Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence Review 4/2020

02.08.2019

A new graph-preserving unsupervised feature selection embedding LLE with low-rank constraint and feature-level representation

verfasst von: Xiaohong Han, Haishui Chai, Ping Liu, Dengao Li, Li Wang

Erschienen in: Artificial Intelligence Review | Ausgabe 4/2020

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Unsupervised feature selection is a powerful tool to process high-dimensional data, in which a subset of features is selected out for effective data representation. In this paper, we proposes a novel robust unsupervised features selection method based on graph-preserving feature selection embedding LLE. Specifically, we integrate the graph matrix learning and the low-dimensional space learning together to identify the correlation among both features and samples from the intrinsic low-dimensional space of original data. Also, the global and local correlation of features have been taken into consideration through the low-rank constraint and the feature-level representation property to find lower-dimensional representation which preserves not only the global and local correlation of features but also the global and local structure of training samples. Furthermore, we propose a new optimization algorithm to the resulting objective function, which iteratively updates the graph matrix and the intrinsic space in order to collaboratively improve each of them. Experimental analysis on 18 benchmark datasets verified that our proposed method outperformed the state-of-the-art feature selection methods in terms of classification and clustering performance.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Benabdeslem K, Hindawi M (2014) Efficient semi-supervised feature selection: constraint, relevance, and redundancy. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 26(5):1131–1143CrossRef Benabdeslem K, Hindawi M (2014) Efficient semi-supervised feature selection: constraint, relevance, and redundancy. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 26(5):1131–1143CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cai D, Zhang C, He X (2010) Unsupervised feature selection for multi-cluster data. In: Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM, pp 333–342 Cai D, Zhang C, He X (2010) Unsupervised feature selection for multi-cluster data. In: Proceedings of the 16th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM, pp 333–342
Zurück zum Zitat Cai X, Ding C, Nie F et al (2013) On the equivalent of low-rank linear regressions and linear discriminant analysis based regressions. In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM, pp 1124–1132 Cai X, Ding C, Nie F et al (2013) On the equivalent of low-rank linear regressions and linear discriminant analysis based regressions. In: Proceedings of the 19th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM, pp 1124–1132
Zurück zum Zitat Chen L, Huang JZ (2012) Sparse reduced-rank regression for simultaneous dimension reduction and variable selection. J Am Stat Assoc 107(500):1533–1545MathSciNetCrossRef Chen L, Huang JZ (2012) Sparse reduced-rank regression for simultaneous dimension reduction and variable selection. J Am Stat Assoc 107(500):1533–1545MathSciNetCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Cheng D, Zhang S, Liu X et al (2017) Feature selection by combining subspace learning with sparse representation. Multimed Syst 23(3):285–291CrossRef Cheng D, Zhang S, Liu X et al (2017) Feature selection by combining subspace learning with sparse representation. Multimed Syst 23(3):285–291CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Du L, Shen YD (2015) Unsupervised feature selection with adaptive structure learning. In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM, pp 209–218 Du L, Shen YD (2015) Unsupervised feature selection with adaptive structure learning. In: Proceedings of the 21th ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM, pp 209–218
Zurück zum Zitat Du L, Shen Z, Li X et al (2013) Local and global discriminative learning for unsupervised feature selection. In: 2013 IEEE 13th international conference on data mining (ICDM). IEEE, pp 131–140 Du L, Shen Z, Li X et al (2013) Local and global discriminative learning for unsupervised feature selection. In: 2013 IEEE 13th international conference on data mining (ICDM). IEEE, pp 131–140
Zurück zum Zitat Du S, Wang W, Ma Y (2016) Low rank sparse preserve projection for face recognition. In: Control and decision conference (CCDC), 2016 Chinese. IEEE, pp 3822–3826 Du S, Wang W, Ma Y (2016) Low rank sparse preserve projection for face recognition. In: Control and decision conference (CCDC), 2016 Chinese. IEEE, pp 3822–3826
