nach oben

Wood Science and Technology

Erschienen in:

01.07.2015 | Original

A review of preparation of binderless fiberboards and its self-bonding mechanism

verfasst von: Daihui Zhang, Anjiang Zhang, Lixin Xue

Erschienen in: Wood Science and Technology | Ausgabe 4/2015

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

The demand for fiberboards has been growing in recent years. However, emission of formaldehyde, which was the main component of adhesives in fiberboards, has caused environmental and health concerns. Industries are therefore pursuing green chemistry technologies to eliminate these concerns. Binderless fiberboards appeared to be such candidates since the manufacturing process involved no resin addition. Several potential mechanisms of the formation of binderless fiberboards have been proposed. Chemical changes of components in lignocellulosic materials were expected to occur, and self-bonding achieved during hot pressing provided main bonding strength. This review summarized various aspects of binderless fiberboard production, particularly feasibility of different raw materials, chemical and enzymatic pretreatments of raw materials, manufacturing process, as well as the potential mechanism of self-bonding. Furthermore, further work that may benefit the elucidation of self-bonding mechanism was discussed.

Vorheriger Artikel IAWS News

Nächster Artikel Describing the sticking phenomenon of aminoplastic resins: introduction of a new test method

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Alvarez C, Rojas OJ, Rojano B, Ganan P (2015) Development of self-bonded fiberboards from fiber of leaf plantain: effect of water and organic extractives removal. BioResource 10(1):672–683

Álvarez C, Rojano B, Almaza O, Rojas OJ, Gañán P (2011) Self-bonding boards from plantain fiber bundles after enzymatic treatment: adhesion improvement of lignocellulosic products by enzymatic pre-treatment. J Polym Environ 19(1):182–188CrossRef

Angles MN, Reguant J, Montane D, Ferrando F, Farriol X, Salvado J (1999) Binderless composites from pretreated residual softwood. J Appl Polym Sci 73(12):2485–2491CrossRef

Anglès M, Ferrando F, Farriol X, Salvadó J (2001) Suitability of steam exploded residual softwood for the production of binderless panels. Effect of the pre-treatment severity and lignin addition. Biomass Bioenergy 21(3):211–224CrossRef

Baskaran M, Hashim R, Said N, Raffi SM, Balakrishnan K, Sudesh K, Sulaiman O, Arai T, Kosugi A, Mori Y (2012) Properties of binderless particleboard from oil palm trunk with addition of polyhydroxyalkanoates. Compos Part B-Eng 43(3):1109–1116CrossRef

Boon JG, Hashim R, Sulaiman O, Hiziroglu S, Sugimoto T, Sato M (2013) Influence of processing parameters on some properties of oil palm trunk binderless particleboard. Holz Roh Werkst 71(5):583–589CrossRef

Boonstra MJ (2008) A two-stage thermal modification of wood. Dissertation, Ghent University

Bouajila J, Limare A, Joly C, Dole P (2005) Lignin plasticization to improve binderless fiberboard mechanical properties. Polym Eng Sci 45(6):809–816CrossRef

Chow S (1972) Thermal reactions and industrial uses of bark. Wood Fiber Sci 4(3):130–138

Chow S (1975) Bark boards without synthetic resins. For Prod J 25(11):32–37

Cristescu C, Karlsson O (2013) Changes in content of furfurals and phenols in self-bonded laminated boards. BioResources 8(3):4056–4071CrossRef

Euring M, Rühl M, Ritter N, Kües U, Kharazipour A (2011a) Laccase mediator systems for eco-friendly production of medium-density fiberboard (MDF) on a pilot scale: physicochemical analysis of the reaction mechanism. Biotechnol J 6(10):1253–1261PubMedCrossRef

Euring M, Trojanowski J, Horstmann M, Kharazipour A (2011b) Studies of enzymatic oxidation of TMP-fibers and lignin model compounds by a laccase-mediator-system using different ¹⁴C and ¹³C techniques. Wood Sci Technol 46(4):699–708CrossRef

