Skip to main content

2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

2. A Neoclassical Realist Approach to Military Doctrines

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This chapter describes some of the major explanations of military doctrines. In particular, three approaches are analysed: The balance of power model; the organisational model; and the strategic culture approach. The balance of power model emphasises the role of international factors to explain the development of military doctrines. It emphasises the international structure, the distribution of power and the role played by external threats and action-reaction logic in stimulating the development of military doctrines. The organisational model stresses the role played by organisational culture and bureaucratic interests. The strategic culture approach stresses the importance of socially embedded images of international politics and war for the development of military doctrine. After a review of these approaches, a neoclassical realist model is advanced.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
AAP-6(V) NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions (https://​fas.​org/​irp/​doddir/​other/​nato2008.​pdf).
 
2
Soviet definition of military doctrine included both the socio-political dimension of war and the military-technical aspects of security policy (Odom 1988/1989). In this study, the concept of military doctrine mainly refers to the second aspect. On the different terminologies used by Chinese military policymakers, see also Shambaugh (2002: 56–60).
 
3
“Actually, there is little in the principles, strategy and tactics of Maoist military doctrine that is original. Mao was deeply influenced by the heroic literature and the military classics of China’s past. He is also indebted to the Marxist-Leninist military tradition and especially to the writing of Lenin. Yet Mao’s military concepts have also been heavily influenced by the long military experience of his own Communist Party” (Powell 1968: 247, italics added).
 
4
See Glenn et al. (2004).
 
5
A strong argument for an eclectic approach that considers variables from different levels of analysis is in Sil, Katzenstein (2010).
 
6
For an in-depth review, see Rose (1998).
 
7
On this point, see Taliaferro (2006).
 
8
October 05, 1958 Meeting Minutes, Zhou Enlai’s Conversation with S.F. Antonov on the Taiwan Issue (excerpt) (Wilson Center/Digital Archive, International History Declassified, hereafter WC/DAIHD: http://​digitalarchive.​wilsoncenter.​org/​document/​117018).
 
9
See Finel (2001/2002), Schweller (2004a, b, 2006), Lobell et al. (2009, 2012), Rathbun (2008), Devlen and Özdamar (2009), Kitchen (2010), Toje and Kunz (2012), and Ripsman et al. (2016).
 
10
This is a point underlined by Raymond Aron (1966), who is considered to be one of the main sources of inspiration for neoclassical realism (Battistella 2012).
 
11
On overreaction caused by domestic processes, see Hagan (1995). On domestic sources of underbalancing, see Schweller (2004b, 2006).
 
12
On this point, see in particular Christensen (1996) and Ross (2009).
 
13
On this point, see Rosa (2008).
 
14
The model draws heavily on Schweller (2004, 2006).
 
15
This line of argument draws from Steven Lobell’s idea that policymakers are not free to decide on foreign policy when “constraints and inducements that emanate from systemic, subsystemic, and domestic levels” do not converge (Lobell 2009: 64).
 