Zurück zum Zitat Gao S, Ver Steeg G, Galstyan A (2016) Variational information maximization for feature selection. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 487–495 Gao S, Ver Steeg G, Galstyan A (2016) Variational information maximization for feature selection. In: Advances in neural information processing systems, pp 487–495
Zurück zum Zitat García-Torres M, Gómez-Vela F, Melián-Batista B et al (2016) High-dimensional feature selection via feature grouping: a variable neighborhood search approach. Inf Sci 326:102–118MathSciNetCrossRef García-Torres M, Gómez-Vela F, Melián-Batista B et al (2016) High-dimensional feature selection via feature grouping: a variable neighborhood search approach. Inf Sci 326:102–118MathSciNetCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Guyon I, Elisseeff A (2003) An introduction to variable and feature selection. J Mach Learn Res 3(3):1157–1182MATH Guyon I, Elisseeff A (2003) An introduction to variable and feature selection. J Mach Learn Res 3(3):1157–1182MATH
Zurück zum Zitat Han Y, Xu Z, Ma Z et al (2013) Image classification with manifold learning for out-of-sample data. Signal Process 93(8):2169–2177CrossRef Han Y, Xu Z, Ma Z et al (2013) Image classification with manifold learning for out-of-sample data. Signal Process 93(8):2169–2177CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat He X, Cai D, Niyogi P (2006) Laplacian score for feature selection. In: Weiss Y, Schölkopf B, Platt JC (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems. Neural information processing systems foundation, British Columbia, pp 507–514 He X, Cai D, Niyogi P (2006) Laplacian score for feature selection. In: Weiss Y, Schölkopf B, Platt JC (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems. Neural information processing systems foundation, British Columbia, pp 507–514
Zurück zum Zitat Jian L, Li J, Shu K et al (2016) Multi-label informed feature selection. In: IJCAI, pp 1627–1633 Jian L, Li J, Shu K et al (2016) Multi-label informed feature selection. In: IJCAI, pp 1627–1633
Zurück zum Zitat Jiang Y, Ren J (2011) Eigenvalue sensitive feature selection. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference on machine learning (ICML-11), pp 89–96 Jiang Y, Ren J (2011) Eigenvalue sensitive feature selection. In: Proceedings of the 28th international conference on machine learning (ICML-11), pp 89–96
Zurück zum Zitat Lan X, Ma AJ, Yuen PC et al (2015) Joint sparse representation and robust feature-level fusion for multi-cue visual tracking. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(12):5826–5841MathSciNetCrossRef Lan X, Ma AJ, Yuen PC et al (2015) Joint sparse representation and robust feature-level fusion for multi-cue visual tracking. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(12):5826–5841MathSciNetCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Lan X, Zhang S, Yuen PC (2016) Robust joint discriminative feature learning for visual tracking. In: IJCAI, pp 3403–3410 Lan X, Zhang S, Yuen PC (2016) Robust joint discriminative feature learning for visual tracking. In: IJCAI, pp 3403–3410
Zurück zum Zitat Li Z, Yang Y, Liu J et al (2012) Unsupervised feature selection using nonnegative spectral analysis. In: AAAI, vol 2, pp 1026–1032 Li Z, Yang Y, Liu J et al (2012) Unsupervised feature selection using nonnegative spectral analysis. In: AAAI, vol 2, pp 1026–1032
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Tang J, Liu H (2017a) Reconstruction-based unsupervised feature selection: an embedded approach. In: Proceedings of the 26th international joint conference on artificial intelligence. IJCAI/AAAI Li J, Tang J, Liu H (2017a) Reconstruction-based unsupervised feature selection: an embedded approach. In: Proceedings of the 26th international joint conference on artificial intelligence. IJCAI/AAAI
Zurück zum Zitat Li J, Wu L, Zaïane OR et al (2017b) Toward personalized relational learning. In: Proceedings of the 2017 SIAM international conference on data mining. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, pp 444–452 Li J, Wu L, Zaïane OR et al (2017b) Toward personalized relational learning. In: Proceedings of the 2017 SIAM international conference on data mining. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, pp 444–452