Euring M, Trojanowski J, Kharazipour A (2013) Laccase-mediator catalyzed modification of wood fibers: studies on the reaction mechanism and making of medium-density fiberboard. For Prod J 63(1–2):54–60

Fahmy TA, Mobarak F (2013) Advanced binderless board-like green nanocomposites from undebarked cotton stalks and mechanism of self-bonding. Cellulose 20(3):1453–1457CrossRef

Felby C, Nielsen BR, Olesen PO, Skibsted LH (1997a) Identification and quantification of radical reaction intermediates by electron spin resonance spectrometry of laccase-catalyzed oxidation of wood fibers from beech (Fagus sylvatica). Appl Microbiol Biot 48(4):459–464CrossRef

Felby C, Pedersen LS, Nielsen BR (1997b) Enhanced auto adhesion of wood fibers using phenol oxidases. Holzforschung 51(3):281–286CrossRef

Felby C, Hassingboe J, Lund M (2002) Pilot-scale production of fiberboards made by laccase oxidized wood fibers: board properties and evidence for cross-linking of lignin. Enzyme Microb Tech 31(6):736–741CrossRef

Felby C, Thygesen LG, Sanadi A, Barsberg S (2004) Native lignin for bonding of fiber boards—evaluation of bonding mechanisms in boards made from laccase-treated fibers of beech (Fagus sylvatica). Ind Crop Prod 20(2):181–189CrossRef

Gao Z, Wang XM, Wan H, Brunette G (2011) Binderless panels made with black spruce bark. BioResources 6(4):3960–3972

Geimer RL, Price EW (1987) Steam injection pressing: large panel fabrication with southern hardwoods. In: Proceedings of the 20th international particleboard/composite materials symposium; 1986 April 8–10. Washington State University, Pullman, 1986, pp 367–384

Geng X, Zhang S, Deng J (2006) Alkaline treatment of black spruce bark for the manufacture of binderless fiberboard. J Wood Chem Technol 26(4):313–324CrossRef

Gupta G, Ning Y, Feng MW (2011) Effects of pressing temperature and particle size on bark board properties made from beetle-infested lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) barks. Forest Prod J 61(6):478–488CrossRef

Halvarsson S, Edlund H, Norgren M (2009) Manufacture of non-resin wheat straw fibreboards. Ind Crop Prod 29(2):437–445CrossRef

Hashim R, Saari N, Sulaiman O, Sugimoto T, Hiziroglu S, Sato M, Tanaka R (2010) Effect of particle geometry on the properties of binderless particleboard manufactured from oil palm trunk. Mater Design 31(9):4251–4257CrossRef

Hidayat H, Keijsers E, Prijanto U, van Dam J, Heeres H (2014) Preparation and properties of binderless boards from Jatropha curcas L. seed cake. Ind Crop Prod 52:245–254CrossRef

Hill CAS (2006) Wood modification: chemical, thermal and other processes. Wiley, ChichesterCrossRef

Hüttermann A, Mai C, Kharazipour A (2001) Modification of lignin for the production of new compounded materials. Appl Microbiol Biot 55(4):387–394CrossRef

Imam SH, Gordon SH, Mao L, Chen L (2001) Environmentally friendly wood adhesive from a renewable plant polymer: characteristics and optimization. Polym Degrad Stabil 73(3):529–533CrossRef

Inoue M, Norimoto M, Tanahashi M, Rowell RM (1993) Steam or heat fixation of compressed wood. Wood Fiber Sci 25(3):224–235

Ito Y, Tanahashi M, Shigematsu M, Shinoda Y (1998) Compressive-molding of wood by high-pressure steam-treatment: part 1. Development of compressively molded squares from thinnings. Holzforschung 52(2):211–216CrossRef

Kharazipour A, Euring M (2010) Use of mediators in the production of fibreboards. WO 2010020409 A3

Kharazipour A, Euring M (2013) Method for producing wood materials and/or composite materials. WO 2013127947 A1