16
This is a case of intentional selection of observations, in particular of “selection on the dependent variable”, to see whether the observed change of values of the dependent variable is associated with the expected variations of the indipendent variable (King et al. 1994: 141–142).
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Allison, G. T. (1971). Essence of Decision. Glenview: Scott Foresman. Allison, G. T. (1971). Essence of Decision. Glenview: Scott Foresman.
Zurück zum Zitat Aron, R. (1966). Peace and War. A Theory of International Relations. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. Aron, R. (1966). Peace and War. A Theory of International Relations. Garden City, NY: Doubleday.
Zurück zum Zitat Bachman, D. (1998). Structure and Process in the Making of Chinese Foreign Policy. In S. Kim (Ed.), China and the World: Chinese Foreign Policy Faces the New Millennium. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Bachman, D. (1998). Structure and Process in the Making of Chinese Foreign Policy. In S. Kim (Ed.), China and the World: Chinese Foreign Policy Faces the New Millennium. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Battistella, D. (2012). Raymond Aron: A Neoclassical Realist Before the Term Existed? In A. Toje & B. Kunz (Eds.), Neoclassical Realism in European Politics: Bringing Power Back in. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Battistella, D. (2012). Raymond Aron: A Neoclassical Realist Before the Term Existed? In A. Toje & B. Kunz (Eds.), Neoclassical Realism in European Politics: Bringing Power Back in. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Benedict, R. (1946). Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton and Mifflin. Benedict, R. (1946). Chrysanthemum and the Sword: Patterns of Japanese Culture. Boston: Houghton and Mifflin.
Zurück zum Zitat Bennett, A., & George, A. L. (2005). Case Studies and Theory Development in Social Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Bennett, A., & George, A. L. (2005). Case Studies and Theory Development in Social Science. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Bo, Z. (2007). China’s Elite Politics: Political Transition and Power Balancing. Singapore: World Scientific.CrossRef Bo, Z. (2007). China’s Elite Politics: Political Transition and Power Balancing. Singapore: World Scientific.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bo, Z. (2010). China’s Elite Politics: Governance and Democratization. Singapore: World Scientific.CrossRef Bo, Z. (2010). China’s Elite Politics: Governance and Democratization. Singapore: World Scientific.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Booth, K. (1979). Strategy and Ethnocentrism. New York: Holmer & Meier Publishers Inc. Booth, K. (1979). Strategy and Ethnocentrism. New York: Holmer & Meier Publishers Inc.
Zurück zum Zitat Checkel, J. (1998). The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory. World Politics, 50(2), 324–348.CrossRef Checkel, J. (1998). The Constructivist Turn in International Relations Theory. World Politics, 50(2), 324–348.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Christensen, T. (1996). Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947–1958. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Christensen, T. (1996). Useful Adversaries: Grand Strategy, Domestic Mobilization, and Sino-American Conflict, 1947–1958. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Cordesman, A. H. (1982). Deterrence in the 1980s: American Strategic Forces and Extended Deterrence. Adelphi Papers, 175. Cordesman, A. H. (1982). Deterrence in the 1980s: American Strategic Forces and Extended Deterrence. Adelphi Papers, 175.
Zurück zum Zitat Crowl, P. A. (1986). Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian. In P. Paret (Ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Crowl, P. A. (1986). Alfred Thayer Mahan: The Naval Historian. In P. Paret (Ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Desch, M. (1998). Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies. International Security, 23(1), 141–170.CrossRef Desch, M. (1998). Culture Clash: Assessing the Importance of Ideas in Security Studies. International Security, 23(1), 141–170.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Devlen, B., & Özdamar, O. (2009). Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Policy Crises. In A. Freyberg-Inan, E. Harrison, & P. James (Eds.), Rethinking Realism in International Relations: Between Tradition and Innovation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Devlen, B., & Özdamar, O. (2009). Neoclassical Realism and Foreign Policy Crises. In A. Freyberg-Inan, E. Harrison, & P. James (Eds.), Rethinking Realism in International Relations: Between Tradition and Innovation. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Dittmer, L. (2002). Reflections on Elite Informal Politics. In J. Unger (Ed.), The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Dittmer, L. (2002). Reflections on Elite Informal Politics. In J. Unger (Ed.), The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Zurück zum Zitat Dogan, M., & Higley, J. (Eds.). (1998). Elites Crisis and the Origins of Regimes. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Dogan, M., & Higley, J. (Eds.). (1998). Elites Crisis and the Origins of Regimes. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield.
