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2016 | Buch

Advanced Graphic Communications, Packaging Technology and Materials

herausgegeben von: Yun Ouyang, Min Xu, Li Yang, Yujie Ouyang

Verlag: Springer Singapore

Buchreihe : Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering

insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book includes a selection of reviewed papers presented at the 2015, 4th China Academic Conference on Printing and Packaging, which was held on October 22-24, 2015 in Hangzhou, China. The conference was jointly organized by the China Academy of Printing Technology, Beijing Institute of Graphic Communication, and Hangzhou Dianzi University. With 3 keynote talks and 200 presented papers on graphic communications, packaging technologies and materials, the conference attracted more than 400 scientists.

These proceedings cover the recent research outcomes on color science and technology, image-processing technology, digital-media technology, printing-engineering technology, packaging-engineering technology etc. They will be of interest to university researchers, R&D engineers and graduate students in graphic communications, packaging, color science, image science, materials science, computer science, digital media and network technology fields.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Color Science and Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 1. Comparing Skin Colours Between Different Skin Groups

This study investigates the basic characteristic of human skin. 47 subjects from 4 groups (Chinese, Sub-Asian, Caucasian and the Dark) were recruited. All the skin colours were measured in terms of spectral reflectance using a d:8° spectrophotometer. And they included eight parts of body locations in total: forehead, right cheek, left cheek, hand back, fist back, palm, inner forearm and outer forearm. The data revealed certain pattern for human skin colour. All the data of the four skin colour groups fit a particular curve in the $$ L^{*} - C_{ab}^{*} $$L∗-Cab∗ plane, and that is very similar to the definition of ‘Whiteness’ and ‘Blackness’ as defined by NCS, and ‘Depth’ and ‘Vividness’ as defined by Berns. The result also showed that Chinese group and Caucasian group had very similar pattern: the sunburnt part of the skin had lower Lightness value and higher Chroma value, or lower Whiteness. However, for the Dark skin group, the data show reversed pattern: sunburnt area will have lower Lightness value and lower Chroma value, and all the colours were located on the ‘Blackness’ scale. The area where the ‘Whiteness’ and ‘Blackness’ scales cross each other is the region for Sub-Asian, where they have the highest Chroma values. The difference of different skin colour groups also appears in the shape of spectral reflectance. Dark skin colour not only means lower amplitude, but also has a flatter curve shape, while for light skin colour, the spectral reflectance has a very clear ‘W’ shape. ‘W’ shape reflects the feature of human skin spectral reflectance, and that is the result of the absorption and reflection of the haemoglobin and melanin. Future work includes the study for the reason of the particular pattern shown in $$ L^{*} - C_{ab}^{*} $$L∗-Cab∗ plane and its application in various areas.

Yuzhao Wang, Ming Ronnier Luo, Xiaoyu Liu, Haiyan Liu
Chapter 2. The Colour Shifting of Measuring Human Skin Colour Use Different Instruments

Human skin colour information is important for the cosmetic industries and hospitals to develop a skin product and suggest an appropriate treatment. Human skin has multi-layered structures with non-flat surface and the colour of the human skin is unevenly distributed over the body. It is difficult to get skin colour information both exhaustively and precisely. Different ethnicities exhibit significantly different skin colour. To supply the data to the CIETC 1-92 Skin Colour Database and to achieve successful colour reproduction of skin colours on multimedia, two most widely used instruments, tele-spectroradiometers (TSRs) and spectrophotometers (SPs), were employed to collect large numbers of human skin colour, including 188 subjects from four ethnic groups (Oriental Caucasian, South Asian and African). Five or ten locations from each subject were measured. At each location, three repeated measurements performed by using both instruments and their mean values were used as the measurement results. The measurement results were reported using CIELAB colour system, in terms of lightness, chroma and hue. The colour distribution between different locations of different ethnic groups was studied by plotting the data points in a*b* and $$ L^{*} C_{ab}^{*} $$L∗Cab∗ planes. Systematic trends were found between different ethnicities and instruments. The result shows a significant trend of the colour shifting between different ethnicities and instruments.

Mengmeng Wang, Ming Ronnier Luo, Kaida Xiao, Sophie Wuerger
Chapter 3. Assessing Quality of Viewing Cabinets for Visual Inspection

Viewing cabinets provide standard lighting conditions for visual inspection in the color-related industries such as imaging, textiles, and graphic arts. The lighting conditions are typically defined by the correlated color temperature (CCT), distance of departure from the blackbody locus (Duv), color rendering index (CRI), and metamerism index (MI). Various technologies were used to simulate the standard lighting conditions such as fluorescent, tungsten, filtered tungsten, and tunable LED lamps. This paper investigates three cabinets based on different technologies. It showed that all the three cabinets could achieve very high CRI above 95 and small Duv within the tolerance 0.005. A 14-channel LED tunable viewing cabinet performed the most accurate CCT and the best are MIvis and MIuv among all the cabinets tested. Furthermore, it can predict well with lighting parameters across a large range of CCTs.

Yang Yang, Ming Ronnier Luo
Chapter 4. Visual Assessment of CIE Illuminant Simulators

This study investigated the perceived colour quality of CIE-D50 and CIE-A simulators based on multichannel LED sources and conventional fluorescent and tungsten lamps. Two psychophysical experiments were carried out to evaluate different aspects of perceived colour quality of the four simulators: colour appearance and colour difference. Ten observers with normal colour vision participated to assess thirty metameric pairs, which were consisted of colour constant and inconstant samples. The visual results were analysed to indicate the performance of the four simulators. It was found that the colour difference results clearly showed that LED-D50 simulator significantly outperformed the conventional fluorescent source.

Haiting Gu, Ming Ronnier Luo, Xiaoyu Liu, Yang Yang, Binyu Wang
Chapter 5. A Method for Reconstructing Surface Spectral Reflectance in Spectral Reproduction Workflow

In spectral color reproduction workflow, it is of key importance to reconstruct the spectral reflectance of a surface using digital cameras under given luminance and observation conditions. A new approach for solving the problem which is based on neural network and basis vectors is proposed. Compared with other traditional methods, neural network expands the space of unknown function from linear functions to more general nonlinear functions, which gives more accurate estimation of the coefficients and better reflectance reconstruction. Results show that the reflectance of standard Munsell color patch (Matte) can be reconstructed. Compared with linear approximation method, reconstruction of standard Munsell color patch (Matte) using this approach reduces the reconstruction error. Therefore, we conclude that this approach has advantages of higher accuracy, fast implementation, and adaptation, thus can be used in arts reproduction and museum art collection, etc.

Ping Yang, Sensen Huang, Wangjian Qiu, Qianyun Ma, Qiang Wang, Hong Song
Chapter 6. Calibration of 3D Images in Terms of Spectral Reflectance

Recently, 3D image processing has become widespread in the various applications such as medical, animation, and graphics communication. There exist a number of techniques to transform 2D images into 3D. The purpose of this study was to develop a set of procedure to achieve precise color reproduction in cross-media color reproduction for 3D images and to simulate images under different illuminants. A 3dMD® system was used to capture images of 3D objects. A polynomial model-based camera characterization was implemented. To further enhance the scope of research, different 3D images were transformed into the spectral images via two different methods, principal component analysis (PCA) and Wiener. The spectral images were then used to transform images under different illuminants. Finally, a simulation of the appearance of 3D images on a display under different illuminants was successfully achieved.

Muhammad Farhan Mughal, Ming Ronnier Luo, Yuzhao Wang, Lihao Xu, Muhammad Safdar
Chapter 7. The Experimental Research of Color Measurements with Spectrophotometer

To study the performance of the three spectrophotometers: Spectroeye, i1, and eXact, the spectral reflectance of X-rite ColorChecker® was measured with them. By computing the standard deviation of spectral reflectance and color difference $$ \Delta E_{ab}^{*} $$ΔEab∗, the stability and repeatability characteristics of the three color measuring instruments were analyzed. The results showed that the standard deviations of spectral reflectance are less than 0.001. The average color difference between the measurements and reference data is less than $$ {2\varDelta }E_{ab}^{*} $$2ΔEab∗. The color difference between each two spectrophotometers is about $$ {1\varDelta }E_{ab}^{*} $$1ΔEab∗. The measurement error between the spectrophotometer is acceptable, so we could choose corresponding instrument according to the range of measurement wavelength.

Yan Liu, Quanhui Tian, Xiaozhu Mou
Chapter 8. The Color Characteristic Model Based on Optimized BP Neural Network

Due to BP neural network’s own limitations, it requires a large number of samples for complex prediction, and its generalization ability is weak. This paper puts forward an optimized BP neural network algorithm. The methods focus on data normalization in order to improve maximum speed limit, the inertia constant, and fitness function to eventually optimize BP neural network weight value and threshold value to reduce its distribution range before using BP neural network for color prediction. Reducing the possibility of BP neural network prediction model getting into local optimization has good nonlinear fitting capability and higher prediction accuracy of color space conversion. If using in the ICC profile, it will ensure the accuracy of the color conversion.

Hongtao Miao, Lizheng Zhang
Chapter 9. The Model of Flexographic Spot-Color Matching Based on the Improved Kubelka–Munk Theory

Because the model of flexographic spot-color matching based on Kubelka–Munk theory is proposed for the dye matching, it will produce color difference and affect color accuracy when it is applied to the ink matching. In this paper, the model of computer color matching based on double-constant Kubelka–Munk theory is improved. The model of flexographic spot-color matching in which the water-based ink is used as printing ink and corrugated paper is used as substrate is formed. In this model, first the sample data are obtained by using IGT printability tester. Then, tristimulus value matching theory is its basic, and a series of mathematical calculations are used to obtain the initial matching values. And then, a more accurate formula is obtained through multiple iterations. Finally, the improved matching model is completed. The experimental results show that the model can quickly complete the color matching, and the result is accurate and stable. Moreover, the matching model meets the requirements of environmental protection and has good prospects.

Ya’nan Zhang, Maohai Lin, Xintao Gao
Chapter 10. Parameter Optimization Experiment for Soft Proofing

Some experiments were designed to check the effects of monitor parameters such as color temperature, brightness, and gamma value on soft proofing. We have two illuminant levels D50 and D65, two brightness levels 100 and 120, and two gamma value levels 1.8 and 2.2 to be chosen in constructing international color consortium profiles (ICC profiles). Then, soft proofing simulation experiment was executed. Comparisons were made between the results of soft proofing and printer to obtain the optimum parameters. Results were evaluated by color difference analysis, individual component analysis of $$ \Delta L^{*} $$ΔL∗,$$ \Delta a^{*} $$Δa∗, and $$ \Delta b^{*} $$Δb∗ values, and psychophysical experiments. Experiments show that the performance of soft proofing varies a lot with different parameters. And it can get a better performance with the appropriate parameters. At last, the optimal parameter combination was obtained.

Hongxia Zhou, Maohai Lin
Chapter 11. Research on Color Reproduction Based on Different Random Edition of IT8.7/4 Target

Color reproduction is always important and difficult in printing quality control. To establish standard data which are suitable for printing ink and color features is particularly important. IT8.7/4 standard is oriented to the application requirement of printing development by CGATS. There are two kinds of formats—random and visual layout; the former is more suitable for quality control of printing process. In order to control the specific device color reproduction quality effectively, customers can determine the data distribution in random edition according to specific equipment. In this paper, we set two random seeds to generate different random layouts by VC++. The correlationship between printing quality characterization and color data distribution in IT8.7/4 is discussed. That can be used in printing technology.