Kharazipour A, Hüttermann A, Lüdemann H (1997) Enzymatic activation of wood fibres as a means for the production of wood composites. J Adhes Sci Technol 11(3):419–427CrossRef

Kharazipour A, Bergmann K, Nonninger K, Hüttermann A (1998) Properties of fibre boards obtained by activation of the middle lamella lignin of wood fibres with peroxidase and H₂O₂ before conventional pressing. J Adhes Sci Technol 12(10):1045–1053CrossRef

Kudanga T, Prasetyo EN, Sipila J, Nousiainen P, Widsten P, Kandelbauer A, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM (2008) Laccase-mediated wood surface functionalization. Eng Life Sci 8(3):297–302CrossRef

Kudanga T, Nyanhongo GS, Guebitz GM, Burton S (2011) Potential applications of laccase-mediated coupling and grafting reactions: a review. Enzyme Microb Tech 48(3):195–208CrossRef

Kües U, Bohn C, Euring M, Müller C, Polle A, Kharazipour A (2007) Enzymatically modified wood in panel board production. In book: wood production, wood technology, and biotechnological impacts. Universitätsverlag Göttingen, pp 433–468

Kumar R, Choudhary V, Mishra S, Varma I, Mattiason B (2002) Adhesives and plastics based on soy protein products. Ind Crop Prod 16(3):155–172CrossRef

Kwon JH, Geimer RL (1998) Impact of steam pressing variables on the dimensional stabilization of flakeboard. For Prod J 48(4):55–61

Laemsak N, Okuma M (2000) Development of boards made from oil palm frond II: properties of binderless boards from steam-exploded fibers of oil palm frond. J Wood Sci 46(4):322–326CrossRef

Lamaming J, Sulaiman O, Sugimoto T, Hashim R, Said N, Sato M (2013) Influence of chemical components of oil palm on properties of binderless particleboard. BioResources 8(3):3358–3371CrossRef

Lawther M, Sun RC, Banks WB (1996) Effect of steam treatment on the chemical composition of wheat straw. Holzforschung 50(4):365–371CrossRef

Lee CM, Hunt JF (2013) Binderless panel made from wood particles and cellulosic fibers, US Patents 594,921

Luo H, Yue L, Wang NW, Zhang HY, Lu XN (2014) Manufacture of binderless fiberboard made from bamboo processing residues by steam explosion pretreatment. Wood Res 59(5):861–870

Mai C, Kües U, Militz H (2004) Biotechnology in the wood industry. Appl Microbiol Biot 63(5):477–494CrossRef

Mancera C, Ferrando F, Salvado J (2008) Cynara cardunculus as raw material for the production of binderless fiberboards: optimization of pretreatment and pressing conditions. J Wood Chem Technol 28(3):207–226CrossRef

Mancera C, Mansouri NEE, Ferrando F, Salvado J (2011) The suitability of steam exploded Vitis vinifera and alkaline lignin for the manufacture of fiberboard. BioResources 6(4):4439–4453

Mansouri NEE, Pizzi A, Salvado J (2007) Lignin-based polycondensation resins for wood adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 103(3):1690–1699CrossRef

Matuana L, Balatinecz J, Sodhi R, Park C (2001) Surface characterization of esterified cellulosic fibers by XPS and FTIR spectroscopy. Wood Sci Technol 35(3):191–201CrossRef

Mejía EH, Quintana GC, Ogunsile BO (2014) Development of binderless fiberboards from steam-exploded and oxidized oil palm wastes. BioResources 9(2):2922–2936CrossRef

Mobarak F, Fahmy Y, Augustin H (1982) Binderless lignocellulose composite from bagasse and mechanism of self-bonding. Holzforschung 36(3):131–136CrossRef

Müller C, Euring M, Kharazipour A (2009) Enzymatic modification of wood fibres for activating their ability of self bonding. Int J Mater Prod Tec 36(1):189–199CrossRef