Zurück zum Zitat Elman, C. (1996). Horses for Courses: Why Not Neorealist Theories of Foreign Policy? Security Studies, 6(1), 7–53.CrossRef Elman, C. (1996). Horses for Courses: Why Not Neorealist Theories of Foreign Policy? Security Studies, 6(1), 7–53.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Farrell, T. (1998). Culture and Military Power. Review of International Studies, 24(3), 407–416.CrossRef Farrell, T. (1998). Culture and Military Power. Review of International Studies, 24(3), 407–416.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fewsmith, J. (2002). The Evolving Shape of Elite Politics. In J. Unger (Ed.), The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Fewsmith, J. (2002). The Evolving Shape of Elite Politics. In J. Unger (Ed.), The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Zurück zum Zitat Finel, B. I. (2001/2002). Black Box or Pandora’s Box: State Level Variables and Progressivity in Realist Research Programs. Security Studies, 11(2), 187–227. Finel, B. I. (2001/2002). Black Box or Pandora’s Box: State Level Variables and Progressivity in Realist Research Programs. Security Studies, 11(2), 187–227.
Zurück zum Zitat Freedman, L. (1989). The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy. London: Macmillan.CrossRef Freedman, L. (1989). The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy. London: Macmillan.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gittings, J. (1967). The Role of the Chinese Army. London: Oxford University Press. Gittings, J. (1967). The Role of the Chinese Army. London: Oxford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Glenn, J., Howlett, D., & Poore, S. (Eds.). (2004). Neorealism Versus Strategic Culture. Aldershot: Ashgate. Glenn, J., Howlett, D., & Poore, S. (Eds.). (2004). Neorealism Versus Strategic Culture. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Zurück zum Zitat Goldstein, A. (1991). From Bandwagon to Balance of Power Politics. Structural Constraints and Politics in China, 1949–1976. Stanford: Stanford University Press. Goldstein, A. (1991). From Bandwagon to Balance of Power Politics. Structural Constraints and Politics in China, 1949–1976. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Gray, C. (1981). National Style in Strategy: The American Example. International Security, 6(2), 21–47.CrossRef Gray, C. (1981). National Style in Strategy: The American Example. International Security, 6(2), 21–47.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hagan, J. D. (1995). Domestic Political Explanations in the Analysis of Foreign Policy. In L. Neack, J. A. K. Hey, & P. J. Haney (Eds.), Foreign Policy Analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. Hagan, J. D. (1995). Domestic Political Explanations in the Analysis of Foreign Policy. In L. Neack, J. A. K. Hey, & P. J. Haney (Eds.), Foreign Policy Analysis. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Zurück zum Zitat Halperin, M. H. (1974). Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. Halperin, M. H. (1974). Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.
Zurück zum Zitat Huntington, S. P. (1961). The Common Defense. New York: Columbia University Press. Huntington, S. P. (1961). The Common Defense. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Janis, I. (1982). Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Janis, I. (1982). Groupthink. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Zurück zum Zitat Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Jervis, R. (1976). Perception and Misperception in International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Jervis, R. (1989). Perceiving and Coping with Threat. In R. Jervis, R. N. Lebow, & J. G. Stein (Eds.), Psychology and Deterrence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Jervis, R. (1989). Perceiving and Coping with Threat. In R. Jervis, R. N. Lebow, & J. G. Stein (Eds.), Psychology and Deterrence. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnston, A. I. (1995). Thinking About Strategic Culture. International Security, 19(4), 32–64.CrossRef Johnston, A. I. (1995). Thinking About Strategic Culture. International Security, 19(4), 32–64.