Chunyan Du, Peiyong Feng, Lu Chen, Zhengrong Yan
Chapter 12. Digital Camera-Based Appearance Meter (AppMeter)

Currently, people use luminance or illuminance meters to measure illumination at different spots in a room to know the appearance. A more robust method is needed to measure the spatial distribution of light as the spot measurement-based methods do not correspond to visual perception. The current study was conducted to propose an instrumental method to measure the appearance. The CIE color appearance model CIECAM02 was modified and proposed as an imaging method to predict the appearance attributes from an RGB image. As brightness is a function of CCT and Duv according to the previous studies, CIECAM02 brightness formula was extended in the current study. Raw data and images from three different experiments were collected to test the model. The correlation between predictions of modified CIECAM02 and visual data was found statistically significant for three different experiments.

Muhammad Safdar, Ming Ronnier Luo, Yuteng Zhu, Xiaoyu Liu
Chapter 13. Research on Color Reproduction Ability of Mainstream Brand Mobile Phone

Driven by consumers’ higher demand, intelligent mobile phone has been updated faster and faster, which emphasizes on color rendering in mobile phone design and production. In this paper, firstly, the RGB imported to mobile phone that to be measured, and set the brightness, color temperature, and other parameters. Finally, L*a*b* value in four corners of mobile phone screen and central screen is tested through X-riteI1 pro2 spectrophotometer, PC, and Measure Tool software. Through statistical analysis of these data calculate the color difference with the measurement value and the primary L*a*b* value, so as to analyze the color reproduction ability of a mobile phone screen. The study of the color reproduction ability of mainstream brand intelligent mobile phone will benefit designers to design more humanized products and improve the immersion of users.

Zhanjun Si, Ying Wang, Lu Zhang
Chapter 14. Investigation of Memory Colors of Chinese Observers

Long-term memory colors of familiar objects are of great significance in the applications such as imaging, lighting, and color reproduction. Previous studies of memory color were mainly conducted on the surface color samples under variable illuminations or images presented on displays. In this work, memory colors of Chinese observers with a set of 22 familiar objects have been investigated on a well-calibrated display. A specially developed psychophysical method and an operational program were applied for the observers to match the homogenous patch colors through object name descriptions with their memory colors on a self-luminous monitor in a given viewing situation. The results of inter-observer variability were analyzed in CIELAB color space by mean of color differences from the mean (MCDM) and tolerance ellipse. The two indexes were found to be consistent. Our aim is to establish a methodology both to study memory colors and to quantify the specific Chinese memory colors, which can benefit for further image enhancement.

Yuteng Zhu, Ming Ronnier Luo, Lihao Xu, Xiaoyu Liu, Qiyan Zhai, Guihua Cui
Chapter 15. Prediction of Gray Balance Spectral Data in Digital Printing

Now, the calculation method of gray balance data uses the parameters of density and chroma, and there is on gray balance data based on spectral reflectance. By the reflectivity in the visible wavelength range, the gray balance data can be predicted. The BP neural network is adopted to train, in which the spectral reflectance of the black ink which is of the same dot area value is adopted as neutral gray value, and the corresponding dot area value of cyan, magenta, and yellow inks can be predicted. In digital printing, gray balance is mainly affected by the paper and ink, so it is necessary to correct the calculated gray balance data. In the correction process, the black ink’s spectral data are corrected by the paper and ink’s spectral data. After correction, the error of gray balance is reduced. This study plays an important role in color control by gray balance data.

Chenfei Zhao
Chapter 16. The Research on Gravure Spot-Color-Matching Model

The demand for reproduction of printing color vastly expands, which significantly promotes the application of the spot-color ink. To improve the accuracy and practicability of color matching, the Kubelka–Munk color-matching theory and the improved spectrophotometric uniform color space weight factor color-matching method are applied to construct two matching models. The four-color (C, M, Y, W) model is established on the basis of three-color model (C, M, Y), and the derivations of the two models will be shown. In addition, a new experimental program is designed for ink toner to obtain the basic data of color matching. Prediction recipes are obtained by using MATLAB software for matrix arithmetic. And the accuracy and practicability of color-matching models are verified through the experiment. The results show that two models are feasible for better utility of the spot-color matching.

Jingjing Meng, Libin Wu, Jing Qian
Chapter 17. Neighborhood Similarity-Based Color Transfer Algorithm

Color transfer produces a new image and keeps the content of source image and the color of reference image. The technology is widely used in areas such as prepress image processing and multimedia post-production. The article proposes an adaptive local color transfer algorithm based on neighborhood similarity. Firstly, two classical algorithms—Reinhard algorithm and Welsh algorithm—are analyzed on the applicability and deficiency according to the experiments. Then, a new method is introduced to improve Welsh algorithm on incomplete point neighborhood description and the low efficiency of searching for matching points, which is calculating the neighborhood average value by adding high-frequency texture information to describe neighborhood features, and local hierarchical matching points searching strategy. The matching points searching strategy includes dividing the target image into blocks, searching for matching point based on neighborhood similarity firstly, and searching the global image to find best matching points finally. Experiments demonstrate that the improved algorithm can transfer the referential color effectively without any user intervention.

Yanhao Li, Zhijiang Li, Liqin Cao
Chapter 18. Obtaining Absolute Scene Luminance Using HDR Imaging

The absolute measure of scene luminance is needed in many applications, e.g., color image reproduction (especially outdoor), surveillance images, light appearance, and glare prediction. Currently, commercial luminance cameras are being used, which are very expensive and have limitations in dynamic range. An efficient and inexpensive method is needed to obtain absolute luminance of each of pixels in the scene. In the current study, a method was proposed to obtain absolute scene luminance (XYZ map) at each pixel using digital RGB camera and high dynamic range (HDR) imaging. The proposed model was calibrated using a tele-spectroradiometer (TSR) by means of average luminance at a small spot. A good match of results was obtained between TSR and the proposed method.

Muhammad Safdar, Ming Ronnier Luo, Yuteng Zhu, Xiaoyu Liu
Chapter 19. Evaluation of Color Perception Among Different Aged Observers Based on Color Matching Experiments

In order to study the observer variability of color perception, 53 observers aging from 20 to 79 were organized to match the 17 color stimuli on the monitor. The spectral power distribution of the target and the matched colors were measured and used to evaluate the color difference threshold at different aged group of observers. The results indicated that the mean CIEDE2000 color difference of all the tested observers was 1.07. The experimental data were calculated by CIE1964 color matching function (CMF) and CIEPO06 CMF. Comparison of the two models showed little difference in color difference thresholds for different aged observers.

Chunjie Shi, Min Huang, Haoxue Liu
Chapter 20. Evaluation of the Color-difference Formulae for Neutral Colors

In printing industry, the results of quality control of neutral prints are not consistent with the visual assessments. In order to solve this problem, 50 pairs of neutral color samples were prepared, and 29 observers with normal color vision were organized to carry out the color-difference experiments with the method of gray scale. In total, 1750 judgments were gathered. The visual results were used to test the performances of different color-difference formulae in terms of the standardized residual sum of square (STRESS) factor. The results indicate that the CIEDE2000 formulae have the best performance and all the tested formulae have the best performances for the evaluation of the color pairs only with the hue differences.

Zeyang Li, Min Huang, Guihua Cui, Haoxue Liu
Chapter 21. Gender Effects on Color Discrimination

The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the color discrimination exists effects between different genders. This paper took different 40 hue colors in NCS atlas as the experimental samples and then based on color science and visual psychophysics methods, establishing color match in relation to APP extra-double-sided coated offset paper color printing atlas. We use mathematical statistics methods, to evaluate the visual difference results of color discrimination about different gender observers under two different light sources. The experiment shows that women in the recognition of color is better than men, on the individual colors, such as orange and red, blue and green, man may not identify very well. And the light source has a great influence on the observer to identify the color difference.

Hao Huang, Jing Liang, Buyun Yao, Guangliang Zhu
Chapter 22. Locate Color Tolerance for Mapping Mode Based on Human Visual and Color Difference Formula

When color digital images output on substrates, color space is converted, causing the color differences between prints and electronic manuscript. In order to locate the way to map and relatively corrected error range, the original is converted to 4 CMYK modes through the intentions of perception, saturation, relative colorimetry, and absolute colorimetry, respectively. Adobe Photoshop (Ps) software is used to draw a–b, a–L, and b–L color gamut graphs to determine the spatial domain of each color tolerance. The background is center color contrasting with the other color. Thus, the graphs can be straightly detected by human eyes easily. In complex calculation of formula, experiment successfully draws color difference ball, chroma difference cylinder, and hue difference parabolic in Lab space. It really helps figure out the tolerance range of different mappings and prints. The above numerical relationship is fed back to the process of color gamut conversion and image reproduction. Then, color measurement and calculation are further conducted to verify the accuracy of color gamut conversion.

Zhongguo Xu, Wenyan Jiang, Wenge Chen
Chapter 23. The Effect of Different Monitors on Remote Soft Proofing

As printing technology is developing to informatization, networking, and automation, traditional proofing methods are no longer meet the needs of the development of printing. Based on the research of the development of proofing technology at home and abroad and comprehensive analysis of the existing remote soft proofing system, we find that the high requirement to the client’s display equipment in existing remote soft proofing system leads to customers’ excessive costs when bringing in the remote soft proofing system. By means of color management to the display device, the paper studies the effect of different displays in the process of remote soft proofing and gets a good proofing result among the acceptable color tolerance when using normal display devices as the client and the color is also in the acceptable range for remote soft proofing. Experimental results show that in the use of professional display for remote soft proofing, the average color difference is less than 3 and proofs can achieve good results. When using conventional LCD display remote soft proofing, the average chromatic aberration is 5.71, and the maximum color difference is not more than 7. In the case of less demanding color printing, you can choose conventional LCD display.

Siwen Zhu, Maohai Lin
Chapter 24. Color Difference Calculation of Prints for Machine Vision System

Machine vision inspection system plays an increasingly important role in the printing process control, which is one of the development trends of the printing process control technology. This paper discusses the methods to inspect color of printed images online by a digital camera, by which the CIELAB color difference can be calculated directly from sampled RGB value. The algorithm is discussed in detail, and an experiment is conducted to test the method. The calculation results show that there is either linear or polynomial transformation relationship between CIEXYZ tristimulus and RGB values sampled by the camera, so the CIEXYZ tristimulus and CIELAB color difference can be expressed by the sampled RGB values. The calculation method proposed in this paper is proved by the experiment to be simple and practical, and the accuracy can meet the industry requirements.

Yan Zhao, Xinyi Li, Shiqing Liu, Shiyu Zhang, Yingzhe Qiao, Haoxue Liu

Image Processing Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 25. Application of Digital Watermarking Technology to Artistic Screening Image

Artistic screening is a new halftone technology for producing an illusion of continuous tones by creating artistic screens that may take any desired shape and screening effects. This screening technology is tuned to convey additional information for artistic purposes, which is desirable for digital anti-counterfeiting in today’s printing industry. In order to achieve better anti-counterfeiting results, a novel data hiding algorithm is proposed by combining the artistic screening technology with digital watermarking. We present a digital watermarking algorithm in artistic screening images that divides the images into blocks and embeds a fixed number of bits in each block by changing some pixels in that block. Experiments show that watermarking-embedded artistic screening image is good at securing data hiding results and tampering of content can be detected successfully.

Jinghuan Ge, Jie Pan, Enyin Fang
Chapter 26. Research on Description Method of Quasi-3D Appearance Data with Mathematical Surface Function

Appearance data in quasi-three-dimensional (Quasi-3D) space are the height data, which are distributed over the grid points of a 2D plane. The quasi-3D data can be measured from a high-resolution 3D scanning device. With the help of mathematical surface function, the discrete space appearance data can be generalized; thus, some processing (e.g., interpolation, deformation) can be implemented. Based on segmentation of a 2D plane into blocks and the application of cubic surface functions (Coons, Bezier, and B-Spline), the appearance data in quasi-3D space are generalized processed, the parameters of the surface pieces are obtained, and some technical key points are determined. The quasi-3D appearance data can be used in scientific research, industry, high-fidelity 3D animation/film, image reproduction, and so on.

