Skip to main content

14.03.2025 | Original Paper

A tri-level distributionally robust optimization model against coordinated cyber-physical attacks considering attack resource uncertainties

verfasst von: Linying Huang, Jizhong Zhu, Di Zhang, Yixi Chen, Yanfeng Li

Erschienen in: Electrical Engineering

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Dieser Artikel geht auf die kritischen Herausforderungen ein, die von koordinierten Cyber-Physical Attacks (CCPAs) in modernen Stromversorgungssystemen ausgehen, die aufgrund der Integration digitaler Geräte zunehmend anfällig sind. Die Studie stellt ein dreistufiges verteilungsrobustes Optimierungsmodell (T-DRO) vor, das die mit CCPAs verbundenen Risiken abmildern soll, insbesondere die Unsicherheiten bei den Angriffsressourcen. Das Modell berücksichtigt den Einsatz von Phasor Measurement Units (PMUs) und verwendet eine Poisson-Verteilung, um diese Unsicherheiten zu charakterisieren und eine robuste Verteidigungsstrategie sicherzustellen. Die Forschung unterstreicht die Bedeutung eines dreistufigen Rahmenwerks, das die Interaktionen zwischen Verteidigern, Angreifern und Systembetreibern integriert und einen umfassenden Ansatz für das Risikomanagement bietet. Der Artikel präsentiert auch eine detaillierte Lösungsmethode, einschließlich Linearisierungstechniken und des C & CG-Algorithmus verschachtelte DRO, um die Implementierung des vorgeschlagenen Modells zu erleichtern. Durch umfangreiche Fallstudien zu den IEEE 14-Bus- und 57-Bus-Systemen werden die Effektivität und Skalierbarkeit des T-DRO-Modells validiert, was seine überlegene Leistung bei der Verringerung des Systemrisikos und der Aufrechterhaltung der Robustheit unter verschiedenen Angriffsszenarien demonstriert. Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit, Unsicherheiten hinsichtlich der Angriffsressourcen und den Einsatz von PMUs bei der Entwicklung wirksamer Verteidigungsstrategien gegen CCPAs in Betracht zu ziehen.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao H, Jiang P, Chen Z, Ezeh CI, Hong Y, Guo Y et al (2019) Improvement of fuel sources and energy products flexibility in coal power plants via energy-cyber-physical-systems approach. Appl Energy 254:113554CrossRef Zhao H, Jiang P, Chen Z, Ezeh CI, Hong Y, Guo Y et al (2019) Improvement of fuel sources and energy products flexibility in coal power plants via energy-cyber-physical-systems approach. Appl Energy 254:113554CrossRef
2.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen Z, Zhu J, Dong H, Wu W, Zhu H (2022) Optimal dispatch of WT/PV/ES combined generation system based on cyber-physical-social integration. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13:342–354CrossRefMATH Chen Z, Zhu J, Dong H, Wu W, Zhu H (2022) Optimal dispatch of WT/PV/ES combined generation system based on cyber-physical-social integration. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13:342–354CrossRefMATH
3.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen L, Wang B (2024) Robustness assessment of weakly coupled cyber-physical power systems under multi-stage attacks. Electr Power Syst Res 231:110325CrossRefMATH Chen L, Wang B (2024) Robustness assessment of weakly coupled cyber-physical power systems under multi-stage attacks. Electr Power Syst Res 231:110325CrossRefMATH
4.