Nasir M, Gupta A, Beg M, Chua GK, Jawaid M, Kumar A, Khan TA (2013) Fabricating eco-friendly binderless fiberboard from laccase-treated rubber wood fiber. BioResources 8(3):3599–3608CrossRef

Nikvash N, Kharazipour A, Euring M (2012) Effects of wheat protein as a biological binder in the manufacture of particleboards using a mixture of canola, hemp, bagasse, and commercial wood. For Prod J 62(1):49–57

Nikvash N, Kharazipour A, Euring M (2013) Low density particleboards with different kind annual plants by UF/wheat protein adhesives. Holzforschung 54(2):29–35

Nyanhongo GO, Kudanga T, Prasetyo EN, Guebitz GM (2010) Mechanistic insights into laccase-mediated functionalisation of lignocellulose material. Biotechnol Genet Eng 27:305–329CrossRef

Okamoto H, Sano S, Kawai S, Okamoto T, Sasaki H (1994) Production of dimensionally stable medium density fiberboard by use of high-pressure steam pressing. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 40:380–389

Okuda N, Hori K, Sato M (2006a) Chemical changes of kenaf core binderless boards during hot pressing (I): influence of the pressing temperature condition. J Wood Sci 52(3):244–248CrossRef

Okuda N, Hori K, Sato M (2006b) Chemical changes of kenaf core binderless boards during hot pressing (II): effects on the binderless board properties. J Wood Sci 52(3):249–254CrossRef

Pereira L, Bastos C, Tzanov T, Cavaco PA, Guebizt GM (2005) Environmentally friendly bleaching of cotton using laccases. Environ Chem Lett 3(2):66–69CrossRef

Pintiaux T, Viet D, Vandenbossche V, Rigao L, Rouilly A (2015) Binderless materials obtained by thermo-compressive processing of lignocellulosic fibers : a comprehensive review. BioResource 10(1):1915–1963

Quintana G, Velasquez J, Betancourt S, Ganan P (2009) Binderless fiberboard from steam exploded banana bunch. Ind Crop Prod 29(1):60–66CrossRef

Rammon R, Kelley S, Young R, Gillespie R (1982) Bond formation by wood surface reactions part II. Chemical mechanisms of nitric acid activation. J Adhesion 14(3–4):257–282CrossRef

Riquelme-Valdes J, Ramirez E, Contreras D, Freer J, Rodriguez J (2008) Fiberboard manufactured without resin using the Fenton reaction. J Chil Chem Soc 53(4):1722–1725CrossRef

Rowell RM, McSweeny JD (2008) Heat treatments of wood fibers for self-bonding and stabilized fiberboards. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 483(1):307–325CrossRef

Saadaoui N, Rouilly A, Fares K, Rigal L (2013) Characterization of date palm lignocellulosic by-product and self-bonding composite materials obtained thereof. Mater Design 50:302–308CrossRef

Saari N, Hashim R, Sulaiman O, Hiziroglu S, Sato M, Sugimoto T (2014) Properties of steam treated binderless particleboard made from oil palm trunks. Compos Part B-Eng 56:344–349CrossRef

Saheb DN, Jog J (1999) Natural fiber polymer composites: a review. Adv Polym Tech 18(4):351–363CrossRef

Saito Y, Ishii M, Sato M (2013) The suitable harvesting season and the part of moso bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) for producing binderless boards. Wood Sci Technol 47(5):1071–1081CrossRef

Salthammer T, Mentese S, Marutzky R (2010) Formaldehyde in the indoor environment. Chem Rev 110(4):2536–2572PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

Samaniego MRP, Yadama V, Lowell E, Herrera RE (2013) A review of wood thermal pretreatments to improve composite properties. Wood Sci Technol 47:1285–1319CrossRef

Schmidt A, Mallon S, Thomsen AB, Hvilsted S, Lawther J (2002) Comparison of the chemical properties of wheat straw and beech fibers following alkaline wet oxidation and laccase treatments. J Wood Chem Technol 22(1):39–53CrossRef