Xinggen Qian, Yang Jin, Hongguo Wang
Chapter 27. Improved Local Adaptive Image Enhancement Algorithm Based on Lee Algorithm

Experiments indicate that Lee algorithm is sensitive to noise in image enhancement, which means that the details of texture and noises will be enhanced simultaneously. Therefore, an improved adaptive local image enhancement algorithm based on Lee algorithm is proposed in the paper to reduce the negative impact of the noises. Firstly, traditional Lee algorithm is employed to improve the image brightness and enhance the image details. Then, logarithmic transformation is applied to make the image more consistent with human vision mechanism. Finally, double platform threshold based on histogram equalization is used to overcome the disadvantage that the targets and details occupying less pixels become blurred and lost due to pixel-level merging, while the background and noise are enhanced excessively by setting the threshold of the double platform. Verification experiments demonstrate that the improved algorithm can enhance image local contrast and adaptively adjust image dynamic range effectively, regardless of the impact of noises to avoid excessive enhancement.

Tian Song, Zhijiang Li, Liqin Cao
Chapter 28. Application of Matrix Rotating Screening in Halftone Information Hiding Technology

Information hiding technology based on halftone screening becomes increasingly popular in anti-counterfeit printing field because of its low-cost and easy operation. But the problems of unsatisfying information hiding effect and low-safety factor remain to be solved. In this study, a new algorithm of matrix rotating screening on the basis of threshold matrix screening principle is introduced in order to create special shaped dots. The image screened with special shaped dots is then applied to hide and extract information. As expected, dot shape varying from rotating matrix is hard to copy, thus improving the security ability of image. The hiding effect of image screened with special shaped dots gets 0.9740 based on structural similarity (SSIM), while the hiding effect of image screened with traditional round dots gets 0.9655. Therefore, we demonstrate that image screened with special shaped dots created by rotating matrix achieves a better hiding effect compared with traditional method, leading to a more practical and beneficial application in halftone information hiding technology.

Linghua Guo, Tiedou Xing, Yan Chen, Guodong Liu
Chapter 29. An Improved SIFT Algorithm Based on Invariant Gradient

In order to make the feature descriptor stable for rotating, the SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) algorithm assigned a main direction for feature points and rotated the local image according to the main direction. This paper do some research on the rotating process of SIFT algorithm, and put forward a new algorithm based on invariant gradient. The defined pixels’ gradient-invariant in the new algorithm is mainly relevant to the gray value of the nearest 8 pixels, and has nothing with the relative position of the 8 pixels around. The experimental results showed that collecting pixels’ gradient-invariant statistics can effectively improve SIFT algorithm’s computing speed.

Da Li, Ruizhi Shi, Shenghui Li, Xiao Zhou
Chapter 30. Halftone Image Quality Evaluation Based on Reconstruction Index Model

Halftone algorithm is the medium of the conversion from continuous digital image to scattered dot image, and it is the core technique of RIP prepress. Different algorithms have different characters on image nonlinear reconstruction, while corresponding halftone images have different effects. The advantages and disadvantages of halftone algorithm will determine printing images’ output quality. In this paper, founded reconstruction index models are used to make objective evaluation on halftone algorithms. Quantitative study is performed on the aspect of gray level index, contrast level index, and image entropy difference. Frequency domain analysis and power spectrum analysis are also performed on respective halftone images. Through halftone image quality evaluation, advantage and disadvantage comparison of halftone algorithms based on different indexes is obtained, which provides reference for the amelioration of halftone algorithm and finally improves vision quality of printing image.

Xiao Zhou, Ruizhi Shi, Da Li, Shenghui Li, Yusheng Wang
Chapter 31. The Comparison of Two Image Matching Algorithms Based on Real-Time Image Acquisition

Compared with traditional printing, mobile phone device is easier to carry and has richer appearance of data presentation. For traditional printing, combining traditional printing with mobile phone to express more information which contained in the prints has become a new development direction. Matching the image acquired by mobile phone camera from traditional prints, if the matching is successful, the mobile phone will display animation, music, or video which associated with the print content. Hence, image matching algorithm plays a vital role in this process. Due to the constant need for real-time computation of the image, and limited capabilities of mobile devices, the matching algorithm’s speed, accuracy, and efficiency should be the first priority. This paper combines the FAST feature point’s detection algorithm with the FREAK feature point’s description algorithm to accomplish the function of detecting feature points. Then, the two algorithms were compared in different state. Experimental results show that ORB has high matching accuracy with slower speed. The FREAK’s speed is faster, and the accuracy performance can satisfy the demand of image matching.

Shenghui Li, Ruizhi Shi
Chapter 32. Research on the Application of Image Enhancement Algorithms in Printing Defect Detection

This article mainly aims at the application research of image enhancement algorithm in printing image defect detection process, and the purpose is to establish a better foundation for the analysis of image defects, realizing the online monitoring of the printing quality more accurate. For the actual production situation of printing, according to the characteristics of different of printing images, chose histogram equalization, contrast linear broadening, median filtering, using MATLAB to carry on the simulation experiment of image enhancement, through the experimental analysis and comparison of the enhancement effect, further verify the advantages and disadvantages of these algorithms, to provide the basis for selection of image enhancement algorithm in the practical application of printing defect detection.

Hongyan Zhao, Chao Li, Yujie Jiang, Yaping Ge, Peidong Hou
Chapter 33. A Method of Color Inverse Halftoning Image Quality Assessment Based on Image Structural Property

The traditional image quality assessment method and index cannot meet with the inverse halftoning image quality assessment. We proposed a color inverse halftoning image quality assessment method based on image structural property. First, we transformed printing image into inverse halftoning image with wavelet transforming inverse halftoning algorithm. Then, taking quaternion matrix as the carrier and combining with details of image, brightness and color information, we can convert halftoning image into quaternion matrix and obtain feature vector through singular value decomposition. Finally, the inverse halftoning image quality assessment is accomplished by calculating the quaternion singular feature vector angle to indicate the similarity of the original image and the inverse halftoning image. The result of experiment shows that the assessment can excellently exhibit the reduction of the inverse halftone image quality. Meanwhile, it is also in line with subjective visual perception and provides a reference for constructing quantitative assessment index of the inverse halftone color image quality.

Zhixiong Shi, Xiaodong Wang, Lujing Fu
Chapter 34. An Enhancement Method of Low-Contrast Chromatic Image Based on Adaptive Threshold

The study used the image enhancement algorithm of histogram compaction equalization based on adaptive thresholds to extend the tonal range of low-contrast chromatic image. The algorithm chooses the thresholds adaptively to achieve the purpose of enhancing the image contrast, details, and sharpness of the low-contrast chromatic image according to its information characteristics of R, G, and B channel. Experimental results show that the algorithm can effectively improve the contrast and sharpness of low-contrast chromatic images, and well preserve the color appearance of the image compared to the traditional histogram equalization image enhancement method and the wavelet-based image enhancement method. The proposed method has good application value.

Lingjun Kong, Peng Nie, Yewei Sun
Chapter 35. Research on the WebP Image Format

WebP is a new image compression technology proposed by Google. It is derived from the VP8 video coding format; it also supports lossless and lossy compressions. Compared with the present popular image format, WebP has smaller volume than JPG and PNG in the condition of the same picture quality conditions. By coding with MATLAB, this experiment adopts the PSNR and SSIM on WebP and JPG, PNG for comparison test, then implement data compression and reduction test. Since MATLAB does not identify the WebP format, this experiment uses canvas to process WebP images, thus measuring the PSNR and WebP of SSIM. The results of experiment show that WebP has high value in the life, it will develop well in the future.

Zhanjun Si, Ke Shen
Chapter 36. Comparing the Similarity of Image in Different Color Spaces

When the computer recognizes the original color images and the collected images without changing the color information, it is a question to choose the appropriate color space for image recognition. In order to find out the best color space for image recognition, four color spaces were chosen to compare the similarity of the image between the original images and the collected images in different color spaces. In the premise of maintaining the image recognition accuracy, it can simplify the process of the image recognition by choosing the color space as the image pretreatment process.

Jie Tang, Wenjie Yang
Chapter 37. Study on Chromatic Modulation Transfer Function of Digital Camera

In this paper, we reported a method to get chromatic modulation transfer function of digital camera. First, a digital camera is used to take pictures by the “edge” method as test form. The image pattern is converted into a LAB via Photoshop. The converted image is read with Lab Matlab and Fourier transform is used to transfer edge spread into modulation function. Then the different pixel value or aperture value of the same color and the different color image is observed. The changing of MTF of LCH of different Lab images can be observed as to draw the corresponding conclusions. Finally, on the test, the change of camera pixel value or camera aperture value will affect the MTF. Without other conditions changing, its MTF is better when pixel value is large. The smaller the aperture value which means the larger of aperture, MTF is smaller. Canon 7D, which is the digital camera used in this experiment, has the strongest colorful resolution ability in magenta, relatively weaker in cyan, yellow followed. The results indicated that the different digital camera pixel value and aperture value will affect the MTF, and the ability to distinguish the different colors of a camera is also different.

Wei Liu, Guangxue Chen, Yang Jin, Yuehong Song
Chapter 38. Extraction of Golden Area in Image Based on Region Growing

The paper proposed an algorithm to extract the con-tone golden region in an image as a printing plate of metallic ink. First, the image is converted into HSV color model. H-components are selected as the original for image segmentation. Second, background interference is a problem for H-component of HSV model. Region growing method is not interfered by it. We suggest to segment H-component by region growing method. Finally, H-components of HSV model and RGB-mixed component of RGB model are combined to get a golden area image. The experimental results show that it is more suitable to determine a threshold value by Otsu algorithm than setting threshold value manually. Multipoint region growing image is more complete than single-point region growing image. Therefore we suggest using the multipoint region growing to extract the golden area of image. It brings good result, which verifies the feasibility of our suggested method.

Ying Wu, Jiong Liang, Jialin Yin, Junyu Nie
Chapter 39. A SVD-Based Color Image Watermark Algorithm in DWT Domain

A color image watermarking algorithm based on SVD and DWT is proposed. First, watermark image is preprocessed by Arnold transform to improve algorithm security. Second, the low-frequency component of blue subgraph coefficients extracted from a host image decomposed by 2-DWT is analyzed by SVD. Then, the corresponding singular value of watermark image is embedded into the host image. Simulation results show that proposed method, guaranteeing algorithm high embedding capacity, has better performance in terms of invisibility and improves robustness significantly against a variety of noises, compression, shear and rotation, etc, attacks.

Yuying Niu, Xinchun Cui, Qian Li, Jialin Ding
Chapter 40. Watermarking Algorithm for Color Two-Dimensional Code Based on DCT-SVD

In this paper, a new watermarking method for color QR code that has more digital watermarking capacity and robustness is presented. The QR code has a backdrop of green as the original image, watermark is the pretreated QR code information. When embedding watermark, the information is encoded into color QR code to extract its backdrop. And the watermark takes encryption algorithm based on logistic chaotic sequence to improve safety. The encoded and encrypted watermark is embedded into luminance coefficients from the sixty pixels with quantized DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) block matrix and SVD (Singular Values Decomposition). Compared with the existing watermarking algorithm, it not only keeps fast scanning characteristics of QR codes, but also has better embedding capacity and stronger robustness against rotation, shearing, noise, and filter. It can be used as a new method of copyright protection based on color two-dimensional code.

