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2025 | Buch

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Advanced CMOS Biochips

Design and Fabrication

verfasst von: Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Saghi Forouhi, Tayebeh Azadmousavi

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Buchreihe : Analog Circuits and Signal Processing

Enthalten in: Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" , Springer Professional "Technik"

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Über dieses Buch

Biochips incorporate a verity of means including electronic, photonic and microfluidic devices; biological materials (living cells, tissue, enzymes, nucleic acid and etc.) and chemical analysis to produce the detectable signals for identification of biological phenomena. Among several competing biochip technologies, Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process offers the advantages of low cost, integrated, high precision and portable techniques suitable for point-of-care diagnostics.

Advanced CMOS Biochip takes multi-path approach: microelectronic design and implementation of bio-interfaces offering a vital contemporary view of a wide range of integrated circuits and system for electrical, magnetic, optical and mechanical sensing and actuating blocks and much more; classical knowledge of biology, biochemistry as well as microfluidics. The coverage is both practical and in depth integrating experimental, theoretical and simulation examples. By using Advanced CMOS Biochip, readers will have the fundamentals and design techniques to grasp the situation which arise typically in CMOS biochip devices.

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Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Chapter 1. Introduction to CMOS Sensors

Abstract

CMOS (Complementary Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor) technology is at the forefront of sensor integration, enabling the development of a diverse array of sensors on a single chip. These sensors include capacitive [1–5], impedimetric [6] optical [7], nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) [8], magnetic hall effect [9], thermal [10], and mechanical [11] types, each designed to detect specific physical changes. CMOS technology facilitates the miniaturization and integration of these sensors, along with their interface circuits, onto a compact and cost-effective platform. This integration allows for the detection of minute electrical changes, which are then processed through on-chip analog circuits, converting analog signals into digital data that is transferred to an external data acquisition (DAQ) system, as illustrated in Fig. 1.1.

Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Saghi Forouhi, Tayebeh Azadmousavi

Chapter 2. CMOS Sensors’ Design Strategies

Abstract

In designing a CMOS sensor, several critical factors must be carefully considered, including the application, sensing mechanism, CMOS chip design, electrical and chemical characterization procedures, and final test procedures. Each of these elements must be meticulously planned and integrated with practical considerations.

Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Saghi Forouhi, Tayebeh Azadmousavi

Chapter 3. Sensing Elements

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the sensing mechanisms and transducers utilized in various types of CMOS biosensors, which are critical for detecting and measuring biological signals and chemical reactions. It offers a comprehensive exploration of various sensing mechanisms central to CMOS microelectrode systems and related technologies, including voltammetric, impedimetric, capacitive, optical, magnetic, and temperature sensors. The chapter details the electrode-electrolyte system, CMOS microelectrode structures, and fabrication, and explores microelectrode arrays (MEAs) for neural applications. It also examines Biological/Chemical Field-Effect Transistors (Bio/ChemFETs), their physics, operational regions, and fabrication, followed by a discussion on optical and magnetic sensing mechanisms. Additionally, it covers Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) principles and various temperature sensing methods, providing a deep understanding of their roles in different sensing environments.

Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Saghi Forouhi, Tayebeh Azadmousavi

Chapter 4. Interface Circuits

Abstract

This chapter provides an in-depth exploration of the interface circuits designed for a variety of CMOS biosensors including voltammetric, impedimetric, capacitive, field-effect transistor (FET)-based, optical, magnetic, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and temperature sensors as well as neural stimulation/recording systems. Each section of the chapter is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the circuits that drive these various CMOS biosensors, illustrating their significance in modern biochemical technologies.

Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Saghi Forouhi, Tayebeh Azadmousavi

Chapter 5. Advances in Electronic Biosensors

Abstract

In recent years, the integration of complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology into various forms of biosensors and flexible electronics has revolutionized the landscape of healthcare, environmental monitoring, and robotics. This chapter delves into the multifaceted applications of these advanced devices, ranging from portable handheld biosensors and implantable monitoring systems to wearable electrochemical sensors and smart textiles. It also explores the innovative concept of “Body Dust”, which aims to push the boundaries of in-body diagnostics through the development of ultra-miniaturized sensors. Table 5.1 compares a few recent advances in this field. This chapter provides an overview of how CMOS technology is poised to transform real-time monitoring, data analysis, and personalized medicine.

Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Saghi Forouhi, Tayebeh Azadmousavi

Chapter 6. State-of -Art CMOS Biochip Technologies and Future Opportunities

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of recent advancements in CMOS sensing chips, highlighting their commercialization for various applications. The discussions emphasize the ongoing progress in CMOS sensor technology and its increasing relevance in life sciences, setting the stage for future innovations and applications. Related discussions are detailed in Sect. 6.2 of this chapter.

Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh, Saghi Forouhi, Tayebeh Azadmousavi

Backmatter

Titel: Advanced CMOS Biochips
verfasst von: Ebrahim Ghafar-Zadeh
Saghi Forouhi
Tayebeh Azadmousavi
Copyright-Jahr: 2025
Verlag: Springer Netherlands
Electronic ISBN: 978-94-007-0099-4
Print ISBN: 978-94-007-0098-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0099-4