average burning rate (mm/min) | Class based on UL94 | Samples | Average burning rate (mm/min) | Class based on UL94 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP-0 | 24.3 | HB | PLA-0 | 23.0 | HB |
PP-1 | 27.3 | HB | PLA-1 | 25.3 | HB |
PP-2 | 29.1 | HB | PLA-2 | 28.7 | HB |
PP-3 | 27.9 | HB | PLA-3 | 25.0 | HB |
PP-4 | 21.8 | HB | PLA-4 | Self-extinguish | HB |
PP-5 | 22.5 | HB | PLA-5 | Self-extinguish | HB |
PP-6 | 14.5 | HB | PLA-6 | Self-extinguish | V-0 |
PP-7 | Self-extinguish | V-0 | PLA-7 | Self-extinguish | V-0 |
Samples | pHRR (kW/m2) | average HRR (kW/m2) | THR (MJ/m2) | Samples | pHRR (kW/m2) | average HRR (kW/m2) | THR (MJ/m2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PP-0 | 1934.91 | 243.35 | 118.69 | PLA-0 | 870.11 | 183.70 | 67.65 |
PP-3 | 635.61 | 155.86 | 97.79 | PLA-3 | 466.49 | 78.96 | 71.99 |
PP-4 | 810.01 | 180.53 | 110.77 | PLA-4 | 667.66 | 87.96 | 63.52 |
PP-7 | 338.71 | 55.27 | 85.72 | PLA-7 | 194.22 | 37.17 | 67.94 |
Flammability properties of the neat polymers
Effect of CP addition
Effect of APP addition
Effect of combination of APP and CP
Thermal decomposition behavior
The parameters for achieving a V-0 rating against the various polymers
The validation of conditions for achieving a V-0 rating
Sample | POM (wt%) | BFα (wt%) | APP (wt%) | Class based on UL94 |
---|---|---|---|---|
POM-0 | 100 | 0 | 0 | HB |
POM-1 | 70 | 30 | 0 | HB |
POM-2 | 60 | 40 | 0 | HB |
POM-3 | 64 | 27 | 9 | HB |
POM-4 | 55 | 36 | 9 | HB |