Schopper C, Kharazipour (2006) Development of a wheat protein based adhesive for the production of medium density fiberboards. Review of forest, wood products and wood biotechnology of Iran and Germany. Institute of Forest Botany, Georg-August-University Gottingen, Germany, pp 10–19

Shao S, Jin Z, Wen G, Iiyama K (2009) Thermo characteristics of steam-exploded bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) lignin. Wood Sci Technol 43(7–8):643–652CrossRef

Shen KC (1986) Process for manufacturing composite products from lignocellulosic materials, US Patents 4,627,951

Smith AJ (2011) Hot water extraction and subsequent Kraft pulping for pine wood chips. Dissertation, Auburn University, Auburn

Sreekala M, Kumaran M, Joseph S, Jacob M, Thomas S (2000) Oil palm fibre reinforced phenol formaldehyde composites: influence of fibre surface modifications on the mechanical performance. Appl Compos Mater 7(5–6):295–329CrossRef

Subramanian R, Balaba W, Somasekharan K (1982) Surface modification of wood using nitric acid. J Adhesion 14(3–4):295–304CrossRef

Suchsland O, Woodson G, McMillin CW (1985) Binderless fiberboard from two different types of fiber furnishes. For Prod J 35(2):63–68

Sun XF, Xu F, Sun RC, Fowler P, Baird MS (2005) Characteristics of degraded cellulose obtained from steam-exploded wheat straw. Carbohydr Res 340(1):97–106PubMedCrossRef

Sun YC, Lin Z, Peng WX, Yuan TQ, Xu F, Wu YQ, Yang J, Wang YS, Sun RC (2014) Chemical changes of raw materials and manufactured binderless boards during hot pressing: lignin isolation and characterization. BioResources 9(1):1055–1071

Suzuki S, Shintani H, Park SY, Saito K, Laemsak N, Okuma M, Iiyama K (1998) Preparation of binderless boards from steam exploded pulps of oil palm (Elaeis guneensis Jaxq) fronds and structural characteristics of lignin and wall polysaccharides in steam exploded pulps to be discussed for self-bindings. Holzforschung 52(4):417–426CrossRef

Takashashi I, Sugimoto T, Takasu Y, Yamasaki M, Sasaki Y, Kikata Y (2010) Preparation of thermoplastic molding from steamed Japanese beech flour. Holzforschung 64(2):229–334

Troughton GE, Lum C (2000) Pilot plant evaluation of steam-injection pressing for LVL and plywood products. For Prod J 50(1):25–28

Tshabalala MA, McSweeny JD, Rowell RM (2012) Heat treatment of wet wood fiber: a study of the effect of reaction conditions on the formation of furfurals. Wood Mat Sci Eng 7(4):202–208CrossRef

Van Dam JE, van den Oever MJ, Teunissen W, Keijsers ER, Peralta AG (2004) Process for production of high density/high performance binderless boards from whole coconut husk. Part 1: lignin as intrinsic thermosetting binder resin. Ind Crop Prod 19(3):207–216

Velasquez J, Ferrando F, Salvado J (2002) Binderless fiberboard from steam exploded Miscanthus sinensis: the effect of a grinding process. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 60(4):297–302CrossRef

Velasquez J, Ferrando F, Farriol X, Salvado J (2003) Binderless fiberboard from steam exploded Miscanthus sinensis. Wood Sci Technol 37(3–4):269–278CrossRef

Wellons J, Krahmer R (1973) Self bonding in bark composites. Wood Sci 6(2):112–122

Widsten P (2002) Oxidative activation of wood fibers for the manufacture of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Helsinki University of Technology, Helsinki

Widsten P, Kandelbauer A (2008) Adhesion improvement of lignocellulosic products by enzymatic pre-treatment. Biotechnol Adv 26(4):379–386PubMedCrossRef

Widsten P, Qvintus LP, Tuominen S, Laine JE (2003) Manufacture of fiberboard from wood fibers activated with Fentons reagent (H₂O₂/FeSO₄). Holzforschung 57(4):447–452CrossRef