Qian Guo, Guangxue Chen, Linlin Chen
Chapter 41. Research on Evaluating Method for Print Mottle Based on Digital Image Processing

Mottling is one of the most important printing defects in modern offset printing. It can be defined as undesired unevenness in perceived print density. In our research, the print mottle image on paper surface was acquired through a scanner, and then through software analysis. It was studied from the perspective of digital image processing. Then, the method was proposed to apply in newsprint paper, inkjet paper, offset paper, and coated paper. We compared the proposed method with the traditional method. The results showed that the print mottle index in descending order is: offset paper, newspaper, coated paper, and inkjet paper. The new method can be easily used to analyze print mottle. Meanwhile, it is simpler and more objective using the modified coefficient of variation to characterize print mottle. The evaluating method for print mottle based on digital image processing technology has some practical value for analyzing and solving various paper print mottle problems.

Ying Huang, Guangxue Chen, Linlin Chen, Qifeng Chen
Chapter 42. Optimization of Multilevel Error Diffusion Based on Pixel Distribution

To improve the visual effect of multilevel halftone image, a multilevel quantization interval division method based on pixel distribution and a dynamic error limits method are presented. First, the impact of quantization intervals on the mean square error (MSE) of the image is analyzed. According to that, quantization intervals optimization is presented to make the number of pixels in each interval equal based on the pixel distribution of original image. That optimization leads to uneven quantization intervals. Then, a dynamic error limit of error diffusion method is utilized to minimize the statistical error between the resulted image and the original one. The results show that the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) of proposed method is increased about 2 dB compared with the Floyd–Steinberg algorithm. And the efficiency of our quantization is nearly twice of Octree quantization algorithm. The resulted images receive acceptable visual effect.

Yukun Li, Yigang Wang, Shi Li
Chapter 43. Visualization of Large-Size Model Based on Paper-Based 3D Printing

In order to solve printing size limitation issue in the paper-based 3D printing industrialization in the culture creative field, using printing time index, a fast visualization based on cutting angle and composition was proposed for large-size 3D model color printing. Using four categories of simplified 3D models, given the centroid as the symmetrical center, the quantitative relationship between printing time and variable parameters including cutting angle, scale value, and cutting parts composition were analyzed and compared clearly. According to our results, for four models with the different structures in each type, the printing time is mostly increasing linear along with scale value. Whether the composition of cutting face is same or opposite in vertical plane, the printing time of white model with 0.3 scale size is also increasing with linear trend, however, it is not obvious in horizontal plane.

Jiangping Yuan, Guangxue Chen, Junhao Liao, Zhaohui Yu
Chapter 44. Physical Modeling of Topographic Maps by Paper-Based 3D Printer Using NSDTF-DEM Data

The purpose of the present work is to develop a simple procedure for making physical models of three-dimensional (3D) digital topographic maps by rapid prototyping (RP) using digital elevation model (DEM) data. It is also intended to reduce data loss by choosing the right tools and minimizing intermediate data translations. As a typical digital map, NSDTF-DEM can be translated into ArcInfo ASCII Grid format, so that it can be manipulated by ARCGIS to restore the elevation, and in this way any data loss associated with intermediate file transfer will be eliminated. By AccuTrans3D software DEM files can further be converted into Stereo lithography (STL) surface with intricate geometries. The STL surface is then manipulated in Materialise Magics software to obtain a solid STL part, which can be used as input files for RP to obtain a physical model. All the openly available software that used in this method runs under Microsoft Windows 7 operating systems. The RP machine applied in this procedure is paper-based 3D printer, which takes less time and costs less but produces environmental friendly models with high accuracy.

Liuxi He, Zhaohui Yu, Guangxue Chen
Chapter 45. The Dynamic Display of Fractal Graphics on Computer

It is the realization process about a software which shows the fractal graphics by a game. First, it introduces camera acquisition image, captured image process, and image basic point calculation. Second, it represents the basic elements and computer-generated methods of a few fractal samples and gives their programs. At last, it describes that the software uses VC++ programming language to achieve the moving fractal graphics with the camera captured images dynamically. It mixes the knowledge and interest to one, so that people have a deeper understanding of fractal graphics like playing a game.

Wenjie Yang, Yuanyuan Zhu

Digital Media Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 46. “Creative Commons” Public Licensing for the Competitive Markets of the Publishing, Printing, and Packaging Industries

Intellectual property rights protection is one of the major strategies of publishing, printing, and packaging companies. It strengthens competitive advantages in a highly competitive environment, particularly, in the digital age. New packaging structure, and packaging content and visual design are valuable targets to be protected under IPR mechanisms. Under IPR mechanisms, not only IPR costs are high for R&D but also the high risk being charged with IPR infringement. For small and mid-size design service companies, it is too complicate to treat IPR issues and difficult to reduce IPR costs. Is there any IPR mechanism that small and mid-size design companies could follow to reduce intellectual property costs and the cost of being charged with IPR infringement? “Technology and knowledge sharing” has developed since the last decade of the 20th century. The open-source movement philosophy has developed to several mechanisms, such as, Open Design, Science Commons, and Creative Commons. This paper is focused on “Creative Commons and IP sharing”, to discuss the value of IP sharing for design fields. “Increasing marginal utility” is a major economic theory in this paper used to describe what benefits Open Design And Creative Commons could contribute to the design, publishing, printing, and packaging industries. Expert interviews and case studies are major research methods of this article.

Yaojen Liu
Chapter 47. Design and Implementation of Location-Based Services on Campus Navigation System

Using panorama technology and location services to research and design campus navigation system that provide basic mobile navigation service for users. The real map of Hexi campus of Tianjin University of Science and Technology is taken as the research object. It takes the camera to collect pictures and uses PTGui software to make 720° panorama. Transform panorama images by Pano2VR software into dynamic display files for webpage. At last, the corresponding hot spot information and navigation function in webpage are achieved by using the Html5 technology. The final campus navigation system will provide real view display, navigation, and other function. Design and development of campus navigation system of panorama technology and location services, can not only provide the service for the students and teachers in campus to learn about the facilities position, to understand the campus layout and access location of resources information, and to offer better option and more helpful information to other users out of campus to understand the campus.

Zhanjun Si, Chen Wang
Chapter 48. Establishment of Color Matching Database Based on MySQL

Color matching system is a specialized software solution geared towards spot color matching. It contains spectral reflectance import, data calculation, and formula export. In virtue of a generic open data base connectivity (ODBC) interface, data analysis is performed by statistics and analysis software connecting to a database. The color matching database (CMD) application is developed in ink formulation studies, and is established including four modules: primary ink information database, substrate information database, spot color database (target color), and ink formula database. This paper describes the design and establishing of CMD. The database is built on MySQL. Formula ink can be selected by searching target color number. The results show that the adoption of MySQL program application is feasible, flexible, low-cost and user-friendly way of managing research data in color matching system.

Yan Zhang, Shisheng Zhou, Congjun Cao
Chapter 49. Research and Implementation of Campus Tour System Based on Mobile Terminal

With the advent of the information society, the construction of digital campus is the inevitable trend of the development of colleges and universities. With Tianjin TEDA campus of the University of science and technology as the main object of study, application based on the Apple Mac OS X system with Xcode software swift programming language written code works, the development of campus tour guide system based on mobile terminal is made in order to make user conveniently to understand the layout of the campus information and campus introduction. This application has many functions, such as zooming map, searching the location, introducing campus. For strangers, it also supports a convenient and quick visualization service to them, so that they are familiar with the school quickly and fully anytime anywhere.

Zhanjun Si, Lu Zhang, Ying Wang
Chapter 50. Optimization of Chinese Reproduction on Mobile Terminal Based on Reading Experience

This paper uses Chinese reproduction on mobile terminal to analyze frequently used Chinese reproduction combinations in digital publishing by questionnaires and AHP, and gets Chinese reproduction parameters which impact weighting sequences and optimizing reading experience in mobile reading. The results prove that the weighting sequences of Chinese reproduction in mobile terminal are font recognition, font legibility, and layout rationality in turn. Users reading experience can be better by improving the weighting ratio, and be optimized.

Wangjian Qiu, Qiang Wang, Yan Shi
Chapter 51. Research and Development on e-book Apps Based on iOS Development Platform

E-books are made available in both Android and iOS platforms as increasingly, technology savvy readers choose to read digital e-books. E-book apps have transformed reading habits. The exponentially rising popularity of iOS and Android platforms is attributed to the incessant innovation of functions and appealing apps that are introduced every day. E-book apps are central to publishers worldwide to present prevailing content in an altogether interesting environment. In particular, many e-book application developers have chosen Apple’s iOS mobile devices such as iPad, or iPhone as the target device to provide more creative and richer user experience, as evidenced by the rapidly increasing number of publication apps in Apple’s App Store. In this paper, three major types of e-book apps from the App Store were examined from a developer’s perspective to provide a focused overview of the status and trends of iOS e-book apps and an analysis of related technology, architecture, and user interface design issues. Three representative e-book apps were analyzed according to their purposes, functions, and user satisfaction, so that a user interface design guideline is established for developer implementation. It was clear that e-book apps still had plenty of room to grow to take full advantage of unique mobile platform features and truly fulfill their potential. In particular, introduction of two- or three-dimensional visualization and context awareness for the behavior component could further enhance e-book app’s usability and utility. This paper aims to serve as a reference point and guide for developers and practitioners interested in using iOS as a platform for e-book applications, particularly from the technical perspective.

Ying Hu
Chapter 52. Design of Automated Typesetting System for Digital Content

An automated typesetting system containing two automatic algorithms for use in cross-media digital content applications are proposed in this paper. These algorithms are designed to repair defects in streaming text, page size, and image conversion. By combining these two algorithms, the automatic typesetting system significantly improves the quality of digital content using JavaScript language. The simulation results show that this system enhances the degree of automation of typesetting in publications. Specifically, users of the system will find that the layouts of publications are more fixed, the cycle of typesetting is shortened, and the efficiency and accuracy of the typesetting process are improved. Furthermore, the system enhances the overall aesthetic appeal and the specifications of the layout.

Tingyun Fang, Jingcheng Li
Chapter 53. The Study on the Competence Criteria on Digital Content Designs for Digital Publishing Editors

The aim of the study is to understand the competence of digital content design for digital publishing editors. The study used document analysis first and then followed by in-depth interviews and evaluations with experts secondly, to explore the required competence of digital content designs for digital publishing editors. The study collected and analyzed various literatures and documents in competences required in digital content designs and publishing. Digital publishing experts who were top executives of their respective companies in Taiwan were invited and participated in this study 11 and 8 were attended meeting respectively as to provide their opinions and assessments on competence considered essential for digital publishing editors in digital content designs. The study resulted in six key functional elements such as design contents and platforms based on user-interface principles, processing final productions based on different publishing formats and specifications, etc. Further, a total of 40 performance criteria were also derived from this study, to name a few: designing suitable reading interfaces; planning layouts depending on the interfaces; capable of using editing software; using of digitized features; producing sound and images and editing of multiple materials, etc. The studied results could provide a set of standards or a merit basis for the relevant industries to recruit employees, the universities to teach students, and the government to select talents, etc.

Chiupai Ho, Mingju Hsu
Chapter 54. The Design of Network Printing Function Model

With the rapid development of science technology, the application of computer and internet technology has been increasing widely. The combination of digital printing technology and the internet has created a new printing model, network printing. A growing numbers of printing enterprises focus on network, and begin to build network platform for printing. Domestic network printing is in the beginning stage and faces many problems to be solved, for instance, the application scope is not enough, the market development is still low, the existing network printing platform can not meet the actual needs of customers, and so on. To solve these problems mentioned above, this thesis establishes the basic functional module of network printing platform by comparing and analyzing the four existing typical representative network printing platforms, such as EastnetPrint and Xie88.com, and discusses future trends and outlook of printing technology.

