A two-stage stochastic unit commitment considering demand-side provider and wind power penetration from the ISO point of view

The need for reserve provision in power systems is growing progressively due to the increase in wind power penetration level. This paper aimed to present a model from the ISO point of view for using demand-side resources as flexible resources that are aggregated as a demand-side provider (DSP). The DSP consists of demand response aggregator as grid backup and energy storage systems plus plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) parking lot aggregators as fast reserve. In this regard, a two-stage stochastic programming model has been presented for energy and reserve determination in the unit commitment problem in the form of mixed integer linear programming (MILP). In this study, the incentive-based model of the capacity market program has been employed to achieve a certain level of demand-side response. Meanwhile, the Weibull probability distribution function and truncated Gaussian distribution have been applied to generate wind speed scenarios and model the uncertainties of PEVs’ behavior, respectively. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that the simultaneous scheduling of energy sources and demand-side aggregators for energy supply as well as reserve has led to the reduction of wind energy uncertainty and improved system operational conditions. Also, increase in the number of PEVs present in the parking lot, in addition to reducing the operation costs, leads to increased grid reserve level as well as considerable reduction of wind power spillage.