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A Novel Ni-Free Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass with High Glass Forming Ability, Corrosion Resistance and Thermal Stability

Zeitschrift:: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering > Ausgabe 1/2020

Autoren:: Yu Luo, Yidong Jiang, Pei Zhang, Xin Wang, Haibo Ke, Pengcheng Zhang

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1 Introduction

Zr-based BMGs have drawn an increasing attention in recent years for their unique properties, such as high hardness, superior strength, excellent fracture toughness, enhanced elastic limit as well as improved corrosion resistance [ 1, 2]. As strongly potential materials in biomedical industries, most of the Zr-based BMGs contain Ni or Be elements, which may cause allergies in human body [ 3]. Then Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀, a developed Zr-based Ni-free alloy is proposed for substitution, which possesses rather good glass forming ability (GFA) [ 4]. However, limited GFA is a major restriction in the application of BMGs as structural materials. Composition adjustment is therefore used to improve the GFA of BMGs [ 5, 6].

BMGs are essentially metastable, which inherently has the possibility to crystallize into a stable structure during thermal variation [ 7, 8]. To build practical BMG parts, hot forming during super-cooled liquid region is often employed [ 9], the occurrence of partial crystallization may take place because of the thermal effect. Generally, the corrosion resistance of Zr-based bulk metallic glasses (BMGs) with amorphous structure is 1–2 orders of magnitude higher than their crystalline counter parts, for the lacking of structural defects such as dislocations or grain boundaries in BMGs [ 10– 13]. Thus, the building up of high performance BMG parts calls for a good thermal stability of BMGs to avoid the formation of crystalline phases. Therefore it is of great significance to recognize both the thermal characteristics and crystallization processes. The understanding of crystallization from kinetic aspect is important since the competition between nucleation and growth during the generating of crystalline phase can be quantified through the kinetic characters [ 14]. Non-isothermal method is widely applied with a fixed heating rate to reveal the crystallization behavior and thermal stability of bulk metallic glasses, particularly on Zr based BMGs, for its rapidity and efficiency [ 15]. An et al reported that the crystallization procedure of Zr _62.5Al _12.1Cu _7.95Ni _17.45 bulk metallic glass can be manifested into two stages. Rashidi et al. [ 16, 17] figured out the thermal stability and crystallization behavior of Cu ₄₇Zr ₄₇Al ₆ and (Cu ₄₇Zr ₄₇Al ₆) ₉₉Sn ₁ bulk metallic glasses.

In this work, Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG, a new type of Zr–Fe–Cu–Al system BMG with better glass forming ability and thermal stability, was prepared by suction-casting method. The corrosion resistance of the Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG was tested by potentiodynamic polarization techniques and then compared to Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀ BMG, 316L stainless steel (traditional structure material) as well as Ti-6Al-4V alloy (pitting resistant structural material). The thermal stability and crystallization kinetics of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 alloy were investigated by non-isothermal DSC methods. In particular, the crystallization kinetics were illuminated by studying the crystallization activation energy and crystallization mechanism.

2 Experiments

2.1 Materials Preparation

To avoid adding superfluous elements, the master ingots with nominal composition of Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀ (in at%) and Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 (in at%) were fabricated by using arc-melting high-purity ingots of Zr (>99.9 wt%), Fe (>99.99 wt%), Cu (>99.99 wt%) and Al(99.99 wt%) for four times at least to ensure the chemical homogeneity. And cylindrical rods in diameters of 1‒14 mm were fabricated under Ar atmosphere by suction-casting in water-cooled copper molds.

2.2 X-ray Diffraction Measurement

The structural information of the as-cast rods were acquired by X-ray diffraction (XRD, Philips X’Pert Pro) using Cu–Kα radiation with the determine range from 20° to 90°. Before the measurement, the cylindrical rods were cut into pieces with the height of 1 mm and the cross section of the rods were grind by abrasive paper then polished on a polishing cloth with diamond polishing agent. The diffraction profiles were used to evaluate whether the as-cast rods were in an amorphous status.

2.3 Thermal Behavior and Crystallization Kinetics Measurement

The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) tests were carried out within the temperature ranging from 300 K to 838 K under heating rates of 10, 20, 40 and 80 K/min, respectively. The Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 specimens tested in DSC were thinned before loading in the DSC cells to ensure the accuracy of the test.