Nana Liu, Congjun Cao

Printing Engineering Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 55. Study on the Relationship Between Ink Drop Size and Dot Cover Area of Inkjet Plate Making

Ink drop size is an important indicator of the quality of inkjet stencil, which directly affects the accuracy of the printing dot cover area and the stability of the inkjet stencil. According to the nozzle print control principle, this paper has designed the test file, realized the measurement of microcosmic ink droplet shape by using edge detection, contour extraction, and other image processing technology and studied the relationship between the microdroplet size and the printing dot cover area. Through the methods, this paper realizes the rapid detection of ink drop size.

Junlong Xu, Huanhuan Jia, Yulei Zhao
Chapter 56. Application of the New Hybrid Screen Dot in Inkjet Plate-Making Technology

According to the characteristics of inkjet plate-making technology, the development and application of new hybrid screen dot is aimed to improve the quality of the inkjet plate and the reliability of inkjet plate-making technology. First, theoretically we prove the mechanism why the new hybrid screen dot can eliminate the inherent limitations of the inkjet technology, then compared to analysis the plate image effects between the hybrid screen dot and Amplitude Modulated (AM) screen dot which is outputted in the same print mode. The experimental results show that the hybrid screen dot significantly improves the image quality in the plate. The application of new hybrid screen dot not only reduces the human visual sensitivity when droplet deviations occur, but also breaks the frequency of each horizontal line in some degree, thus effectively improves the quality of the inkjet plate.

Huanhuan Jia, Yunzhi Chen, Xin Wang
Chapter 57. Effect of Paper Optical Characteristics on Tonal Gradation Reproduction in Inkjet Printing

Paper characteristics are important determinants to print quality, especially the optical characteristics of paper to color reproduction. In order to analyze the correlation between characteristic details and results, a simulation experiment was conducted. Five kinds of paper in three major categories were selected and three major optical characteristics, including whiteness, opacity, and chromaticity, were detected. Then a standard digital test format was printed with digital inkjet printer to optimize the output color quality. The tone reproduction and color gamut accuracy were analyzed by comparing the tonal gradation of primary color, secondary color and tertiary color. And the color gamut was created by Verify module in EFI software and was compared by pairwise comparison analysis. Finally, the primary relationships between paper optical characteristics and tone reproduction were summarized tentatively. The experimental results show that paper whiteness and chromaticity have a significant effect on tone reproduction, yet the effect of opacity is not obvious. This study provides good foundation to further mechanism study in the future work.

Yumei Li, Xiaomeng Cui, Shengming Zhang, Qianqian Sun, Chuanjie Liu
Chapter 58. Research on the Technique of Ink Presetting for Domestic Small and Medium-Sized Packaging Printing Enterprises

In most small-size packaging printing enterprises, waste of paper and ink and low production efficiency still exist. The reason is that ink supply amount is estimated according to the operator’s experience and ink key is adjusted by hand in the process of ink presetting. This article discusses the digitalization of ink supply in printing equipments with interface of CIP3/CIP4. The experiment result shows that the effect of ink presetting is good, the preparation time is decreased, the production efficiency is improved, the waste of paper and ink are reduced, and the cost is lowered.

Xiaoli Liu, Bingzhong Qiu, Longlong Bian, Hongxiu Pang, Fan Zhang
Chapter 59. Research on Prediction Model of Cyan Ink Dot Area Rate Based on Ink Spectrum

At particular wavelength point, establish a polynomial model for cyan ink spectrum reflectivity and dot area rate, based on three basic color ink spectrum reflectivity research. Using spectrophotometer to measure sample colors that printed by different proportion two or three basic inks. Through prediction model to get cyan dot area rate, prediction area rates are compared with real printed area rates. Then analyze the model accuracy and establish the compensation curve. The deviation influence of magenta is bigger than yellow, and the deviation is connected with magenta or yellow proportion. Experimental results indicate that the average error range is less than three percents, and using quadratic polynomial model to predict the cyan ink dot area rate is feasible. This study method also can be used in color spectrum separation and replication research.

Lizheng Zhang, Guorong Cao, Yue Zhuo, Hongtao Miao
Chapter 60. Research on the Performance of Screen Printing Line in Water Conductive Ink

Water-based conductive inks are environmentally friendly and energy efficient, when applied to the screen printing; they not only reduce the production costs, but also improve the working environment. The performance of conductive ink will be affected by the screen’s printing pressure, substrate types, line shapes, and other factors. Single factor experiments were chosen, the resistance value of the printed circuit under different factors were tested by changing the screen printing squeegee pressure, the substrate type, and the shape of printed electronic circuits. The results show that the thickness of the ink layer can be improved by greater squeegee pressure, thereby improving the conductivity; substrates with large surface tension can easily contribute to good conductivity; the conductivity on PET film was higher than that on the PE film; with different shapes on the printed electronic circuits, the conductive properties were not the same, the order of the conductivity was rectangular wave > broken line > annulus > linear. The performance of screen printing line has a certain influence on the conductivity of the conductive ink which should be strictly controlled in production to obtain production optimization.

Zhencai Qu, Shiwei Liu, Qingbao Wei, Yan Zhang
Chapter 61. Research on Carving Effect’s Reproduction of Art Deco Painting Based on UV Inkjet Technology

This paper aims at opening a new way to convert the reproduction of traditional drawings’ “visual stereo effect” into “reality relief stereoscopic effect.” Through analysis of some decorative paintings, we found that it could be reproduced through multiple-layered printing by UV inkjet printer to change the part of the specific positions’ UV ink layer thickness. After the completion of the split from three dimensions to multiple two-dimensional planes of this work, we should make sure the best number of plies to print it off. Finally, it is proved that this method is feasible and effective.

Chong Gu, Yongkai Wang
Chapter 62. Design of Digital Printing Process Based on G7

According to the core idea of the G7 technology process, we can use Curve2 software combined with ICC profile and utilize the gray balance control, calculation of dot gain, rip compensation curve, NPDC curve drawing, subjective evaluation of test image, and the analysis of the frequency matrix of the image to achieve the control of image quality. The effect of the image after color management and G7 correction is better than both the original image and the image only with the color management. In the printing process, the use of G7 process can be more convenient and effective for printing quality control.

Yiwei Li, Guangxue Chen, Liyu Liao
Chapter 63. Research on Halftoning Algorithm of Fabric Inkjet Printing Based on Printer Model

Hardcopies such as those produced by inkjet printers do not display isolated pixels; the printed binary patterns produced by frequency modulation (FM) halftoning are significantly darker than originals due to dot gain. This research establishes a halftoning algorithm based on the Floyd–Steinberg error diffusion method for fabric inkjet printing using a circular dot simulation of fabric inkjet printers which accurately represents the image tone of fabric inkjet printing. The proposed halftoning approach is easily adapted to a wide variety of silk substrates based on the way the specific printer model and the proposed measurement-based algorithm together estimate the print-dot radius. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm significantly improves tone matching, improves the tone-appropriate quality, and enhances control over the process and forecast level of production.

Qianyun Ma, Qiang Wang, Ping Yang
Chapter 64. Hologram Paper Printing Quality Detection and Research

In order to study color control and quality test of hologram paper printing, make a test form. Under the same printing conditions, print a test form on different substrates including different hologram papers and coated paper. Measure chromatic value and a series of dot area density using SP64, which is an integrating sphere color measurement instrument test, and then integrate and analyze the data. Under the same dot area, make a color reproduction comparison between hologram paper and coated paper. Scan the print proofs which are within different horizontal and vertical pound lines and fonts, and then make a reproduction comparison between hologram paper and coated paper in different fonts and different color aspect. Ascertain the differences between coated and hologram paper.

Yu Liu, Zehui Liu, Hongmei Chen

Packaging Engineering Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 65. An Application Study of Electronic Shelf Label on Cultural Creative Merchandise

The application of network technology develops rapidly. Cultural and creative merchandise are always adapting their various marketing modes to match consistently changing trends. This phenomenon illustrates that in order for company managers to receive maximum benefits they must replace traditional marketing methods and utilize the most up-to-date modes of application. Electronic shelf label (ESL) is one the most recently updated applications within this field. The purpose of this study was to analyze the correspondence between subject’s intentions and behavior when using various cultural and creative merchandise. This study explores the topic via aspects of usability and usefulness which is cited from the theory of technology acceptance model (TAM). Subjects within this study consist of employees from different backgrounds in the cultural and creative industry. They were interviewed through a questionnaire in which all questions were given randomly and collected for analysis through the SPSS software. The main findings of the study are described in the following. The differences in subjects’ backgrounds did not have enough evidence to be statistically significant in influencing the usability of ESL, usefulness of ESL, intention of use, and use behavior. However, the usability and usefulness of ESL were revealed to have a heavy influence on subjects’ intention behavior of when using cultural and creative merchandise, but no significant influence on use behavior. Furthermore, this study found that use behavior is significantly influenced by the intention of use. With the results of this study, it is revealed that the ESL application to cultural and creative merchandise is feasible. However, one of the major drawbacks is that the object (ESL panel) is limited by its small scale and color. Therefore, it is recommended to use ESL with a large-scale and colored panel, because it is much a suitable choice for practical application in cultural and creative merchandise.

Mingchw Wei, Yungcheng Hsieh
Chapter 66. Preservation Effect of Thymol Active MAP Packaging on Fresh-Cut Lotus Root

In order to extend the preservation period of fresh-cut lotus, three kinds of packaging films were applied to investigate the modified atmosphere effect on fresh-cut lotus. In the experiments, LDPE packaging was used as control while laboratory, self-made SBS/LDPE packaging with and without thymol natural extract active MAP packaging were comparatively studied. The quality properties of samples were measured during 8 days at 4 ± 1 °C and 60 ± 2 % relative humidity. The gas concentration in the package atmosphere and the physiological parameters including browning index, weight loss, hardness, and appearance were measured periodically. The experimental results show that thymol active packaging can slow down the fresh-cut lotus respiration and thus extend the preservation period of fresh vegetables.

Yabo Fu, Hui Liu, Lu Fu, Wencai Xu, Dongli Li
Chapter 67. Laptop Cushion Packaging Structure Design Based on Green Theory

Laptop, a high-precision electronic product which cannot be avoidable, is subject to various external forces in transportation and sales process. Currently the cushion packaging of the laptop mainly uses plastic foam whose production process often cannot meet the standard, which does not conform to the concept of environmental protection in the twenty-first century. Lenovo laptops of E40 series, for example, were designed cushion packaging structure based on the concept of environmental protection. Three kinds of green materials were selected, such as molded pulp, cardboard, and corrugated board. Three buffer structure packaging solutions were designed based on three different materials. Three schemes were compared according to three different perspectives. In the light of three kinds of schemes’ protection performance, price performance, and other aspects, the best scheme was achieved. In this article the best scheme’s size calculation, strength checking analysis, and other research aspects were put forward too. The corrugated board solution can be used in both the transport and the sales process for fixing and protecting laptop and in the process of using laptop as a support plate. The design process uses green design processes and methods, which can provide a reference for the later green packaging design.

Yunfei Zhong, Ruirui Chen, Die Hu, Yinghui Zhong
Chapter 68. Influences of Cleaning and Coating Conditions on the Quality of Eggs

China maintains a leading position in egg production in the world, but the rate of the mass and the industrialized cleaning for eggs remain low. In this study, different preservation conditions and cleaning processes were applied on fresh eggs, a day after it has been laid. Some conditions were compared, including the coating process (single-layer coating and double–layer coating)—2 % polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution and 2‰ dehydrogenation sodium acetate solution, temperature of the solution, hot air drying, and white mineral oil coating. An analysis was conducted on the results, including the weight loss rate, Haugh value, pH value, height of albumen, and the color of yolk. The results are as follows: the color of yolk had no significant difference; set 7 had the highest Haugh value; sets 5, 6, 8 had the lowest weight loss rate; set 1 owned the highest pH value while set 8 the lowest. Heat treatment is useful for reducing the weight loss rate. Coating is good for reducing weight loss rate and delaying the decline of Haugh value.