Zurück zum Zitat Liu M, Zhang D (2014) Sparsity score: a novel graph-preserving feature selection method. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 28(04):1450009CrossRef Liu M, Zhang D (2014) Sparsity score: a novel graph-preserving feature selection method. Int J Pattern Recognit Artif Intell 28(04):1450009CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Liu G, Lin Z, Yu Y (2010) Robust subspace segmentation by low-rank representation. In: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on machine learning (ICML-10), pp 663–670 Liu G, Lin Z, Yu Y (2010) Robust subspace segmentation by low-rank representation. In: Proceedings of the 27th international conference on machine learning (ICML-10), pp 663–670
Zurück zum Zitat Luo M, Nie F, Chang X et al (2018a) Adaptive unsupervised feature selection with structure regularization. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 29(4):944–956CrossRef Luo M, Nie F, Chang X et al (2018a) Adaptive unsupervised feature selection with structure regularization. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 29(4):944–956CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Luo M, Chang X, Nie L et al (2018b) An adaptive semisupervised feature analysis for video semantic recognition. IEEE Trans Cybern 48(2):648–660CrossRef Luo M, Chang X, Nie L et al (2018b) An adaptive semisupervised feature analysis for video semantic recognition. IEEE Trans Cybern 48(2):648–660CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ma J, Zhou H, Zhao J et al (2015) Robust feature matching for remote sensing image registration via locally linear transforming. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 53(12):6469–6481CrossRef Ma J, Zhou H, Zhao J et al (2015) Robust feature matching for remote sensing image registration via locally linear transforming. IEEE Trans Geosci Remote Sens 53(12):6469–6481CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Mitra S, Kundu PP, Pedrycz W (2012) Feature selection using structural similarity. Inf Sci 198:48–61CrossRef Mitra S, Kundu PP, Pedrycz W (2012) Feature selection using structural similarity. Inf Sci 198:48–61CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nie F, Huang H, Cai X et al (2010) Efficient and robust feature selection via joint ℓ2, 1-norms minimization. In: Lafferty JD, Williams CKI, Shawe-Taylor J, Zemel RS, Culotta A (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems. DBLP, British Columbia, pp 1813–1821 Nie F, Huang H, Cai X et al (2010) Efficient and robust feature selection via joint ℓ2, 1-norms minimization. In: Lafferty JD, Williams CKI, Shawe-Taylor J, Zemel RS, Culotta A (eds) Advances in neural information processing systems. DBLP, British Columbia, pp 1813–1821
Zurück zum Zitat Nie F, Wang X, Huang H (2014) Clustering and projected clustering with adaptive neighbors. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM. pp 977–986 Nie F, Wang X, Huang H (2014) Clustering and projected clustering with adaptive neighbors. In: Proceedings of the 20th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining. ACM. pp 977–986
Zurück zum Zitat Nie F, Zhu W, Li X (2016) Unsupervised feature selection with structured graph optimization. In: AAAI, pp 1302–1308 Nie F, Zhu W, Li X (2016) Unsupervised feature selection with structured graph optimization. In: AAAI, pp 1302–1308
Zurück zum Zitat Peng Y, Long X, Lu BL (2015) Graph based semi-supervised learning via structure preserving low-rank representation. Neural Process Lett 41(3):389–406CrossRef Peng Y, Long X, Lu BL (2015) Graph based semi-supervised learning via structure preserving low-rank representation. Neural Process Lett 41(3):389–406CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Qiao L, Chen S, Tan X (2010) Sparsity preserving projections with applications to face recognition. Pattern Recogn 43(1):331–341CrossRef Qiao L, Chen S, Tan X (2010) Sparsity preserving projections with applications to face recognition. Pattern Recogn 43(1):331–341CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sheikhpour R, Sarram MA, Gharaghani S et al (2017) A survey on semi-supervised feature selection methods. Pattern Recogn 64:141–158CrossRef Sheikhpour R, Sarram MA, Gharaghani S et al (2017) A survey on semi-supervised feature selection methods. Pattern Recogn 64:141–158CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Shi L, Du L, Shen YD (2014) Robust spectral learning for unsupervised feature selection. In: 2014 IEEE international conference on data mining (ICDM). IEEE, pp 977–982 Shi L, Du L, Shen YD (2014) Robust spectral learning for unsupervised feature selection. In: 2014 IEEE international conference on data mining (ICDM). IEEE, pp 977–982