Zurück zum Zitat Du D, Zhu M, Wu D, Li X, Fei M, Hu Y et al (2024) Distributed security state estimation-based carbon emissions and economic cost analysis for cyber–physical power systems under hybrid attacks. Appl Energy 353:122001CrossRef Du D, Zhu M, Wu D, Li X, Fei M, Hu Y et al (2024) Distributed security state estimation-based carbon emissions and economic cost analysis for cyber–physical power systems under hybrid attacks. Appl Energy 353:122001CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat Jing X, Qin W, Yao H, Han X, Wang P (2024) Resilience-oriented planning strategy for the cyber-physical ADN under malicious attacks. Appl Energy 353:122052CrossRef Jing X, Qin W, Yao H, Han X, Wang P (2024) Resilience-oriented planning strategy for the cyber-physical ADN under malicious attacks. Appl Energy 353:122052CrossRef
6.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiang Y, Wang L, Liu N (2017) Coordinated attacks on electric power systems in a cyber-physical environment. Electr Power Syst Res 149:156–168CrossRefMATH Xiang Y, Wang L, Liu N (2017) Coordinated attacks on electric power systems in a cyber-physical environment. Electr Power Syst Res 149:156–168CrossRefMATH
7.
Zurück zum Zitat Lai K, Illindala M, Subramaniam K (2019) A tri-level optimization model to mitigate coordinated attacks on electric power systems in a cyber-physical environment. Appl Energy 235:204–218CrossRef Lai K, Illindala M, Subramaniam K (2019) A tri-level optimization model to mitigate coordinated attacks on electric power systems in a cyber-physical environment. Appl Energy 235:204–218CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Liang G, Weller SR, Zhao J, Luo F, Dong ZY (2019) A framework for cyber-topology attacks: line-switching and new attack scenarios. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 10:1704–1712CrossRefMATH Liang G, Weller SR, Zhao J, Luo F, Dong ZY (2019) A framework for cyber-topology attacks: line-switching and new attack scenarios. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 10:1704–1712CrossRefMATH
9.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen Z, Zhu J, Li S, Liu Y, Luo T (2022) Detection of False data injection attacks on load frequency control system with renewable energy based on fuzzy logic and neural networks. J Mod Power Syst Clean Energy 10:1576–1587CrossRefMATH Chen Z, Zhu J, Li S, Liu Y, Luo T (2022) Detection of False data injection attacks on load frequency control system with renewable energy based on fuzzy logic and neural networks. J Mod Power Syst Clean Energy 10:1576–1587CrossRefMATH
10.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdolahi A, Taghizadegan N, Reza Banaei M et al (2021) A reliability-based op-timal μ-PMU placement scheme for efficient observability enhancement of smart dis-tribution grids under various contingencies. IET Sci Meas Technol 15:663–680CrossRefMATH Abdolahi A, Taghizadegan N, Reza Banaei M et al (2021) A reliability-based op-timal μ-PMU placement scheme for efficient observability enhancement of smart dis-tribution grids under various contingencies. IET Sci Meas Technol 15:663–680CrossRefMATH
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdolahi A, Taghizadegan Kalantari N (2022) State estimation of asymmetrical distribution networks by μ-PMU allocation: a novel stochastic two-stage pro-gramming. Electr Power Syst Res 213:108738CrossRef Abdolahi A, Taghizadegan Kalantari N (2022) State estimation of asymmetrical distribution networks by μ-PMU allocation: a novel stochastic two-stage pro-gramming. Electr Power Syst Res 213:108738CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat Abdolahi A, Cheshmeh Khavar S, Nazari-Heris M, et al (2024) Perspective chapter: optimizing μ-PMU placement for estimating asymmetrical distribution network states-introducing a novel stochastic two-stage approach. Applications and optimizations of kalman filter and their variants. IntechOpen Abdolahi A, Cheshmeh Khavar S, Nazari-Heris M, et al (2024) Perspective chapter: optimizing μ-PMU placement for estimating asymmetrical distribution network states-introducing a novel stochastic two-stage approach. Applications and optimizations of kalman filter and their variants. IntechOpen
13.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu X, Li Z, Liu X, Li Z (2016) Masking Transmission line outages via false data injection attacks. IEEE Trans Inf Forens Secur 11:1592–1602CrossRefMATH Liu X, Li Z, Liu X, Li Z (2016) Masking Transmission line outages via false data injection attacks. IEEE Trans Inf Forens Secur 11:1592–1602CrossRefMATH
14.