Xiujuan Zhi, Yinghao Xing, Dongxiao Huang, Qigen Tong, Bin Du, Jun Wu
Chapter 69. The Research on Modified Atmosphere Packaging Preservation of Fresh-Cut Iceberg Lettuce

Modified atmosphere packaging has broad prospects for development. This experiment in order to study the effect of modified atmosphere packaging on the preservation effect of fresh-cut lettuce, lettuce after cleaning, disinfection, dehydration, cutting a series of machining process, with different packaging materials and the proportion of different gases to modified atmosphere packaging, refrigerated at 4 °C, the respiration, intensity microorganism, weightlessness rate, vitamin C, chlorophyll, and conductivity of the lettuce were determined in the bag every two day, screened the best material and the best ratio of gas for lettuce; the results showed that the suitable packaging materials and gas ratio of O2 and CO2 were beneficial to extend the shelf life of fresh-cut lettuce, maintained the appropriate respiration intensity, effectively inhibited the growth of microorganisms and reduced VC, chlorophyll, and other nutrient loss. Lettuce in the storage process is to maintain the quality of test results. Test obtained the best packaging materials and the best gas proportion of fresh-cut lettuce, namely best packaging materials for PE composite nylon, inflatable proportion for 3 % O2 + 10 % CO2, this combination can keep the quality good of fresh-cut lettuce in the process of storage, the preservation period of lettuce extended from 4–5 days to 14 days.

Yanxin Xu, Xiangning Chen, Li Xu, Bin Du
Chapter 70. Research of 9 Storage Factors’ Impacts on Swan Egg Quality by Using Plackett–Burman Design

Thanks to the species characteristics and loose breeding for swans and swan eggs feature high nutritional and commercial values. So it is of great significance to take technical means to prolong the storage period of swan eggs. Adopting the PB experiment, the study makes an analysis on the impacts of some factors on the storage effect, including outer shell film of swan eggs, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) membrane, coating temperature of PVA membrane, temperature of wind drying, storage temperature, white mineral oil membrane, bran storage, piled storage, and placement (horizontal or vertical). Analytical models show that: as for weight loss, the storage temperature for 5 °C and white mineral oil membrane are key factors; for haugh unit, the storage temperature for 5 °C, temperature of hot air drying for 70 °C, and white mineral oil membrane are the remarkable influencing factors; coating oil membrane, storage temperature, and placement influence the diameter of air chamber. The conclusion of the study provides a certain theoretical bases for properly selecting and effectively using the methods to improve the freshness of eggs in a manufacturing process.

Xiujuan Zhi, Yinghao Xing, Qigen Tong, Bin Du, Jun Wu
Chapter 71. Experimental Study on the Cold Meat by High Pressure Preservation Technology

It was studied the effects of ultra high pressure fresh-keeping packaging technology on quality of cold fresh meat in the storage period. Applying different pressure on cold meat and keep a certain time, every 3 days on the sample by one measurement were used to detect the cold fresh meat TVB-N value, color, pH value, and the total number of colonies, to test the UHP fresh-keeping packaging on chilled pork preservation effect. After 15 days of storage, samples of ultra high pressure to maintain 5 min 300 MPa, its TVB-N value is 15.3 mg/100 g, the pH value is 6.6, chromatic values (a*) of 14.1, the total number of colonies is 4.8 × 104 cfu/g, reached the first class standard of national standard of fresh meat, it can be good fresh preservation effect.

Xue Gong, Jiang Chang
Chapter 72. Study on Logistics Information Packaging Technology of Fresh Food in Cold Chain

The paper describes the type and operational principle of packaging for fresh food in cold chain logistics. It gives an overview on the mechanism, features, applications, and present development of the trace-ability technology (Bar Code, RFID), data acquisition technology (temperature sensors and humidity sensors), and positioning technology (GPS, GIS). The paper also analyzes problems that currently exist in technique progress, standard construction and application system, also points out the way to solve the problems in aspects of technical intelligence, improvement of quality standards, integrity of the cold chain system and logistics green in China.

Xiaomin Li, Lijiang Huo
Chapter 73. Analyze Thickness Precision of Irregular Metal Aerosol Can Based on ANSYS

Irregular metal aerosol can should not only satisfy consumer’s individual demand, but also reduce thickness as much as possible with long-term pressure resistance. In this study, three difference can structures are designed with ergonomics considerations. SolidWorks software is adopted for modeling and ANSYS for simulation and analysis. The relevance between can thickness as well as long-time pressure resistance is discussed. The thickness of the shell is set to 0.45, 0.50, 0.55, 0.60, and 0.65 mm, respectively. The models from SolidWorks are then imported into ANSYS and 1.2 MPa pressure is imposed from inside wall. Based on the resulted curves of thickness stress, an optimum thickness is obtained for each can. Combined with aesthetics and ergonomic factors, the third model is considered to be the best design, with a maximum stress value of 707.8 Mpa in 0.51 mm thickness. It is less than the standard 720.0 Mpa and verified on remodeling of the third model. Summarily, this discussion aims to improve the design accuracy and provide a profit basis.

Lingjiang Chen, Zhongguo Xu, Feng Guo
Chapter 74. Application of Laminated Steel in Stone Coating Packaging

At present, bagging treatment has to be done in stone coating’s canning and transportation, because it is usually packaged by tinplate three-piece can, which could be corroded and scratched inside. Focusing on solving the corrosion and scratch problem of natural stone coating, this paper discussed the performance improvement by using laminated steel packaging. On the basis of studying the composition, physical, and chemical properties of stone coating, the following three comparison experiments were accomplished: (a) increasing thickness of inner coating; (b) double coating instead of single; and (c) using laminated steel on can body. The experiment results indicate that the package can in experiment C has the best corrosion resistance and scratch resistance. Moreover, production cost and material cost were also reduced in laminated steel method. It is thus clear that applying laminated steel not only enhances the performance of the tinplate can, but also cuts the cost, which means laminated steel packaging can be used in natural stone coating and is suitable for mass production.

Chong Gu
Chapter 75. Influence of Process Parameters on the Thickness Distribution of Beverage Bottles in Injection-Stretch-Blow Process

PET bottle for beverage is mostly made by the process of injection-stretch-blow. The process parameters influence the thickness distribution obviously. To research the influencing laws of process parameters on thickness distribution, first, we simulate the process of injection-stretch-blow under three different stretching velocities of 0.65, 0.7, and 0.81 m/s, second, we simulate the process under three different delaying times for blowing, such as 0.2, 0.25, 0.3 s. Because the parison needs to be blew when it is stretched in some time of the manufacturing process. Therefore, contact release must be enabled, and which can be enabled only for 3D and shell models. We choose the shell model in the simulation because it has absolutely advantage in calculating speed. The results show that the material of the bottle’s bottom and the thickness on the middle of the bottle increased, and the thickness on the neck of the bottle decrease with the increasing of stretching velocity. And the same thing happened when the delaying time for blowing increase. The increasing of stretching velocity or delaying time is beneficial to the uniformity of bottle’s thickness distribution and helps to improving compressive strength of the bottle. But we must ensure that the parison is not pulled off when the stretching velocity increases, and the impact on the parison’s temperature distribution should be minimized when increasing delaying time. In addition, numerical simulations can provide more help in estimating the thickness distribution of bottle.

Weisheng Song, Yan Zhang
Chapter 76. Application of ZigBee Networking Technology in Oil Field

The Internet of things is a network that connects the goods and the network. It can exchange and communicate information through several of information sensor equipment in order to achieve intelligent monitoring and management. The wells information is collected by installing sensors on the wells; information include temperature, liquid, and oil-water ratio. Then design an appropriate scheme of wireless communication to solve the problem of how achieve information transport in oil field based on ZigBee terminal transport distance. The maximum stable distance of the ZigBee terminal node is obtained by testing. At the same time, the maximum stable transmission distance arranges the stratification of the wells reasonably. Well as ZigBee terminal node, the information is transmitted via the approach of hop-by-hop relaying to the data management center for achieving the application of ZigBee wireless transmission technology in the oil field and managing and monitoring oil field information easily.

Hanyue Zhang, Xuehong Wang, Jiao Wen
Chapter 77. RFID Technology Application on the Supervision of Cold-Chain Logistics Warehousing

At present, a gap exists in the supervision of cold-chain logistics (CCL). Applying contactless and automatic radio frequency identification (RFID) technology on cold-chain storage to achieve the traceability of CCL is proposed in this study. First, the status of CCL is described. Then, the principles of RFID technology, its advantages, and its disadvantages are elaborated. Finally, applying RFID technology on cold-chain storage is proposed so that a full process automation warehousing, inventory management, visualization, and traceability can be implemented. In this process, we can extract supervision index of the CCL warehousing environment. A cold-chain traceability system stored procedure based on RFID technology is established. Compared with the traditional cold chain logistics warehouse management technology, the real-time monitoring function of cold chain storage is added to improve the automation and information level of storage, and improve the quality of cold chain logistics storage.

Li Yang, Hanyue Zhang, Suzhou Tang
Chapter 78. Design of Oil Well Monitoring Information Management System Based on IOT Technology

Information management methods of oil production plant of the traditional way are backward. All the departments are in the stand-alone mode, lacking a unified information network platform, generating large amounts of information islands. This backward working model has seriously hindered the development of oil production plant. This paper uses LC-40DR-A-type multiphase flow monitor as remote data acquisition terminal, focusing on three aspects of data acquisition, data management, and data application, to establish the remote data acquisition and control system improvement. The realization of the five major functions—real-time monitoring, automatic alarm, the user management, report management, and equipment management—can not only improve the measurement accuracy, but also provide strong support for the daily production management in oil production plant.

Hanyue Zhang, Fei Cheng, Chen Hu

Mechanical Engineering and Numerical Control Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 79. Application of Machine Vision for Geometric Dimensions Measurement

A machine vision system with high precision and easy operation was designed to measure the position, height, and verticality of an automobile part which were very difficult by traditional inspection methods. It consisted of two cameras, two lights, and one embedded image processing unit DMV1000. After being carefully calibrated, the system performed well with the maximum distance absolute error of about 0.02 mm and angle absolute error of 0.26°. Combined with server motor system and pneumatic system, all measuring procedures automatically worked after one start button push. In this paper, the hardware and software designs of this system were introduced in detail and the verification test data were discussed which proved the high stability and precision of this equipment.

Yong Wang, Xiandou Zhang, Mei Chen
Chapter 80. The Research of Auto Quantitative Extracting Equipment for Offset Ink

In spot color ink blending filed, accurate quantitative extracting equipment makes work easy. The auto quantitative extracting equipment is designed for offset ink and is assembled from ink delivery unit, double different diameter values which are controlled by electromagnetism, measurement unit, and control software. The system degree of accuracy and stability declines, but the system efficiency for extracting ink is improved, when pumping pressure in ink delivery unit is increased. The optimal work parameters are determined by accuracy, stability, and efficiency. The pumping pressure scale of ink delivery unit, the relationship of double valves, and the control software of system are discussed. The fluid characteristics of ink also are considered. It is showed that the auto quantitative measuring equipment meets the requirements of spot color blending requirement, and the waste is avoided.