2.4 Corrosion Test

The as-cast rods of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 alloy with diameters of 5 and 6mm and the Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀ alloy with diameters of 1 and 3mm were cut into pieces, and then fixed in epoxy resin and the untested side of specimens were linked with copper wires. These specimens were mechanically polished by an automated lapping machine, then sonicated in anhydrous alcohol for 600 s and sequentially dried by Ar flow. The corrosion behavior of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 samples were characterized by potentiodynamic polarization techniques which were conducted on an electrochemical workstation (AutoLab 302N, Metrohm). A three-electrode system was consist of a Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 working electrode, a 4 cm ² Pt net as the counter electrode and a saturated calomel electrode as the reference electrode. The electrolyte was NaCl solution (3.5 wt%), and the electrolytic cell was commercial flat electrolytic cell. For comparison, the corrosion resistance of Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀, 316L stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy were tested as well.

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Glass Forming Abilities of Zr–Fe–Cu–Al BMGs

Figure 1 exhibits the XRD results of cylindrical rods in different diameters of Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀ and Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 alloys. Due to the instrument we used in the present work, the critical diameter of Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀ BMG is 1 mm (Figure 1a), while the critical diameter of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG is 5 mm (Figure 1b), which shows that the GFA of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG is much better than that of Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀. The results indicate that Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG may have extensive application prospect compared with Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀ BMG in building practical parts.

3.2 Corrosion Resistance of Zr₆₃Fe_2.5Cu₂₃Al_11.5 BMG

Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5, Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀ BMGs, 316L stainless steel and Ti–6Al–4V alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution are illustrated in Figure 2, and corresponding corrosion data are listed in Table 1. It can be seen that all the Zr-based BMGs exhibit better corrosion performance than traditional structural materials (316L). With respect to Zr-based BMGs with the same composition, the presence of a small amount of crystals leads to an order of magnitude increase in corrosion rate than that of amorphous phase. In addition, slightly composition adjustment can change the corrosion resistance of Zr-based BMGs to some extent. With the decrease of the composition of Fe from 10 at.% to 2.5 at.% in Zr–Fe–Cu–Al BMG, the corrosion potential ( E _corr) increases and the corrosion current density ( I _corr) reduces 80%, indicating that the corrosion resistance of the Zr–Fe–Cu–Al BMGs is improved significantly. It is worth noting that the corrosion resistance of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 reaches the level of structural materials (Ti-6Al-4V alloy). It is mainly due to the reduction of amorphous material defects and the absence of grain boundaries.

Table 1

Polarization data for Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5, Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀, 316L stainless steel and Ti-6Al-4V alloy

Alloy	E _corr (V)	I _corr (A)
316L	− 0.14	1.61×10 ⁻⁷
Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 (5 mm)	− 0.26	2.03×10 ⁻⁸
Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀ (1 mm)	− 0.37	9.71×10 ⁻⁸
Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 (6 mm)	− 0.34	5.36×10 ⁻⁷
Zr ₆₀Fe ₁₀Cu ₂₀Al ₁₀ (3 mm)	− 0.36	6.56×10 ⁻⁷

3.3 Thermal Stability of Zr₆₃Fe_2.5Cu₂₃Al_11.5 BMG

Figure 3 shows typical non-isothermal DSC curves measured from the Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG under different heating rates. All the curves exhibit a single exothermic peak. The corresponding transition temperatures of inner structural, including glass transition temperature ( T _g), crystallization temperature ( T _x), and peak temperature ( T _p), are listed in Table 2. It can be seen from Table 2 that with the increasing of heating rate, all the temperatures move to a higher value, which is characteristic of a dominant kinetic process. The curves show extended super-cooled liquid regions Δ T _x of width 76-86K, which are close to the reported Δ T _x of similar component BMGs [ 18] and higher than that of Cu–Zr–Al system BMGs [ 19], suggesting that the specified metallic glass system has a relatively high thermal stability.

Table 2

Characteristic temperatures of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG with different heating rates

Heating rate (K/min)	T _g ± 1 (K)	T _x ± 1 (K)	T _p ± 1 (K)	ΔT _x ± 1 (K)
10	652	728740	750	76
20	661	740752	764	79
40	666	752761	779	86
80	677	763775	795	86

The activation energies can be caculated by Kissinger equation as shown below [ 20]:

$$\ln \left( {\frac{{T^{2} }}{\theta }} \right) = \frac{E}{RT} + {\text{constant}},$$

(1)

where T is the transition temperature ( T _g, T _x and T _p) under a given heating rate $\theta$, E is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. The activation energy is determined by the slope and standard error of the linear fitted lines from the plot of $\ln \left( {\frac{{T^{2} }}{\theta }} \right)$ vs. 1/ T. The values are calculated for the activation energies at glass transition temperature ( E _g), beginning of crystallization ( E _x) and crystallization peak ( E _p) as 301.4±16.5, 256.91±8.6 and 216.15±2.7 kJ/mol, respectively (Figure 4a).

