Skip to main content

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

A Note on Monitors and Büchi Automata

verfasst von : Volker Diekert, Anca Muscholl, Igor Walukiewicz

Erschienen in: Theoretical Aspects of Computing - ICTAC 2015

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

When a property needs to be checked against an unknown or very complex system, classical exploration techniques like model-checking are not applicable anymore. Sometimes a monitor can be used, that checks a given property on the underlying system at runtime. A monitor for a property L is a deterministic finite automaton \(\mathcal {M}_L\) that after each finite execution tells whether (1) every possible extension of the execution is in L, or (2) every possible extension is in the complement of L, or neither (1) nor (2) holds. Moreover, L being monitorable means that it is always possible that in some future the monitor reaches (1) or (2). Classical examples for monitorable properties are safety and cosafety properties. On the other hand, deterministic liveness properties like “infinitely many a’s” are not monitorable.
We discuss various monitor constructions with a focus on deterministic \(\omega \)-regular languages. We locate a proper subclass of deterministic \(\omega \)-regular languages but also strictly larger than the subclass of languages which are deterministic and codeterministic; and for this subclass there exist canonical monitors which also accept the language itself.
We also address the problem to decide monitorability in comparison with deciding liveness. The state of the art is as follows. Given a Büchi automaton, it is PSPACE-complete to decide liveness or monitorability. Given an LTL formula, deciding liveness becomes EXPSPACE-complete, but the complexity to decide monitorability remains open.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Angluin, D., Fisman, D.: Learning regular omega languages. In: Auer, P., Clark, A., Zeugmann, T., Zilles, S. (eds.) ALT 2014. LNCS, vol. 8776, pp. 125–139. Springer, Heidelberg (2014) Angluin, D., Fisman, D.: Learning regular omega languages. In: Auer, P., Clark, A., Zeugmann, T., Zilles, S. (eds.) ALT 2014. LNCS, vol. 8776, pp. 125–139. Springer, Heidelberg (2014)
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Basin, D., Klaedtke, F., Müller, S., Zalinescu, E.: Monitoring metric first-order temporal properties. J. ACM 62, 15:1–15:45 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef Basin, D., Klaedtke, F., Müller, S., Zalinescu, E.: Monitoring metric first-order temporal properties. J. ACM 62, 15:1–15:45 (2015)MathSciNetCrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Bauer, A., Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: Monitoring of real-time properties. In: Arun-Kumar, S., Garg, N. (eds.) FSTTCS 2006. LNCS, vol. 4337, pp. 260–272. Springer, Heidelberg (2006) CrossRef Bauer, A., Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: Monitoring of real-time properties. In: Arun-Kumar, S., Garg, N. (eds.) FSTTCS 2006. LNCS, vol. 4337, pp. 260–272. Springer, Heidelberg (2006) CrossRef
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Diekert, V., Gastin, P.: First-order definable languages. In: Flum, J., Grädel, E., Wilke, Th. (eds.) Logic and Automata: History and Perspectives, Texts in Logic and Games, pp. 261–306. Amsterdam University Press (2008) Diekert, V., Gastin, P.: First-order definable languages. In: Flum, J., Grädel, E., Wilke, Th. (eds.) Logic and Automata: History and Perspectives, Texts in Logic and Games, pp. 261–306. Amsterdam University Press (2008)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Diekert, V., Leucker, M.: Topology, monitorable properties and runtime verification. Theor. Comput. Sci. 537, 29–41 (2014). Special Issue of ICTAC 2012MathSciNetCrossRefMATH Diekert, V., Leucker, M.: Topology, monitorable properties and runtime verification. Theor. Comput. Sci. 537, 29–41 (2014). Special Issue of ICTAC 2012MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Diekert, V., Muscholl, A.: On distributed monitoring of asynchronous systems. In: Ong, L., de Queiroz, R. (eds.) WoLLIC 2012. LNCS, vol. 7456, pp. 70–84. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef Diekert, V., Muscholl, A.: On distributed monitoring of asynchronous systems. In: Ong, L., de Queiroz, R. (eds.) WoLLIC 2012. LNCS, vol. 7456, pp. 70–84. Springer, Heidelberg (2012) CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Gondi, K., Patel, Y., Sistla, A.P.: Monitoring the full range of \(\omega \)-regular properties of stochastic systems. In: Jones, N.D., Müller-Olm, M. (eds.) VMCAI 2009. LNCS, vol. 5403, pp. 105–119. Springer, Heidelberg (2009) CrossRef Gondi, K., Patel, Y., Sistla, A.P.: Monitoring the full range of \(\omega \)-regular properties of stochastic systems. In: Jones, N.D., Müller-Olm, M. (eds.) VMCAI 2009. LNCS, vol. 5403, pp. 105–119. Springer, Heidelberg (2009) CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Hopcroft, J.E., Ulman, J.D.: Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1979) Hopcroft, J.E., Ulman, J.D.: Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages and Computation. Addison-Wesley, Reading (1979)
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Kamp, H.: Tense logic and the theory of linear order. Ph.D. thesis, University of California (1968) Kamp, H.: Tense logic and the theory of linear order. Ph.D. thesis, University of California (1968)