Zurück zum Zitat Deng R, Zhuang P, Liang H (2017) CCPA: coordinated cyber-physical attacks and countermeasures in smart grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 8:2420–2430CrossRefMATH Deng R, Zhuang P, Liang H (2017) CCPA: coordinated cyber-physical attacks and countermeasures in smart grid. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 8:2420–2430CrossRefMATH
15.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhang J, Sankar L (2016) Physical system consequences of unobservable state-and-topology cyber-physical attacks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7:2016–2025CrossRefMATH Zhang J, Sankar L (2016) Physical system consequences of unobservable state-and-topology cyber-physical attacks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7:2016–2025CrossRefMATH
16.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Z, Shahidehpour M, Alabdulwahab A, Abusorrah A (2018) Analyzing locally coordinated cyber-physical attacks for undetectable line outages. iEEE Trans Smart Grid 9:35–47CrossRef Li Z, Shahidehpour M, Alabdulwahab A, Abusorrah A (2018) Analyzing locally coordinated cyber-physical attacks for undetectable line outages. iEEE Trans Smart Grid 9:35–47CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhou M, Liu C, Jahromi AA, Kundur D, Wu J, Long C (2023) Revealing vulnerability of N-1 secure power systems to coordinated cyber-physical attacks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 38:1044–1057CrossRefMATH Zhou M, Liu C, Jahromi AA, Kundur D, Wu J, Long C (2023) Revealing vulnerability of N-1 secure power systems to coordinated cyber-physical attacks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 38:1044–1057CrossRefMATH
18.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu D, Wu S, Wang J, Shi D (2023) Training a dynamic neural network to detect false data injection attacks under multiple unforeseen operating conditions. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 15(3):3248–3261CrossRefMATH Hu D, Wu S, Wang J, Shi D (2023) Training a dynamic neural network to detect false data injection attacks under multiple unforeseen operating conditions. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 15(3):3248–3261CrossRefMATH
19.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu Z, Wei W, Wang L (2021) An extreme value theory-based catastrophe bond design for cyber risk management of power systems. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13(2):1516–1528CrossRefMATH Liu Z, Wei W, Wang L (2021) An extreme value theory-based catastrophe bond design for cyber risk management of power systems. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13(2):1516–1528CrossRefMATH
20.
Zurück zum Zitat Cao G, Gu W, Li P et al (2019) Operational risk evaluation of active distribution networks considering cyber contingencies. IEEE Trans Ind Informat 16(6):3849–3861CrossRefMATH Cao G, Gu W, Li P et al (2019) Operational risk evaluation of active distribution networks considering cyber contingencies. IEEE Trans Ind Informat 16(6):3849–3861CrossRefMATH
21.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeng R, Cao Y, Li Y, Hu S et al (2023) A general real-time cyberattack risk assessment method for distribution network involving the influence of feeder automation system. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 15(2):2102–2115CrossRefMATH Zeng R, Cao Y, Li Y, Hu S et al (2023) A general real-time cyberattack risk assessment method for distribution network involving the influence of feeder automation system. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 15(2):2102–2115CrossRefMATH
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Li Z, Shahidehpour M, Alabdulwahab A, Abusorrah A (2016) Bilevel model for analyzing coordinated cyber-physical attacks on power systems. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7:2260–2272CrossRefMATH Li Z, Shahidehpour M, Alabdulwahab A, Abusorrah A (2016) Bilevel model for analyzing coordinated cyber-physical attacks on power systems. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 7:2260–2272CrossRefMATH
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Tian M, Cui M, Dong Z, Wang X, Yin S, Zhao L (2019) Multilevel programming-based coordinated cyber physical attacks and countermeasures in smart grid. IEEE Access 7:9836–9847CrossRefMATH Tian M, Cui M, Dong Z, Wang X, Yin S, Zhao L (2019) Multilevel programming-based coordinated cyber physical attacks and countermeasures in smart grid. IEEE Access 7:9836–9847CrossRefMATH
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiang Y, Wang L (2019) An improved defender–attacker–defender model for transmission line defense considering offensive resource uncertainties. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 10:2534–2546CrossRefMATH Xiang Y, Wang L (2019) An improved defender–attacker–defender model for transmission line defense considering offensive resource uncertainties. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 10:2534–2546CrossRefMATH
25.