Guorong Cao, Lizheng Zhang, Bo Gao, Lianfang Li
Chapter 81. Preparation and Performance Investigation of the Flexible Pressure Sensor

Recently, the flexible pressure sensor has attracted significant attentions as its high performance and wide applications, including wearable electronics, environmental monitoring device, and human-machine interfaces device and robotics. In this paper, silver nanowires (AgNWs) as the electrode materials were synthesized by polyol process, and the laboratory-made silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as well as commercial carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were also chosen as the electrode materials in comparison. The flexible plastic, PI, PET, and PE films were chosen as the dielectric layer. The flexible pressure sensor was prepared with a simple, low-cost, and low energy-consuming method as sandwiching the dielectric layer between two opposing electrodes. The effects of the different electrode materials and the dielectric layer on the properties of the flexible pressure sensor were investigated. Results showed that the sensor with larger dielectric constant PI film and easy deformation AgNW/PDMS electrode had a greater sensitivity (1. 284 kPa−1), fast response time, and high stability. The applied testing showed that the prepared flexible pressure sensor could detect tiny pressure signals and has the potential to be used in the electronic skins filed.

Qingbin Zhai, Lixin Mo, Wei Yang, Dongyan Zhu, Xincan Chen, Lu Geng, Luhai Li
Chapter 82. Fault Diagnosis Method of Feeding Mechanism in Printing Machine Based on Multivariate Statistical Process Control

Device feeding is considered as the primary condition for printing production industry, which also determines the accuracy and quality of printing production. Having observed the difficulty of detecting the feeding fault in printing machine, the present study intends to propose an effective method on the basis of multivariate statistical process control. Firstly, the printing deviations in both circumferential and axial directions are calculated. Then, a principle model in normal working condition is build. Secondly, the working state of feeding unit is evaluated according to PSE control limits and data changing. Finally, the fault diagnosis and explanation are undertaken through the analysis of principle loading and the calculation of scoring. This study aims to establish a theory of fault diagnosis for press feeding system, which will offer a new theoretical instruction for the research in same field.

Zhuofei Xu, Haiyan Zhang, Heping Hou, Linghui Ren, Yankun Sun, Qianqian Xu
Chapter 83. Study on Contact Stress of Cylinder Gear and Tooth Profile Modification of Offset Press

The cylinder gear is an important part of offset press. It has great significance to ensure the speed of the cylinder gear constant and stable. In this paper, the finite element analysis software ANSYS is used to analyze the gear tooth deformation on influence of gear meshing transmission performance, and it comes to the conclusion that the gear before modification exists interference and stress concentration phenomenon. Adopting a method of cylinder gear–tooth profile modification for gear tooth, it shows that the gear tooth interference and the stress concentration phenomenon disappear after the modification, the gear-bearing capacity is greatly improved, and the gear runs more smoothly.

Qiumin Wu, Min Feng, Jimei Wu
Chapter 84. Study on Interpolation Algorithm of Printing Screen Transferred Manipulator

Screen printing is very common technology in printing and dye factory, now. Silk screen which was used be clean is a born work. In this paper, robot which used in silk screen cleaning is discussed. For silk screen cleaning machine, the robot is used to transfer the silk screen which is ready to be washed. According to the structures of robot and machine, the algorithms of arc interpolation are proposed. In this algorithm, the path of robot end actuator is divided into a series of discrete points. The location and gesture of robot end actuator are computed and the motion parameters of every joint are computed by one dimension scanning optimization algorithm. The algorithm is composed and used in manipulator of robot which is used to transfer the silk screen into washing machine. The experiment results prove that the algorithm is valid and helpful.

Zhao Nie, Hongwei Xu, Guowei Yao, Laixiang Wu
Chapter 85. System Design for Temperature Control and Distribution Detection Based on 485 Communications

This paper introduces the temperature control and detection system under the monitoring of computer, which was applied SRS14A temperature controller and the K8511 thermal resistance acquisition module, based on the 485 communication for the exploration of trial-manufacture dry sintering of the heating chamber. The authors make a brief introduction about the communication of SRS14A temperature controller and the K8511 thermal resistance collection module, give the principle of the double timer timing cycle data acquisition, provide for the control program flow chart and related program code. Through the VB6.0 programming, the serial communication between the computer and the modules is realized. The temperature is collected and controlled. The centralized control is realized, and the operation and data processing is easy. Based on the idea of programming, this method can be used for the expansion of the similar principle module control.

Bo Gao, Xiaogui Zhang, Wuqi Wang
Chapter 86. Research of Printing Machinery Parts Classification and Coding System

The printing machinery parts have no uniform coding system, which caused many problems in the process of design and manufacture. Its classification and coding can not only improve management efficiency but also enable to accelerate product development. Now, this article is based on the study of existing parts classification system, the combination of chain structure, tree structure and hybrid structure, designing a decimal and ten code printing machinery parts classification, and coding system by using group technology. It is composed of Arabic numerals and letters, and it used T-slot bolts modeling process in order to illustrate classification and coding system for using of each code attributes and specific. The coding system has many advantages, such as simple structure, appropriate classification number links, and easy to remember. It is convenient for the unified management of printing machinery parts. Besides, it has a great role in the establishment of standardized parts library.

Qian Li, Hongqiang Wan, Gang Gao
Chapter 87. Characteristic Research of Static Mixer Used in Solventless Laminator

Solventless lamination is a new technique which is widely used in package printing industry now. For solventless lamination, the mixing result of A/B materials has an important impact on the performances of solventless lamination adhesives. Furthermore, the parameters of the mixing process and the structure of static mixer have a strong effect on the mixing efficiency. In this paper, the structure of static mixer which is used in solventless lamination machine is modeled with Pro/E software. The model is transferred into Fluent software, and the computing regime is determined and meshed. The mixing result is simulated with Fluent software and the result shows that the mixture results under the different diameters of mixer and different of inlet flow speeds of A and B materials are very different. Through this simulation and analysis, the optimized parameters of mixing process and diameter of mixer are obtained to improve the mixing efficiency. This research will supply a good help for the design of solventless laminating machine and give the guide for the setting of solventless laminating technology parameters.

Hongwei Xu, Hang Zhang, Donghong Liu
Chapter 88. Structure Design of Die Cutting Unit in Corrugated Carton Production Line

The corrugated carton as a common packaging tool is usually produced in production line including feeding unit of corrugated boards, printing unit, slotting unit, die cutting unit, and gluing unit. Among them, the die cutting unit is a very important device in this line, which has a large influence on the accuracy of cutting position. So it is crucial to design the structure of die cutting unit. First, both main structure and motion of rotary die cutting unit are analyzed. It is explained that die cutting unit is mainly composed of two rollers, rubber roller and die roller. Both the rollers rotate synchronously. In order to promote the cutting quality, adjustments of rubber roller and die roller are necessary, such as roller position, rotating speed, so adjusting structure in detail and its principle of die cutting unit are illustrated in this paper.

Rongyu Ge, Yimin Wu, Haitao Wang

Paper and Related Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 89. Study on the Flexural and Water Absorption Properties of Mixed Office Wastepaper/Recycled-PP Composites

How to use the waste printing and packaging materials such as wastepaper, and waste plastic effectively has received considerable attention from the printing and packaging industry in recent years. In this paper, mixed office wastepaper (MOW) and recycled polypropylene (rPP) were used as the main raw materials to product composite materials by hot press molding process. The composition and morphology of MOW fiber, flexural properties, water absorption, and interfacial properties of composites were analyzed. The results found that MOW fiber mainly included cellulose, hemicelluloses, inks, and a certain amount of CaCO3 filler, which can be used as reinforcement for wood-plastic composites (WPC). The maximum flexural strength (FS) of the composite with 30 wt% fibers increased by 65 % compared to rPP. The flexural modulus (FM) increased with the increasing of the fiber loading. With the increasing of the fiber content and the immersion time, the water absorption of the composites increased gradually. The water absorption rate tended to stability after soaking 150 h. The FS of the composites filled by 35 wt% MOW fibers decreased 14 % approximately after soaking two weeks. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) found that when the MOW fiber content was 30 %, the composites had good interfacial performance.

Xiaolin Zhang, Xiangfeng Bo
Chapter 90. Studies on the Compound Conditions of Nano-SiO2 Based ACQ Preservative

The stability of nano-SiO2 based amine copper quat (ACQ) solution with different compound conditions was investigated using orthogonal and single factor tests in this paper. The results show that the degree of influence of various factors on the solution subsidence, in sequence, is: ultrasonication time > SiO2:Sodium hexametaphosphate ratio > ACQ concentration > SiO2 amount. The stability of the SiO2 particles in the ACQ preservative solution first increases and then decreases as the ACQ concentration increases. The sedimentation rate of the SiO2 particles in ACQ solution exhibits a linear increase when the amount increases. Thus, it is critical to select the reasonable compound conditions of ACQ preservative including the proportion of SiO2/sodium hexametaphosphate and ultrasonication time to improve the whole stability of nano-SiO2 within ACQ.

Xinyan Liu, Lili Yu, Xiaojun Ma, Lizhi Zhu
Chapter 91. Research on Secondary Fiber Elastic Repair for High-Strength Packaging Materials

To research the method of improving the secondary fiber strength for high-strength packaging paper products, on the basis of analyzing the secondary fiber species and performance, we emphatically analyzed the principle and repair effect of mechanical method and enzymatic method. Probing the effect of repair technology of secondary fiber combined with the two methods has environmental characteristics. The results demonstrate that mechanical treatment and enzyme treatment method can make the secondary fiber main packaging performance increased by more than 20 % including ring crush strength and breaking length. Combining the two methods will be more to restore the strength of the secondary fiber performance.

Xiaojuan Shi, Chao Li, Wensheng Wang, Junyan Huang, Huanxiu Liu, Qi Xu
Chapter 92. The Amount of Modified Acrylate Effects on Paper Performance for Printing Electronics

In the digital age, while people enjoy the convenience of electronic products, we also have to face the problems of the electronic waste disposition. The most promising way to solve this problem is to use paper instead of non-biodegradable polymer, but paper has the strong capability to absorb conductive ink, which diffuses readily, and the roughness of paper surface has impact on the conductivity of the line, so that it limits paper’s application area. This paper mainly discussed how the concentrations of modified acrylic resin in the coating liquid affected coated paper’s surface structure and ability and how the paper’s ability finally affects the printed circuit quality. Then, we analyze the appearance quality and electrical conductivity of the conductive lines printed on the coated paper by screen printing. The conductive ink can form the compact line on the coating paper, which improves the circuit’s conductivity. The method used in this experiment can make the coated paper suitable for printing.

Bei Liu, Congjun Cao, Zhen Jia
Chapter 93. Study on the Enzymatic Deinking Technology of Waste Newsprint Paper

The deinking experiments of waste newsprint with biological enzymes had been done to evaluate the effect of enzyme deinking and to improve the quality of regeneration of waste paper. A newsprint enzyme deinking process had been established, and the deinking samples had been prepared. The quality of deinking process was evaluated by whiteness and residual ink area percentage. The deinking effect had been compared with one-component enzyme preparation and two-component complex enzyme preparation. The results show that the best one of one-component enzyme preparation deinking is lipase, with the whiteness of 55.33 % and the residual ink area percentage of 2.11 %; two-component complex results show that the cellulase and lipase enzyme works best with the whiteness of 55.69 % and the residual ink area percentage of 1.85 %. Three enzymes all can remove ink from waste newsprint and the deinking effect could be enhanced when mixed.

