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2019 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Adaptive Capacity to Coastal Disasters: Challenges and Lessons from Small-Scale Fishing Communities in Central-Southern Chile

verfasst von : Andrés Marín

Erschienen in: Viability and Sustainability of Small-Scale Fisheries in Latin America and The Caribbean

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

More frequent and severe coastal disasters represent major threats to small-scale fisheries and challenge their viability and potential as an engine of sustainable development. Hurricanes and storm surges and alluviums and tsunamis, among other fast and unexpected events, often drive multiple and overlapping social and environmental impacts. They also influence changes to which fishing communities must respond and adapt, such as threats to life, material devastation, natural resource loss, and ecosystem transformations. Based on empirical case studies and secondary sources, this chapter examines the successes and failures of small-scale fishing communities in the central-southern Chile since the massive February 2010 earthquake and tsunami. This study draws lessons about the key factors of adaptive capacity among coastal resource user communities. The analysis reinforces the importance of social capital and networks, local ecological knowledge, and livelihood agility, as well as stresses several opportunities and drawbacks that need to be observed on the way to pursue more sustainable small-scale fisheries. A better understanding of what makes a difference for fishing communities in response to natural hazards and other external perturbations can inform the design of more equitable and effective fisheries and coastal management policies, along with strategies in Chile and elsewhere.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Overview of Small-Scale Fisheries in Latin America and the Caribbean: Challenges and Prospects

Nächstes Kapitel Small-Scale Fisheries on the Pacific Coast of Colombia: Historical Context, Current Situation, and Future Challenges

Marine environments and the sustainability of the world’s fisheries are being threatened by multiple drivers (e.g., overfishing, pollution, and climate change; see Boonstra et al. (2015). The collapse of exploited fish species, e.g., Acheson and Gardner (2014), would imply a major disaster affecting global food security and human subsistence (Rice and Garcia 2011). Without ignoring these threats to marine resources themselves, this chapter, however, is concerned about the abrupt disasters particularly affecting small-scale fisheries and coastal people’s livelihoods. Examples are provided above as follows.

Fishing has been commonly considered an intrinsically high-risk profession due to adverse working environments and possible technological failures (McGoodwin 1990; Smith 1998). But this account does not necessarily include climate change and extreme disasters as factors that threat the sustainability of coastal fishing communities.

These three types of network-based social capital are formally referred to as bonding (i.e., intragroup/community relationships), bridging (i.e., horizontal relationships between different groups/communities), and linking social capital (i.e., relationships between local groups/communities and actors in higher levels of political, economic, or social hierarchy); see Woolcock (2001), Grafton (2005), and Marín and Berkes (2010).

The contribution of the artisanal sector is overrepresented, as it includes seaweed landings, a highly heavy and low-price resource. Excluding seaweed, the artisanal sector represents only 26% of the national catch.

“Artisanal” is the label employed in Chile for designating the diverse nonindustrial extractive activities of fishing people. In strict terms, the label is misleading as technology has been long adopted by most fishers (e.g., hookah diving, fiberglass motorboats, and iron launches), and a majority employs gear developed elsewhere and purchased in the market (e.g., nets and longlines).

Note that these are mutually nonexclusive categories; hence one person can be registered and carry on two or more of these activities as long as it is within one administrative region.

In April 2016, a 6-year trial to allocate faults and responsibilities associated with the absence of tsunami alert and the fatal consequences was conditionally suspended. The six defendants, including civil authorities, public servants, and former members of the Navy, accepted to pay compensation to the victims’ families.

For seaweed gatherers in Central Chile, summer is the most profitable season. They normally store and dry the produce in low areas between the narrow beaches and steep coastal cliffs before transporting it for selling. The February 2010 tsunami swept away 3 months of hard work.

These include government funding and co-funding programs (e.g., FIP/FAP, Volvamos a la Mar), civil society and private initiatives (e.g., Un bote para Chile, Mar de Esperanza), and international NGOs (e.g., Red Cross, Caritas).

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Titel: Adaptive Capacity to Coastal Disasters: Challenges and Lessons from Small-Scale Fishing Communities in Central-Southern Chile
verfasst von: Andrés Marín
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Viability and Sustainability of Small-Scale Fisheries in Latin America and The Caribbean
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-76077-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-76078-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76078-0_3

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