Zurück zum Zitat He H, Huang S, Liu Y, Zhang T (2021) A tri-level optimization model for power grid defense with the consideration of post-allocated DGs against coordinated cyber-physical attacks. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 130:106903CrossRefMATH He H, Huang S, Liu Y, Zhang T (2021) A tri-level optimization model for power grid defense with the consideration of post-allocated DGs against coordinated cyber-physical attacks. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 130:106903CrossRefMATH
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Qin C, Zhong C, Sun B, Jin X, Zeng Y (2023) A tri-level optimal defense method against coordinated cyber-physical attacks considering full substation topology. Appl Energy 339:120961CrossRef Qin C, Zhong C, Sun B, Jin X, Zeng Y (2023) A tri-level optimal defense method against coordinated cyber-physical attacks considering full substation topology. Appl Energy 339:120961CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhao P, Gu C, Ding Y, Liu H, Bian Y, Li S (2021) Cyber-resilience enhancement and protection for uneconomic power dispatch under cyber-attacks. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 36:2253–2263CrossRefMATH Zhao P, Gu C, Ding Y, Liu H, Bian Y, Li S (2021) Cyber-resilience enhancement and protection for uneconomic power dispatch under cyber-attacks. IEEE Trans Power Deliv 36:2253–2263CrossRefMATH
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu Z, Wang L (2023) A distributionally robust defender-attacker-defender model for resilience enhancement of power systems against malicious cyberattacks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 38:4986–4997CrossRefMATH Liu Z, Wang L (2023) A distributionally robust defender-attacker-defender model for resilience enhancement of power systems against malicious cyberattacks. IEEE Trans Power Syst 38:4986–4997CrossRefMATH
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Liu Z, Wang L (2022) A robust strategy for leveraging soft open points to mitigate load altering attacks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13:1555–1569CrossRefMATH Liu Z, Wang L (2022) A robust strategy for leveraging soft open points to mitigate load altering attacks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13:1555–1569CrossRefMATH
30.
Zurück zum Zitat Xiang Y, Zhang X, Shi D, Diao R, Wang Z (2020) Robust optimization for transmission defense against multi-period attacks with uncertainties. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 121:106154CrossRefMATH Xiang Y, Zhang X, Shi D, Diao R, Wang Z (2020) Robust optimization for transmission defense against multi-period attacks with uncertainties. Int J Electr Power Energy Syst 121:106154CrossRefMATH
31.
Zurück zum Zitat Du M, Liu X, Zhou Q, Li Z (2022) Hybrid robust tri-level defense model against multiperiod uncertain attacks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13:3255–3265CrossRefMATH Du M, Liu X, Zhou Q, Li Z (2022) Hybrid robust tri-level defense model against multiperiod uncertain attacks. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 13:3255–3265CrossRefMATH
32.
Zurück zum Zitat Su J, Xie C, Dehghanian P, Mehrani S (2023) Optimal defense strategy against load redistribution attacks under attacker’s resource uncertainty: a trilevel optimization approach. In: 2023 IEEE PES Grid Edge Technologies Conference & Exposition (Grid Edge), San Diego, IEEE, pp 1–5 Su J, Xie C, Dehghanian P, Mehrani S (2023) Optimal defense strategy against load redistribution attacks under attacker’s resource uncertainty: a trilevel optimization approach. In: 2023 IEEE PES Grid Edge Technologies Conference & Exposition (Grid Edge), San Diego, IEEE, pp 1–5
33.
Zurück zum Zitat Wang Q, McCalley JD, Zheng T, Litvinov E (2013) A computational strategy to solve preventive risk-based security-constrained OPF. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28:1666–1675CrossRefMATH Wang Q, McCalley JD, Zheng T, Litvinov E (2013) A computational strategy to solve preventive risk-based security-constrained OPF. IEEE Trans Power Syst 28:1666–1675CrossRefMATH
34.