Zurück zum Zitat Shi X, Guo Z, Lai Z et al (2015) A framework of joint graph embedding and sparse regression for dimensionality reduction. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(4):1341–1355MathSciNetCrossRef Shi X, Guo Z, Lai Z et al (2015) A framework of joint graph embedding and sparse regression for dimensionality reduction. IEEE Trans Image Process 24(4):1341–1355MathSciNetCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Tang J, Hu X, Gao H et al (2014) Discriminant analysis for unsupervised feature selection. In: Proceedings of the 2014 SIAM international conference on data mining. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, pp 938–946 Tang J, Hu X, Gao H et al (2014) Discriminant analysis for unsupervised feature selection. In: Proceedings of the 2014 SIAM international conference on data mining. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, pp 938–946
Zurück zum Zitat Tenenbaum JB, De Silva V, Langford JC (2000) A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Science 290(5500):2319–2323CrossRef Tenenbaum JB, De Silva V, Langford JC (2000) A global geometric framework for nonlinear dimensionality reduction. Science 290(5500):2319–2323CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Wang D, Nie F, Huang H (2014) Unsupervised feature selection via unified trace ratio formulation and k-means clustering (track). In: Joint European conference on machine learning and knowledge discovery in databases. Springer, Berlin, pp 306–321 Wang D, Nie F, Huang H (2014) Unsupervised feature selection via unified trace ratio formulation and k-means clustering (track). In: Joint European conference on machine learning and knowledge discovery in databases. Springer, Berlin, pp 306–321
Zurück zum Zitat Wang S, Tang J, Liu H (2015) Embedded unsupervised feature selection. In: AAAI, Citeseer, pp 470–476 Wang S, Tang J, Liu H (2015) Embedded unsupervised feature selection. In: AAAI, Citeseer, pp 470–476
Zurück zum Zitat Wei X, Philip SY (2016) Unsupervised feature selection by preserving stochastic neighbors. In: Gretton A, Robert CC (eds) Artificial intelligence and statistics. PMLR, Cadiz, pp 995–1003 Wei X, Philip SY (2016) Unsupervised feature selection by preserving stochastic neighbors. In: Gretton A, Robert CC (eds) Artificial intelligence and statistics. PMLR, Cadiz, pp 995–1003
Zurück zum Zitat Yang Y, Zhuang YT, Wu F et al (2008) Harmonizing hierarchical manifolds for multimedia document semantics understanding and cross-media retrieval. IEEE Trans Multimed 10(3):437–446CrossRef Yang Y, Zhuang YT, Wu F et al (2008) Harmonizing hierarchical manifolds for multimedia document semantics understanding and cross-media retrieval. IEEE Trans Multimed 10(3):437–446CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Yao C, Liu YF, Jiang B et al (2017) LLE score: a new filter-based unsupervised feature selection method based on nonlinear manifold embedding and its application to image recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 26(11):5257–5269MathSciNetCrossRef Yao C, Liu YF, Jiang B et al (2017) LLE score: a new filter-based unsupervised feature selection method based on nonlinear manifold embedding and its application to image recognition. IEEE Trans Image Process 26(11):5257–5269MathSciNetCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang L, Song M, Yang Y et al (2014) Weakly supervised photo cropping. IEEE Trans Multimed 16(1):94–107CrossRef Zhang L, Song M, Yang Y et al (2014) Weakly supervised photo cropping. IEEE Trans Multimed 16(1):94–107CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang L, Gao Y, Xia Y et al (2015) A fine-grained image categorization system by cellet-encoded spatial pyramid modeling. IEEE Trans Industr Electron 62(1):564–571CrossRef Zhang L, Gao Y, Xia Y et al (2015) A fine-grained image categorization system by cellet-encoded spatial pyramid modeling. IEEE Trans Industr Electron 62(1):564–571CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang D, Han J, Jiang L et al (2017a) Revealing event saliency in unconstrained video collection. IEEE Trans Image Process 26(4):1746–1758MathSciNetCrossRef Zhang D, Han J, Jiang L et al (2017a) Revealing event saliency in unconstrained video collection. IEEE Trans Image Process 26(4):1746–1758MathSciNetCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jin J et al (2017b) Sparse Bayesian learning for obtaining sparsity of EEG frequency bands based feature vectors in motor imagery classification. Int J Neural Syst 27(02):1650032CrossRef Zhang Y, Wang Y, Jin J et al (2017b) Sparse Bayesian learning for obtaining sparsity of EEG frequency bands based feature vectors in motor imagery classification. Int J Neural Syst 27(02):1650032CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang S, Li X, Zong M et al (2017c) Learning k for knn classification. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 8(3):43 Zhang S, Li X, Zong M et al (2017c) Learning k for knn classification. ACM Trans Intell Syst Technol 8(3):43