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Katzenstein, P. (Ed.). (1996). The Culture of National Security. New York: Columbia University Press. Katzenstein, P. (Ed.). (1996). The Culture of National Security. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Kier, E. (1995). Culture and Military Doctrine: France Between the Wars. International Security, 19(4), 65–93.CrossRef Kier, E. (1995). Culture and Military Doctrine: France Between the Wars. International Security, 19(4), 65–93.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat King, G., Keohane, R. O., & Verba, S. (1994). Designing Social Inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press. King, G., Keohane, R. O., & Verba, S. (1994). Designing Social Inquiry. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Kitchen, N. (2010). Systemic Pressures and Domestic Ideas: A Neoclassical Realist Model of Grand Strategy Formation. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 117–143.CrossRef Kitchen, N. (2010). Systemic Pressures and Domestic Ideas: A Neoclassical Realist Model of Grand Strategy Formation. Review of International Studies, 36(1), 117–143.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Klein, B. S. (1988). Hegemony and Strategic Culture: American Power Projection and Alliance Defense Politics. Review of International Studies, 14(2), 133–148.CrossRef Klein, B. S. (1988). Hegemony and Strategic Culture: American Power Projection and Alliance Defense Politics. Review of International Studies, 14(2), 133–148.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Krasner, S. (1978). Defending the National Interest. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Krasner, S. (1978). Defending the National Interest. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Lantis, J. (2009). Strategic Culture: From Clausewitz to Constructivism. In J. L. Johnson, K. M. Kartchner, & J. E. Larsen (Eds.), Strategic Culture and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan. Lantis, J. (2009). Strategic Culture: From Clausewitz to Constructivism. In J. L. Johnson, K. M. Kartchner, & J. E. Larsen (Eds.), Strategic Culture and Weapons of Mass Destruction. Basingstoke: Palgrave-Macmillan.
Zurück zum Zitat Lieberthal, K., & Lampton, D. M. (Eds.). (1992). Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China. Berkeley: University of California Press. Lieberthal, K., & Lampton, D. M. (Eds.). (1992). Bureaucracy, Politics, and Decision Making in Post-Mao China. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobell, S. E. (2009). Threat Assessmnet, the State, and Foreign Policy: A Neoclassical Realist Model. In S. E. Lobell, N. M. Ripsman, & J. W. Taliaferro (Eds.), Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lobell, S. E. (2009). Threat Assessmnet, the State, and Foreign Policy: A Neoclassical Realist Model. In S. E. Lobell, N. M. Ripsman, & J. W. Taliaferro (Eds.), Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobell, S. E., Ripsman, N. M., & Taliaferro, J. W. (Eds.). (2009). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lobell, S. E., Ripsman, N. M., & Taliaferro, J. W. (Eds.). (2009). Neoclassical Realism, the State, and Foreign Policy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Lobell, S. E., Ripsman, N. M., & Taliaferro, J. W. (Eds.). (2012). The Challenge of Grand Strategy: The Great Powers and the Broken Balance Between the World Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Lobell, S. E., Ripsman, N. M., & Taliaferro, J. W. (Eds.). (2012). The Challenge of Grand Strategy: The Great Powers and the Broken Balance Between the World Wars. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Nathan, A. J. (1973). A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics. The China Quarterly, 53, 34–66. Nathan, A. J. (1973). A Factionalism Model for CCP Politics. The China Quarterly, 53, 34–66.
Zurück zum Zitat O’Sullivan, R. J. (1990). Dealing with the Soviets. In S. Foerster & E. N. Wright (Eds.), American Defense Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. O’Sullivan, R. J. (1990). Dealing with the Soviets. In S. Foerster & E. N. Wright (Eds.), American Defense Policy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Odom W. E. (1988/1989). Soviet Military Doctrine. Foreign Affairs, 67(2), 114–134. Odom W. E. (1988/1989). Soviet Military Doctrine. Foreign Affairs, 67(2), 114–134.