Widyorini R, Higashihara T, Xu J, Watanabe T, Kawai S (2005a) Self-bonding characteristics of binderless kenaf core composites. Wood Sci Technol 39(8):651–662CrossRef

Widyorini R, Xu J, Umemura K, Kawai S (2005b) Manufacture and properties of binderless particleboard from bagasse I: effects of raw material type, storage methods, and manufacturing process. J Wood Sci 51(6):648–654CrossRef

Widyorini R, Xu J, Watanabe T, Kawai S (2005c) Chemical changes in steam-pressed kenaf core binderless particleboard. J Wood Sci 51(1):26–32CrossRef

Xu JY, Han G, Wong E, Kawai S (2003) Development of binderless particleboard from kenaf core using steam-injection pressing. J Wood Sci 49(4):327–332CrossRef

Xu JY, Widyorini R, Kawai S (2005) Properties of kenaf core binderless particleboard reinforced with kenaf bast fiber-woven sheets. J Wood Sci 51(4):415–420CrossRef

Xu JY, Widyorini R, Yamauchi H, Kawai S (2006) Development of binderless fiberboard from kenaf core. J Wood Sci 52(3):236–243CrossRef

Yan H, Cao Z, Guo W (1996) Study on bonding mechanism of dry-process binderless fiberboards part I. Chemical changes and effects in binderless fiberboard manufacture. For Ind 10(4):3–11

Yau ST, Thomas BR, Galkin O, Gliko O, Vekilov PG (2006) Lignin-based polycondensation resins for wood adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 103(3):1690–1699

Ye XP, Julson J, Kuo M, Womac A, Myers D (2007) Properties of medium density fiberboards made from renewable biomass. BioResource Technol 98(5):1077–1084CrossRef

Young R, Rammon R, Kelley S, Gillespie R (1982) Bond formation by wood surface reaction: part I. Surface analysis by ESCA. Wood Sci 14(3):110–119

Young RA, Fujita M, River BH (1985) New approaches to wood bonding: a base-activated lignin adhesive system. Wood Sci Technol 19(4):363–381

Zadorecki P, Michell AJ (1989) Future prospects for wood cellulose as reinforcement in organic polymer composites. Polym Composite 10(2):69–77CrossRef

Zhang A, Chen Z, Fan Q, Shao C (2013) A method to produce high density binderless fiberboards. China Patents 201,210,541,382.X

Zhang A, Chen Z, Shao C, Song H, Wu K (2014a) A method to manufacture binderless fiberboards made from wood fibers. China Patents 201,110,411,549.6

Zhang A, Han Z, Xue L (2014b) A non-formaldehyde wood fiberboard production methods, China Patents 201,410,076,627.5

Zhou X, Zheng F, Lv C, Tang L, Wei K, Liu X, Du G, Yong Q, Xue G (2013) Properties of formaldehyde-free environmentally friendly lignocellulosic composites made from poplar fibres and oxygen-plasma-treated enzymatic hydrolysis lignin. Compos Part B-Eng 53:369–375CrossRef

Titel: A review of preparation of binderless fiberboards and its self-bonding mechanism
verfasst von: Daihui Zhang
Anjiang Zhang
Lixin Xue
Publikationsdatum: 01.07.2015
Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in: Wood Science and Technology / Ausgabe 4/2015
Print ISSN: 0043-7719
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-5225
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00226-015-0728-6

Springer Professional

Abstract

Bitte loggen Sie sich ein, um Zugang zu Ihrer Lizenz zu erhalten.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Technik"

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 4/2015

Optimized methods for obtaining cellulose and cellulose sulfates from birch wood

Profiling of water-soluble carbohydrates in pine and spruce extracts by capillary zone electrophoresis with direct UV detection

Study of the elastic behaviour of wood–plastic composites at cold temperatures using artificial neural networks

Multi-species NIR calibration for estimating holocellulose in plantation timber

Exploitation of Acacia confusa heartwood extract as natural photostabilizers

Gold deposition on magnetic porous composites synthesized from modified wood sawdust at different temperatures