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao Z, Wang L, Liu H (2010) Efficient spectral feature selection with minimum redundancy. In: AAAI, pp 673–678 Zhao Z, Wang L, Liu H (2010) Efficient spectral feature selection with minimum redundancy. In: AAAI, pp 673–678
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao Z, Wang L, Liu H et al (2013) On similarity preserving feature selection. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 25(3):619–632CrossRef Zhao Z, Wang L, Liu H et al (2013) On similarity preserving feature selection. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 25(3):619–632CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu X, Zhang L, Huang Z (2014) A sparse embedding and least variance encoding approach to hashing. IEEE Trans Image Process 23(9):3737–3750MathSciNetCrossRef Zhu X, Zhang L, Huang Z (2014) A sparse embedding and least variance encoding approach to hashing. IEEE Trans Image Process 23(9):3737–3750MathSciNetCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu P, Zuo W, Zhang L et al (2015) Unsupervised feature selection by regularized self-representation. Pattern Recogn 48(2):438–446CrossRef Zhu P, Zuo W, Zhang L et al (2015) Unsupervised feature selection by regularized self-representation. Pattern Recogn 48(2):438–446CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu X, Li X, Zhang S (2016) Block-row sparse multiview multilabel learning for image classification. IEEE Trans Cybern 46(2):450–461CrossRef Zhu X, Li X, Zhang S (2016) Block-row sparse multiview multilabel learning for image classification. IEEE Trans Cybern 46(2):450–461CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu X, Li X, Zhang S et al (2017a) Graph PCA hashing for similarity search. IEEE Trans Multimed 19(9):2033–2044CrossRef Zhu X, Li X, Zhang S et al (2017a) Graph PCA hashing for similarity search. IEEE Trans Multimed 19(9):2033–2044CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu X, Li X, Zhang S et al (2017b) Robust joint graph sparse coding for unsupervised spectral feature selection. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 28(6):1263–1275MathSciNetCrossRef Zhu X, Li X, Zhang S et al (2017b) Robust joint graph sparse coding for unsupervised spectral feature selection. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst 28(6):1263–1275MathSciNetCrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu Y, Zhu X, Kim M et al (2017c) A novel dynamic hyper-graph inference framework for computer assisted diagnosis of neuro-diseases. In: International conference on information processing in medical imaging. Springer, Cham, pp 158–169 Zhu Y, Zhu X, Kim M et al (2017c) A novel dynamic hyper-graph inference framework for computer assisted diagnosis of neuro-diseases. In: International conference on information processing in medical imaging. Springer, Cham, pp 158–169
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu X, Suk HI, Wang L et al (2017d) A novel relational regularization feature selection method for joint regression and classification in AD diagnosis. Med Image Anal 38:205–214CrossRef Zhu X, Suk HI, Wang L et al (2017d) A novel relational regularization feature selection method for joint regression and classification in AD diagnosis. Med Image Anal 38:205–214CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu X, Zhang S, Hu R et al (2018) Local and global structure preservation for robust unsupervised spectral feature selection. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 30(3):517–529CrossRef Zhu X, Zhang S, Hu R et al (2018) Local and global structure preservation for robust unsupervised spectral feature selection. IEEE Trans Knowl Data Eng 30(3):517–529CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
A new graph-preserving unsupervised feature selection embedding LLE with low-rank constraint and feature-level representation
verfasst von
Xiaohong Han
Haishui Chai
Ping Liu
Dengao Li
Li Wang
Publikationsdatum
02.08.2019
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Artificial Intelligence Review / Ausgabe 4/2020
Print ISSN: 0269-2821
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7462
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10462-019-09749-w

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2020

Artificial Intelligence Review 4/2020 Zur Ausgabe