Zurück zum Zitat Posen, B. (1984). The Source of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Posen, B. (1984). The Source of Military Doctrine: France, Britain, and Germany Between the World Wars. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Powell, R. L. (1968). Maoist Military Doctrines. Asian Survey, 8(4), 239–262.CrossRef Powell, R. L. (1968). Maoist Military Doctrines. Asian Survey, 8(4), 239–262.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Putnam, R. (1988). Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460.CrossRef Putnam, R. (1988). Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: The Logic of Two-Level Games. International Organization, 42(3), 427–460.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Pye, L. (1981). The Dynamics of Chinese Politics. Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain. Pye, L. (1981). The Dynamics of Chinese Politics. Cambridge: Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain.
Zurück zum Zitat Rathbun, B. (2008). A Rose by Any Other Name: Neoclassical Realism as the Logical and Necessary Extentions of Structural Realism. Security Studies, 17(2), 294–321.CrossRef Rathbun, B. (2008). A Rose by Any Other Name: Neoclassical Realism as the Logical and Necessary Extentions of Structural Realism. Security Studies, 17(2), 294–321.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ripsman, N. M., Taliaferro, J. W., & Lobell, S. E. (2016). Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Ripsman, N. M., Taliaferro, J. W., & Lobell, S. E. (2016). Neoclassical Realist Theory of International Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rosa, P. (2006). Sociologia politica delle scelte internazionali. Bari-Roma: Laterza. Rosa, P. (2006). Sociologia politica delle scelte internazionali. Bari-Roma: Laterza.
Zurück zum Zitat Rosa, P. (2008). Stato, società e politica estera in Cina. Quaderni di sociologia, 52(3), 123–153.CrossRef Rosa, P. (2008). Stato, società e politica estera in Cina. Quaderni di sociologia, 52(3), 123–153.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rosa, P. (2014). Who Won? Power and Factional Balance in China After the 18th Congress of the CCP. Journal of Political Power, 7(2), 233–251.CrossRef Rosa, P. (2014). Who Won? Power and Factional Balance in China After the 18th Congress of the CCP. Journal of Political Power, 7(2), 233–251.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144–172.CrossRef Rose, G. (1998). Neoclassical Realism and Theories of Foreign Policy. World Politics, 51(1), 144–172.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ross, R. S. (2009). Chinese Security Policy. Structure, Power, and Politics. London: Routledge. Ross, R. S. (2009). Chinese Security Policy. Structure, Power, and Politics. London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Rothenberg, G. E. (1986). Moltke, Schlieffen, and the Doctrine of Strategic Envelopment. In P. Paret (Ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Rothenberg, G. E. (1986). Moltke, Schlieffen, and the Doctrine of Strategic Envelopment. In P. Paret (Ed.), Makers of Modern Strategy. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweller R. (1994). Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing Revisionist States Back in. International Seurity, 19(1): 72–107. Schweller R. (1994). Bandwagoning for Profit: Bringing Revisionist States Back in. International Seurity, 19(1): 72–107.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweller, R. (1998). Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitlers Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Columbia University. Schweller, R. (1998). Deadly Imbalances: Tripolarity and Hitlers Strategy of World Conquest. New York: Columbia University.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweller R. (2004a). The Progressiveness of Neoclassical Realism. In C. Elman & M. Elman (Eds.), Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Schweller R. (2004a). The Progressiveness of Neoclassical Realism. In C. Elman & M. Elman (Eds.), Progress in International Relations Theory: Appraising the Field. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweller, R. (2004b). Unanswered Threats. A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing. International Security, 29(2), 159–201. Schweller, R. (2004b). Unanswered Threats. A Neoclassical Realist Theory of Underbalancing. International Security, 29(2), 159–201.
Zurück zum Zitat Schweller, R. (2006). Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Schweller, R. (2006). Unanswered Threats: Political Constraints on the Balance of Power. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Shambaugh, D. (2000). The Chinese State in the Post-Mao Era. In D. Shambaugh (Ed.), The Modern Chinese State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Shambaugh, D. (2000). The Chinese State in the Post-Mao Era. In D. Shambaugh (Ed.), The Modern Chinese State. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Shambaugh, D. (2002). Modernizing China’s Military. Berkeley: University of California Press. Shambaugh, D. (2002). Modernizing China’s Military. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Sil, R., & Katzenstein, P. (2010). Beyond Paradigms. Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Sil, R., & Katzenstein, P. (2010). Beyond Paradigms. Analytic Eclecticism in the Study of World Politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Zurück zum Zitat Snyder, G. H. (1962). The ‘New Look’ of 1953. In W. Schilling, P. Hammond & G. H. Snyder (Eds.), Strategy, Politics and Defense Budgets. New York: Columbia University Press. Snyder, G. H. (1962). The ‘New Look’ of 1953. In W. Schilling, P. Hammond & G. H. Snyder (Eds.), Strategy, Politics and Defense Budgets. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Snyder, J. (1977). The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. Santa Monica: RAND. Snyder, J. (1977). The Soviet Strategic Culture: Implications for Limited Nuclear Operations. Santa Monica: RAND.
Zurück zum Zitat Taliaferro, J. W. (2006). State Building for Future Wars: Neoclassical Realism and the Resource-Extractive State. Security Studies, 15(3), 464–495.CrossRef Taliaferro, J. W. (2006). State Building for Future Wars: Neoclassical Realism and the Resource-Extractive State. Security Studies, 15(3), 464–495.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tan Eng Bok, G. (1984). Strategic Doctrine. In G. Segal & W. T. Tow (Eds.), Chinese Defence Policy. London: Macmillan. Tan Eng Bok, G. (1984). Strategic Doctrine. In G. Segal & W. T. Tow (Eds.), Chinese Defence Policy. London: Macmillan.
Zurück zum Zitat Teiwes, F. C. (1984). Leadership, Legitimacy, and Conflict in China: From a Charismatic Mao to the Politics of Succession. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.CrossRef Teiwes, F. C. (1984). Leadership, Legitimacy, and Conflict in China: From a Charismatic Mao to the Politics of Succession. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Teiwes, F. C. (1990). Politics at Mao’s Court. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Teiwes, F. C. (1990). Politics at Mao’s Court. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Zurück zum Zitat Teiwes F. C. (1993). Politics and Purge in China. Rectifications and the Decline of Party Norms, 1950–1965. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Teiwes F. C. (1993). Politics and Purge in China. Rectifications and the Decline of Party Norms, 1950–1965. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Zurück zum Zitat Toje, A., & Kunz, B. (Eds.). (2012). Neoclassical Realism in European Politics: Bringing Power Back in. Manchester: Manchester University Press. Toje, A., & Kunz, B. (Eds.). (2012). Neoclassical Realism in European Politics: Bringing Power Back in. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Tsou, T. (2002). Chinese Politics at the Top: Factionalism or Informal Politics? Balance-of-Power or a Game to Win All? In J. Unger (Ed.), The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Tsou, T. (2002). Chinese Politics at the Top: Factionalism or Informal Politics? Balance-of-Power or a Game to Win All? In J. Unger (Ed.), The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Zurück zum Zitat Unger, J. (Ed.). (2002). The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe. Unger, J. (Ed.). (2002). The Nature of Chinese Politics: From Mao to Jiang, Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.
Zurück zum Zitat Uz Zaman, R. (2009). Strategic Culture: A ‘Cultural’ Understanding of War. Comparative Strategy, 28(1), 68–88. Uz Zaman, R. (2009). Strategic Culture: A ‘Cultural’ Understanding of War. Comparative Strategy, 28(1), 68–88.
Zurück zum Zitat Van Evera, S. (1984). The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War. International Security, 9(1), 58–107.CrossRef Van Evera, S. (1984). The Cult of the Offensive and the Origins of the First World War. International Security, 9(1), 58–107.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Boston: McGraw-Hill. Waltz, K. (1979). Theory of International Politics. Boston: McGraw-Hill.
Zurück zum Zitat Wohlforth, W. C. (1987). The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914 Balance. World Politics, 39(3), 353–381.CrossRef Wohlforth, W. C. (1987). The Perception of Power: Russia in the Pre-1914 Balance. World Politics, 39(3), 353–381.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao, Q. (1992). Domestic Factors of Chinese Foreign Policy: From Vertical to Horizontal Authoritarianism. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 519, 158–175.CrossRef Zhao, Q. (1992). Domestic Factors of Chinese Foreign Policy: From Vertical to Horizontal Authoritarianism. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 519, 158–175.CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
A Neoclassical Realist Approach to Military Doctrines
verfasst von
Paolo Rosa
Copyright-Jahr
2018
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78640-7_2