Zurück zum Zitat Norman F. Schneidewind (2009) Cyber security prediction models. Syst Softw Eng Appl IEEE:305–332 Norman F. Schneidewind (2009) Cyber security prediction models. Syst Softw Eng Appl IEEE:305–332
35.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen Y, Hong J, Liu C-C (2018) Modeling of intrusion and defense for assessment of cyber security at power substations. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 9:2541–2552CrossRefMATH Chen Y, Hong J, Liu C-C (2018) Modeling of intrusion and defense for assessment of cyber security at power substations. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 9:2541–2552CrossRefMATH
36.
Zurück zum Zitat Chen B, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhao J (2020) Risk assessment of cyber attacks on power grids considering the characteristics of attack behaviors. IEEE Access 8:148331–148344CrossRefMATH Chen B, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhao J (2020) Risk assessment of cyber attacks on power grids considering the characteristics of attack behaviors. IEEE Access 8:148331–148344CrossRefMATH
37.
Zurück zum Zitat Hu Z, Hong LJ (2013) Kullback-Leibler divergence constrained distributionally robust optimization. Available at Optimization Online Hu Z, Hong LJ (2013) Kullback-Leibler divergence constrained distributionally robust optimization. Available at Optimization Online
39.
Zurück zum Zitat Fan N, Izraelevitz D, Pan F, Pardalos PM, Wang J (2012) A mixed integer programming approach for optimal power grid intentional islanding. Energy Syst 3:77–93CrossRefMATH Fan N, Izraelevitz D, Pan F, Pardalos PM, Wang J (2012) A mixed integer programming approach for optimal power grid intentional islanding. Energy Syst 3:77–93CrossRefMATH
40.
Zurück zum Zitat Yang L, Cao Y, Wei W, Jun L, Mei S (2020) Configuration method of energy storage for wind farms considering wind power uncertainty and wind curtailment constraint. Autom Electr Power Syst 44(16):45–52MATH Yang L, Cao Y, Wei W, Jun L, Mei S (2020) Configuration method of energy storage for wind farms considering wind power uncertainty and wind curtailment constraint. Autom Electr Power Syst 44(16):45–52MATH
41.
Zurück zum Zitat Zeng B, Zhao L (2013) Solving two-stage robust optimization problems using a column-and-constraint generation method. Oper Res Lett 41:457–461MathSciNetCrossRefMATH Zeng B, Zhao L (2013) Solving two-stage robust optimization problems using a column-and-constraint generation method. Oper Res Lett 41:457–461MathSciNetCrossRefMATH
42.
Zurück zum Zitat Yuan Y, Li Z, Ren K (2011) Modeling Load Redistribution Attacks in Power Systems. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2:382–390CrossRefMATH Yuan Y, Li Z, Ren K (2011) Modeling Load Redistribution Attacks in Power Systems. IEEE Trans Smart Grid 2:382–390CrossRefMATH
44.
Zurück zum Zitat Zhu J (2015) Optimization of power system operation. Wiley-IEEE Press. Zhu J (2015) Optimization of power system operation. Wiley-IEEE Press.
45.
Zurück zum Zitat Zimmerman RD, Murillo-Sanchez CE, Thomas RJ (2011) MATPOWER: steady-state operations, planning, and analysis tools for power systems research and education. IEEE Trans Power Syst 26:12–19CrossRef Zimmerman RD, Murillo-Sanchez CE, Thomas RJ (2011) MATPOWER: steady-state operations, planning, and analysis tools for power systems research and education. IEEE Trans Power Syst 26:12–19CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
A tri-level distributionally robust optimization model against coordinated cyber-physical attacks considering attack resource uncertainties
verfasst von
Linying Huang
Jizhong Zhu
Di Zhang
Yixi Chen
Yanfeng Li
Publikationsdatum
14.03.2025
Verlag
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Erschienen in
Electrical Engineering
Print ISSN: 0948-7921
Elektronische ISSN: 1432-0487
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-025-03026-6