A Survey of Web 3.0 Development: From Technical Architecture to Application Domains and Global–Local Practices

As a next-generation decentralized network paradigm, Web 3.0 is evolving from monolithic blockchain structures toward modular and multi-layered technical systems, with blockchain serving as its foundational core. This paper conducts a structured analysis of the five-layer architecture of Web 3.0, clarifying the functional roles and technical logic of each layer. By tracing the evolution of blockchain protocols—from single-chain execution to multi-chain collaboration, modular design, and multi-layer abstraction—it reveals current trends in structural decoupling and functional reuse within Web 3.0 infrastructure. Focusing on four representative application domains—DApps, DeFi, NFTs, and DAOs—the paper explores key technical paths and practical challenges related to execution environments, scalability, cross-chain interaction, and governance mechanisms. It further compares international and Chinese platforms in terms of system architecture, compliance strategies, and ecosystem development trajectories, identifying two distinct development paradigms: community-driven and regulation-oriented. The study aims to construct a Web 3.0 conceptual framework that integrates technical evolution with regional implementation differences, providing theoretical support for the layered deployment and global coordination of decentralized infrastructures.