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Kupferman, O., Vardi, G.: On relative and probabilistic finite counterabilty. In: Kreutzer, S. (ed.) Proceedings 24th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2015). LIPIcs, vol. 41, Dagstuhl, Germany, pp. 175–192. Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015) Kupferman, O., Vardi, G.: On relative and probabilistic finite counterabilty. In: Kreutzer, S. (ed.) Proceedings 24th EACSL Annual Conference on Computer Science Logic (CSL 2015). LIPIcs, vol. 41, Dagstuhl, Germany, pp. 175–192. Schloss Dagstuhl – Leibniz-Zentrum für Informatik (2015)
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: A brief account of runtime verification. J. Logic Algebraic Program. 78(5), 293–303 (2009)CrossRefMATH Leucker, M., Schallhart, C.: A brief account of runtime verification. J. Logic Algebraic Program. 78(5), 293–303 (2009)CrossRefMATH
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Martugin, P.V.: A series of slowly synchronizing automata with a zero state over a small alphabet. Inf. Comput. 206, 1197–1203 (2008)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH Martugin, P.V.: A series of slowly synchronizing automata with a zero state over a small alphabet. Inf. Comput. 206, 1197–1203 (2008)MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Matiyasevich, Y.: Real-time recognition of the inclusion relation. J. Sov. Math. 1, 64–70 (1973). Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 20, pp. 104–114 (1971)CrossRefMATH Matiyasevich, Y.: Real-time recognition of the inclusion relation. J. Sov. Math. 1, 64–70 (1973). Translated from Zapiski Nauchnykh Seminarov Leningradskogo Otdeleniya Matematicheskogo Instituta im. V. A. Steklova Akademii Nauk SSSR, vol. 20, pp. 104–114 (1971)CrossRefMATH
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Nitsche, U., Wolper, P.: Relative liveness and behavior abstraction (extended abstract). In: Burns, J.E., Attiya, H. (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODS 1997), Santa Barbara, California, USA, 21–24 August 1997, pp. 45–52. ACM (1997) Nitsche, U., Wolper, P.: Relative liveness and behavior abstraction (extended abstract). In: Burns, J.E., Attiya, H. (eds.) Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing (PODS 1997), Santa Barbara, California, USA, 21–24 August 1997, pp. 45–52. ACM (1997)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Pnueli, A., Zaks, A.: PSL model checking and run-time verification via testers. In: Misra, J., Nipkow, T., Sekerinski, E. (eds.) FM 2006. LNCS, vol. 4085, pp. 573–586. Springer, Heidelberg (2006) CrossRef Pnueli, A., Zaks, A.: PSL model checking and run-time verification via testers. In: Misra, J., Nipkow, T., Sekerinski, E. (eds.) FM 2006. LNCS, vol. 4085, pp. 573–586. Springer, Heidelberg (2006) CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Sistla, A.P., Žefran, M., Feng, Y.: Monitorability of stochastic dynamical systems. In: Gopalakrishnan, G., Qadeer, S. (eds.) CAV 2011. LNCS, vol. 6806, pp. 720–736. Springer, Heidelberg (2011) CrossRef Sistla, A.P., Žefran, M., Feng, Y.: Monitorability of stochastic dynamical systems. In: Gopalakrishnan, G., Qadeer, S. (eds.) CAV 2011. LNCS, vol. 6806, pp. 720–736. Springer, Heidelberg (2011) CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Staiger, L.: Reguläre Nullmengen. Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik 12(6), 307–311 (1976)MathSciNetMATH Staiger, L.: Reguläre Nullmengen. Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik 12(6), 307–311 (1976)MathSciNetMATH
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Staiger, L., Wagner, K.W.: Automatentheoretische und automatenfreie Charakterisierungen topologischer Klassen regulärer Folgenmengen. Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik 10, 379–392 (1974)MathSciNetMATH Staiger, L., Wagner, K.W.: Automatentheoretische und automatenfreie Charakterisierungen topologischer Klassen regulärer Folgenmengen. Elektronische Informationsverarbeitung und Kybernetik 10, 379–392 (1974)MathSciNetMATH
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Tabakov, D., Rozier, K.Y., Vardi, M.Y.: Optimized temporal monitors for SystemC. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 41, 236–268 (2012)CrossRefMATH Tabakov, D., Rozier, K.Y., Vardi, M.Y.: Optimized temporal monitors for SystemC. Formal Methods Syst. Des. 41, 236–268 (2012)CrossRefMATH
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Thomas, W.: Automata on infinite objects. In: van Leeuwen, J. (ed.) Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, chap. 4, pp. 133–191. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam (1990) Thomas, W.: Automata on infinite objects. In: van Leeuwen, J. (ed.) Handbook of Theoretical Computer Science, chap. 4, pp. 133–191. Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam (1990)
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Volkov, M.V.: Synchronizing automata and the Cerný conjecture. In: Martín-Vide, C., Otto, F., Fernau, H. (eds.) LATA 2008. LNCS, vol. 5196, pp. 11–27. Springer, Heidelberg (2008) CrossRef Volkov, M.V.: Synchronizing automata and the Cerný conjecture. In: Martín-Vide, C., Otto, F., Fernau, H. (eds.) LATA 2008. LNCS, vol. 5196, pp. 11–27. Springer, Heidelberg (2008) CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
A Note on Monitors and Büchi Automata
verfasst von
Volker Diekert
Anca Muscholl
Igor Walukiewicz
Copyright-Jahr
2015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-25150-9_3