E can also be calculated by Ozawa equation, which is shown below [ 21]:

$$\ln \theta = - 1.0561\frac{E}{{{R}T}} + {\text{constant}},$$

(2)

where $\theta$ is the heating rate, T is the specific temperature ( T _g, T _x and T _p), E is the activation energy and R is the gas constant. From the slopes and standard errors of the linear fitted lines (a plot of $\ln \theta$ against 1/ T), the activation energies were estimated as 285.90 ± 13.5, 256.07 ± 3.9, 217.74 ± 2.0 kJ/mol for T _g, T _x, T _p, respectively (Figure 4b).

Kissinger and Ozawa methods are the most commonly used ways of calculating non-isothermal kinetic like crystallization activation energy E or Avrami exponent n. As expected, the activation energies obtained by the two methods are close thereby indicating a good coherence.

Generally, E _g represents the energy barrier of the structural transformation from the glassy structure to super-cooled liquid region, while E _x gives information about the difficulty for the transition from the super-cooled liquid to the crystalline phase [ 22]. From Table 3, the E _g value is higher than the E _x, which means that the energy barrier for glass transition is higher than that at starting point of crystallization. The thermal stability of BMGs can be evaluated by comparing the activation energies, namely the higher the activation energy, the harder the crystallization proceeds. Compared with our previous work on Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀ BMG, the E _g and E _x of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG are higher than those of Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀, which indicates the Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG has a better thermal stability than Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀.

Table 3

The activation energy values ( E _g, E _x, E _p) of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 and Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀ BMGs calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa methods

	E _g (kJ/mol)	E _x (kJ/mol)	E _p (kJ/mol)
Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 (Kissinger)	301.40 ± 16.5	256.91 ± 8.6	216.15 ± 2.7
Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 (Ozawa)	285.90 ± 13.5	256.07 ± 3.9	217.74 ± 2.0
Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀ (Kissinger)	266.7 ± 21.3	240.9 ± 6.4	242.3 ± 9.4
Zr ₆₀Cu ₂₀Fe ₁₀Al ₁₀ (Ozawa)	277.9 ± 21.3	241.2 ± 6.0	242.7 ± 8.7

3.4 Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Zr₆₃Fe_2.5Cu₂₃Al_11.5 BMG

3.4.1 Local Activation Energy (LAE)

Examining the crystallization peaks in the DSC curves obtained under different heating rates (Figure 5a) shows that the range of the crystallization peaks became larger as the heating rate increased. Figure 5a displays a partial DSC curve of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG at different heating rates. The crystal volume fraction x at any temperature is x = St/ S, where S is the total area of the crystallization peak between the temperature at which crystallization starts and the temperature at which crystallization is ended, and St is the portion of the crystallization peak up to the temperature T area. Thus, Figure 5b shows the volume fraction of crystallization ( x) at different temperatures, which is a typical S-shape and consistent with other developed amorphous alloys [ 23, 24].

Since the local activation energy (LAE) changes in different stages of crystallization procedure [ 25], the change in LAE with the crystallization volume fraction can be determined. Figure 6a plots the linear fitted relationship between ln( θ) and 1000/ T with different crystallization volume fractions ( x) from non to all, where the evolution of the LAE calculated by the Ozawa method was expressed in Figure 6b.

E _c( x) shows a downward trend with the increase of x, indicating that the energy barrier reduces during the crystallization reaction, makes it more available for the crystallization proceeds. At the starting stage ( x < 0.1), the activation energy decreases rapidly as well as the increasing of x, indicating that the process is dominated by nucleation, and the nucleation needs to overcome the high energy barrier. As the crystallization proceeds (0.1 < x < 0.9), the curve shows a gradual decreasing tendency due to structural relaxation of the amorphous structure around the crystalline phase. In the ending stage, the activation energy drops sharply, which reveals the crystallization procedure is dominated by growth.

3.4.2 Kinetic Parameter-Evolution of Local Avrami Exponent

To figure out the competition between the nucleation and growth, the crystallization of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 amorphous alloy was determined based on Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorow (JMAK) model:

$$x = 1 - \exp \left( { - kt^{n} } \right),$$

(3)

where x and n are crystallization volume fraction and Avrami exponent [ 26], k is the rate constant related to temperature:

$$k = A{ \exp }\left( { - \frac{E}{RT}} \right),$$

(4)

where A and E are the pre-exponential term and activation energy, T represents the temperature, R is the gas constant and. Figure 7a shows the JMAK plots of the data measured under various heating rates. As n is variable along the entire crystallization procedure, the local Avrami exponent is employed to represent the corresponding dynamic characteristics as the equation below:

$$n\left( x \right) = - \frac{R}{Ec}\frac{{\partial \ln \left[ { - \ln \left( {1 - x} \right)} \right]}}{{\partial \left( {\frac{1}{T}} \right)}}.$$

