4.1 Methodological considerations and limitations of the study
Before interpreting and discussing the results, we would like to reflect on the method and discuss some limitations. A limitation results from the rather high item nonresponse for some of the sociodemographic characteristics, such as gender or income. Nonresponse on such items may be explained by perceptions that the questions are too sensitive or personal [
49] or certain beliefs about the survey, for example that a question is not relevant for the topic of the survey [
54]. Thus, a potential for bias due to the nonresponse should be considered in the interpretation of the results [
22]. The same holds for the (probably) unequal distribution of gender in the survey sample. However, a weight adjustment did not change the statistical results and was therefore not applied to the data, in consideration of the possible drawbacks, such as additional biases and increased variance [
30]. Thus, to sum up, the specific characteristics of the sample should be considered for interpretation of the results.
Furthermore, the findings on the two questions regarding mobility changes as a reaction to the corona virus pandemic should be further reflected, as they seem to contradict each other: Respondents reported reduced trips, but did not perceive a change of their mobility behavior. One possible explanation for this may be the order of the questions, with the abstract assessment of potential changes preceding the specific report of behavior. Presumably, if the specific question regarding the share of reduced trips had been asked first, this could have led participants to also reflect the changes in their general assessment.
4.2 Interpretation and assessment of the findings
The aim of the mixed-methods analysis was to approach the rising research need to study mobility changes in reaction to the global COVID-19 pandemic situation. In more detail, the study focused on two research needs: 1) To provide subjective data concerning the changes of mobility practices and expected long-term effects as perceived by affected persons and 2) to broaden the existing findings from urban settings by focusing on a rural area.
Regarding the first research aim, the findings provide several insights into the perception of changes in mobility behavior. The findings imply that not nearly every respondent changed his or her mobility practices compared to the pre-pandemic status. As the merging of the qualitative and quantitative study showed, there is a considerable share of respondents that stated to have not changed their mobility behavior nor reduced trips as a reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic situation. In more detail, 16% stated to have reduced no trips at all and the mean value of reduced trips was rather low with 33.5%. These findings are in contrast to the findings from further studies that revealed an enormous reduction of personal mobility in cities [
36,
38,
52]. One explanation is based on the finding that reductions in travel are mainly caused by the reduction of everyday commute [
36]. However, the share of residents of the examined study area that are employed in the primary (5.5%) and secondary sector (29.9%) is higher compared to a city like Berlin (0.0% and 13.6% respectively in 2018, [
9]). These structural characteristics might impede remote work. Accordingly, the share of persons that stated to have changed their mobility behavior was lower for employed persons than for retired persons. This finding is in accordance with the result that employed respondents believe that that they will not work from home more often in the future. These findings imply that even though some persons that would have liked to change their mobility might have not because of external conditions like the impossibility of remote working or using food delivery services in rural areas.
Interestingly, the quantitative analysis revealed a clear reduction of trips by bus compared to the time before the corona crisis situation whereas interview partners in the qualitative study did not express a change in the number of trips by bus. This might be explained by the fact that the four interviewed persons that uses bus transport regularly are captive riders as they do not own a driver’s licence or access to a car.
The comparison of the modal split before and during the corona virus era revealed a modal shift away from public transport means and motorized individual transport towards the intensified use of bicycles. In contrast to studies from urban areas [
36], the share of trips by foot did not increase compared to the pre-pandemic situation, which might be explained by the spatial characteristics of rural areas that entail longer distances. However, the share of trips by foot before the corona crisis was small. Under consideration of a reduction trip by other means of transport, like bus, the modal share of walking increased somehow. The findings of an increase of car use in modal split in recent studies [
4,
23,
34] could not be replicated in this study. In contrast, the respondents report a reduction of trips by car on the modal share and a reduction of daily use, which was also found in a study by de Haas, Faber and Hamersma [
20]. A possible explanation might be the relatively high share of car trips on modal split in rural areas [
28]. Thus, based on a so-called
ceiling effect [
18], a reduction of trips by car is more likely than a further increase. Giving regard to the second research goal to broaden the existing findings of urban settings on rural areas, the study shows that insights that were found for urban settings cannot be simply transferred to rural areas. The challenge of transferring findings has been shown by Li, Rudolph & Mennis [
40] who found urban–rural differences in the relationship between reductions in population mobility and the growth rate in COVID-19 cases. From a policy perspective the research points out that the same regulations might result in different outcomes regarding mobility behavior in different places. Thus, policy should be cautious in the use of broad travel bans but search for specific and adapted regulations. Whereas cities implemented temporary pop-up cycle lanes [
50] or car-free city centers [
15] similar approaches for rural areas are missing. Adding on this, policy is asked to provide more accessibility to services to residents of rural areas to increase livability of disperse areas as an alternative to progressing urbanization [
16]. Furthermore, the results suggest that a reduction of trips is not always as possible in rural areas as in urban areas where jobs that allow for remote working are more common. Thus, when having a possible next pandemic situation in mind, policy is challenged to ensure digital connections for facilitating remote working in rural areas.
The matched data enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms that were operating within the context. The merging of the qualitative and quantitative results provides some explanatory approaches for the findings. For example, the relatively low number of respondents that stated to have changed their mobility behavior as a reaction to the crisis could be explained by the statements of the interviews that indicate some respondents’ perception of no need for changes or even resistance to change and non-compliance.
Concerning the perceived long-term effects of the COVID-19 virus era, the majority of respondents assume the effects of the current situation on their long-term mobility behavior to be weak. Respondents assessed the likelihood as low that they will be less mobile in general in the future. However, retired persons agree more frequently with the statement that they will be less mobile in the future. This finding might be related to the general reduction of mobility for increasing age and the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic represents a major threat particularly to older adults [
46]. In accordance to a study by de Haas, Faber and Hamersma [
20], respondents partially agreed that they will use bikes more often in the future. Furthermore, a considerable number of respondents expected that the COVID-19 pandemic situation will result in a long-term reduction of trips by plane which was also found in studies before [
20,
36]. In line with the findings of a study from the Netherlands [
20], a considerable part of respondents does not expect to work from home more often in the future. Budd and Ison [
14] propose a new concept of
Responsible Transport in recognition of the pandemic situation and for post-COVID recovery. Responsible Transport requires an element of individual responsibility that involves the decision whether traveling is really necessary or can be avoided and the impact of travel choices on others. It will be shown in the future, whether today’s predictions that were stated by the respondents will be translated into action. Giving regard to the point in time when the survey was conducted (April and May 2020), the study presents insights into the mind of persons at the beginning of the pandemic situation. At this point of time, the assessment of changed mobility habits as a reaction to the coronavirus situation was to early. However, behavior change often co-occurs with important events in people’s lives (i.e. [
42]) and events, like a pandemic have the power to disrupt long-existing and stable habits according to the
Habit Discontinuity Hypothesis [
60]. Thus, further behavioral research, like panel studies are needed to study the effects of the crisis of changes of mobility habits, like the priority position of the car in rural areas.