(5)

The JMAK equation is often employed to describe the isothermal crystallization behavior of BMGs originally, then it is extended to non-isothermal applications [ 27]. Therefore, in order to measure the Avrami exponent, first we need to plot $\ln[ - \ln \left( {1 - x} \right)$] versus $1/T$ as shown in Figure 7a, the Avrami exponent can be determined by the slopes of the curves as shown in Figure 7a. To understand the crystallization behavior of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG, diffusion-controlled growth theory is often applied. According to this theory, the definition of Avrami exponent is used to determine the variation of nucleation and growth during crystallization procedure [ 28]. Considering the crystallization in the super-cooled liquid is diffusion-controlled, the Avrami exponent can be divided into the followings [ 29]: n < 1.5 denotes the growth of crystals with an appreciable initial volume; n = 1.5 indicates the growth dominates the crystallization procedure with no nucleation occurs; 1.5 < n < 2.5 indicates the growth governs the crystallization procedure with a lower growth rate and a decreasing nucleation rate; n = 2.5 reflects growth of crystals with a constant nucleation rate and n>2.5 indicates the growth of small crystals with an increasing nucleation rate.

Figure 7b reveals the evolution of n( x) depending on x under different heating rates of 10, 20, 40, 80 K/min. n( x) tends to decrease gradually, while the crystallization volume fraction increases. The variation of nucleation and growth rates during crystallization can be speculated by the variation of local Avrami exponent. In particular, the LAEX reduced from 12 to 0.8 under the heating rate of 80 K/min. From Figure 7b it can be seen that if x < 0.9 and n( x)>2.5, which refers the generating of nuclei although most of the matrix of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG has been crystallized, and the nucleation rate increase rapidly from 0 < x < 0.1 and became smooth from 0.1 < x < 0.9. When 0.9 < x < 0.98 and 1.5 < n( x) < 2.5, indicated that the rate of nucleation is reducing and growth rate increased. When x > 0.98, the nucleation procedure tended to end. It can be inferred that the crystallization of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG is mainly dominated by nucleation with a decreasing nucleation rate during most of crystallization procedure within 0 < x < 0.9, after that growth took control and filled the rest of the amorphous matrix.

4 Conclusions

In this work, a high glass forming ability Zr-based BMG with the composition of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 was fabricated. The BMG has excellent corrosion resistance, with the corrosion rate of 2.03×10 ⁻⁸ A/cm ² in a 3.5 wt% sodium chloride solution.

The overall crystallization activation energies of Zr ₆₃Fe _2.5Cu ₂₃Al _11.5 BMG, calculated by Kissinger and Ozawa methods, were 256.91±8.6 and 256.07±3.9 kJ/mol, respectively, which denotes that the specified metallic glass system has a relatively high thermal stability. Then the crystallization mechanism was investigated by JMAK method. The results suggest that the crystallization procedure is mainly dominated by nucleation with decreasing nucleation rate.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge Dr. Xue Liu and Dr. Jinru Luo from China Academy of Engineering Physics for helpful discussions.

Competing Interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

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Titel: A Novel Ni-Free Zr-Based Bulk Metallic Glass with High Glass Forming Ability, Corrosion Resistance and Thermal Stability
Autoren:: Yu Luo
Yidong Jiang
Pei Zhang
Xin Wang
Haibo Ke
Pengcheng Zhang
Publikationsdatum: 01.12.2020
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s10033-020-00482-y
Verlag: Springer Singapore
Zeitschrift: Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering
Ausgabe 1/2020
Print ISSN: 1000-9345
Elektronische ISSN: 2192-8258

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1 Introduction

2 Experiments

2.1 Materials Preparation

2.2 X-ray Diffraction Measurement

2.3 Thermal Behavior and Crystallization Kinetics Measurement

2.4 Corrosion Test

3 Results and Discussion

3.1 Glass Forming Abilities of Zr–Fe–Cu–Al BMGs

3.2 Corrosion Resistance of Zr63Fe2.5Cu23Al11.5 BMG

3.3 Thermal Stability of Zr63Fe2.5Cu23Al11.5 BMG

3.4 Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Zr63Fe2.5Cu23Al11.5 BMG

3.4.1 Local Activation Energy (LAE)

3.4.2 Kinetic Parameter-Evolution of Local Avrami Exponent

4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Competing Interests

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3.2 Corrosion Resistance of Zr₆₃Fe_2.5Cu₂₃Al_11.5 BMG

3.3 Thermal Stability of Zr₆₃Fe_2.5Cu₂₃Al_11.5 BMG

3.4 Non-isothermal Crystallization Kinetics of Zr₆₃Fe_2.5Cu₂₃Al_11.5 BMG