Jiang Chang, Xue Gong
Chapter 94. Discussing Processing Technology and Method of Honeycomb Cardboard

Purpose The purpose of the study was offering technical reference for production and products of honeycomb cardboard and its application in modern packaging industry. Method The forming principal, process technology, and production process of honeycomb cardboard were introduced. The factors such as raw material, forming process, and other factors on the properties of honeycomb cardboard were analyzed. Result As a new green packaging material, the honeycomb cardboard and packing products have the characteristics of light weight, high strength, low cost, good cushioning performance, and so on; they have great potential to develop and application prospect. Conclusion The honeycomb cardboard and packing products are a new type of environmental protection material which is consistent with the circular economy, low carbon, green packaging, and sustainable development requirements. They will play more and more important roles in the modern packaging field.

Shangjie Jiang, Junyan Huang, Linlin Yu, Huanxiu Liu

Film and Related Material Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 95. Synthesis and Characterization of Nano-Porous Oxidized Silica Film with Low Dielectric Constant

A route to prepare nano-porous oxidized silica film using plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) is reported in this paper. Taking hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDSO) as the monomer, doping with O2, while adding a small amount of ether, the oxidized silica film is synthesized on the glass substrate using glow discharge. At last, the film is heated to produce more pores to reduce its dielectric constant. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) are used to characterize the film; the refractive index is measured by the ellipsometer; and then, the dielectric constant of the films is calculated. The results show that the films with dielectric constant smaller than 2.0 can be acquired by adjusting the proportion of HMDSO and O2, discharge time, and discharge power.

Can Wang, Gaimei Zhang, Xiaoli Song, Qiang Chen, Jingting Zhang
Chapter 96. Research on the Preservation Effect of Paper Plastic Compound Bags on the Lychee

The influence of a paper plastic compound bag and commercially available storage bags on the storage quality of the lychee at low temperature (5 °C) was investigated. The packed lychee qualities during storage were determined by the browning index, decay rate, soluble solids content, titrate acidity, and Vitamin C concentration. The lychee with ordinary commercial packaging bags could be kept 6 days and the shelf life of lychee with a paper plastic compound bag was 11 days. The obvious browning and water loss rate of lychee were obtained with ordinary commercial packaging bags. The paper plastic compound bag could delay effectively the appearance of the white mold.

Qing Liu, Dongli Li, Ruijuan Liao, Jiazi Shi
Chapter 97. Preparation and Characterization of PLLA/OMMT–MAH Nanocomposite by Esterification Method

In this study, in order to avoid the serious degradation of poly (l-lactic acid) (PLLA) caused by maleic anhydride (MAH) while taking advantages of its interfacial compatibility, an esterification between OMMT and MAH was designed to form OMMT–MAH composite. The experiments showed that the esterification rate of OMMT (100 °C, without oxygen and using cyclohexanone as a solvent) is 6.5 %. Compared with pure PLA, PLA/OMMT–MAH (OMMT–MAH 1 wt%) obtained an optimum performance except impacting strength. And the crystallinity increased from 6.36 to 9.49 %. Compared with composites without initiator, the mechanical properties of composites with initiator improved slightly except bending modulus, which indicated that double bond on OMMT–MAH was opened under the effect of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and connected with PLLA main chain by bonding. In this study, a novel method to modify MMT was found, and it was an effective way to improve the performance of PLLA.

Ruixia Duan, Kai Guo, Yingning He, Jinzhou Chen, Mingjun Niu
Chapter 98. Effect of Film-Forming Conditions on the Properties of Fluorinated Acrylate Film

The fluorinated acrylate composite emulsion was synthesized by seeded emulsion polymerization. With the resultant emulsion, a number of hydrophobic films were prepared. The contact angles of water on the films were measured using Kruss DSA100 automatic video contact angle measuring instrument. The influences of film-forming conditions, such as heating temperature, heating time, and film thickness, on the film properties were discussed. The film with a thickness of 50 μm after 4-h-long heat treatment at 80 °C can obtain best properties. The results indicate that the formation conditions have greatly affected film properties.

Mengke Feng, Guorong Cao, Jiazi Shi
Chapter 99. Preparation and Properties Research on Electrostatic Spinning Acetate/Chitosan Composite Fiber

In this paper, composite fiber membranes of cellulose acetate/chistosan (CA/CS) were prepared by electrospinning using two different injection methods involving co-injection and two-step injection. The antibacterial and micro-morphology properties of the CA/CS composite fiber membranes were also investigated. The results show that the optimum conditions of co-injection method were as follows: voltage 13 kV, flow rate 1.0 ml/h, and receiving distance 10 cm. For the two-step injection method, the voltage of 15 kV, flow rate of 1.0 ml/h, and receiving distance of 10 cm were adopted to prepare cellulose acetate membrane at first, and then, the chitosan liquid was injected into the cellulose acetate membrane under the condition of 13 kV voltage and 0.5 ml/h flow rate. The CA/CS composite fiber membrane prepared by the co-injection method had a better fibrous structure arrangement, smooth fiber surface, and uniform thickness, but the poor antibacterial effect was also indicated. However, the two-step injection method has excellent antibacterial effects. When the CS/PEO ratio is 9:1, composite fiber membrane has the best antibacterial property, but the fiber surface is not smooth enough.

Yating Wu, Liqiang Huang, Jing Wang, Na Wei
Chapter 100. Preparation of POSS Modified PLLA Film and Research of Its Part Properties

Star-shaped POSS-g-PLLA is prepared by using l-lactic acid (L-LA) and octa (γ-chloroammoniumpropyl) octasilsesquioxane (POSS-NH3Cl). Then, a series of modified PLLA films are prepared by using POSS-g-PLLA, and their part properties are investigated. The conclusions are as follows: (1) Water absorption of modified PLLA films increases with the increase of POSS-NH3Cl, and the maximum is up to 11.35 %. (2) Oil resistance of the modified PLLA films is decreased, but it is not affected by the dosage of POSS-NH3Cl. (3) Air permeability of the modified PLLA films is excellently increased, and the maximum is 11.3 g/(m2 ∙ 24 h). (4) Water vapor permeability of the modified PLLA films is obviously decreased, and the minimum is 38.5 g/(m2 ∙ 24 h) which is obviously lower than that of PLLA films (112.7 g/(m2 · 24 h)).

Xiaohui Zhang, Yanfen Zhang
Chapter 101. Application of a Multi-functional Integrated Bag in the Preservation of Pitaya

To extend the shelf life of pitaya at room temperature (25 ± 1 °C), study the preservation of fresh pitaya packed by a multi-functional integrated bag, the AP bag, which is prepared by the intelligent hydrogel antiseptic film and the high permeability silicon window film. Compared with the experimental group, a set of parameters of the naked put in the control group have been measured, such as top air of bags, body composition, hardness of pitaya, total soluble solid content, total acid, and vitamin C content. At room temperature, the shelf life of pitaya naked put was just 6 days, and pitaya’s shelf life could be extended by 4 days with the AP bags, and it could keep the overall appearance of pitaya better. Since the gas permeation rate of the AP Bags is high, it can prevent pitaya from browning effectively and slow down the firmness reduction, and the micro-atmosphere effect inhibits the respiration of the fruit effectively. AP could effectively reduce the decrease of hardness and the water loss, and at the same time, the total soluble solid content and the total acid of AP were higher than the control group.

Huan Chang, Dongli Li, Qing Liu, Hui Liu
Chapter 102. Preparation and Characterization of Natural Cellulose Packaging Film

The aim of this paper was to research the production conditions and the properties of the natural cellulose food packaging film. We used cotton pulp, bleached wood pulp, and bleached reed pulp as raw materials. We adopt environment-friendly cellulose solvent N-methylmorpholine-N-oxide (NMMO) method, after degassing, scraping, and bathing made of thin films. The single-factor experiment investigated cellulose types, cellulose concentration, coagulation bath concentration and temperature, and plasticizer concentration. Natural cellulose film-forming optimum conditions were explored by the orthogonal. Single-factor experiment got the greater impact factors such as cellulose types, cellulose concentration, and plasticizer concentration. The optimum conditions are the cotton pulp of concentration is 6 %, the plasticizers glycerol of concentration is 4 %, and the coagulation bath temperature is 20 °C. The performance of films is tested under the following conditions: TS is 4.764 MPa, E is 47.0 %, WVP is 2.58 × 10−7g (m s Pa)−1, H is 27.5 %, OTR is 4.98 (cm3 mm) (m2 d 0.1 MPa)−1, Po is 6.52 (g mm) (m2 d)−1, and T is 85.3 %. The films can be used for packaging low-moisture greasy food.

Xiaojuan Shi, Chao Li, Junyan Huang, Wensheng Wang, Huanxiu Liu, Qi Xu
Chapter 103. Influence of Glycerol on Potato Starch-Based Biodegradable Packaging Films

Low price of potato starch as a wide range of sources of biodegradable packaging film substrate, glycerol as a plasticizer, polyvinyl alcohol as a film-forming agent, potato starch-based biodegradable packaging films were prepared by solution casting. Tests were run on potato starch-based biodegradable packaging films to determine mechanical properties, transparency, and color evaluation. It was observed that the increase of the glycerol content in the films increased the macromolecular mobility, and the potato starch films became less stiff and more flexible. Meanwhile, the transparency was decreased obviously.

Xinlin Zhang, Shiyong Luo, Wenyu Zhang, Wencai XU
Chapter 104. Study on the Biodegradation Performance of P(3HB-co-4HB) in Phosphate Buffer

As a kind of fully biodegradable, biocompatible, and environment-friendly thermoplastic polymer materials, more and more scholars began to study the P(3HB-co-4HB). In this paper, five kinds of 4HB molar fraction of P(3HB-co-4HB) biodegradability in phosphate buffer containing lipase were studied in the analysis of the degradation mechanism and degradation factors. Characterization of biodegradable performance was characterized by weight loss, molecular weight change, and membrane surface morphology. The results showed that 4HB molar fraction has little effect on the enzymatic degradation. During the five kinds of P(3HB-co-4HB) degradation process, the weight loss rate and molecular weight decreased rate have little difference. P(3HB-co-15 %4HB) has a lower degree of crystallinity and good surface roughness, so the degradation rate is the best of all. SEM image indicated that lipase for P(3HB-co-4HB) has a faster degradation, and its enzymatic degradation process is a surface corrosion process.

Jing Zhang, Bin Liang, Rui Zang, Fazhong Zhang

Ink and Related Technology

Frontmatter
Chapter 105. The Influence of Temperature Control Microcapsule Drying Agent Applies to Water-Based Gravure Ink on the Printability

In order to solve the low drying velocity problem of the water-based gravure ink, the temperature control microcapsule drying agent is prepared. The influence of the temperature control microcapsule drying agent on the drying characteristics of the ink is described in this chapter. The dispersibility of the temperature control microcapsule drying agent is tested in this chapter. The printing proofs which are made by the ink that contain temperature control microcapsule drying agent are tested, and the glossiness is also tested. Experimental results show that the temperature control microcapsule drying agent is able to enhance the drying velocity of the water-based gravure printing ink. The dispersibility of the temperature control microcapsule drying agent and the glossiness of the printing can meet the quality requirements.

Yingjie Xu, Tengfei Zhou, Xianfu Wei, Beiqing Huang
Chapter 106. Synthesis and Characterization of Alumina Sol-Modified Polyacrylate Emulsion

Alumina sol-modified polyacrylate emulsion was prepared by semi-continuous seeded emulsion polymerization using methyl methacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and acrylic acid (AA) as monomers, alumina sol as modifier. The chemical structure, particle size, and zeta potential of composite emulsion were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The influences of different contents of alumina sol on the surface tension and drying rate of composite emulsion were also investigated. The results showed that alumina sol existed in polyacrylate emulsion. The average particle size of composite emulsion was bigger than that of pure polyacrylate emulsion, and the zeta potential changed from negative value to positive value with the increase of alumina sol content. The introduction of alumina sol lowered the surface tension and accelerated the drying rate of pure polyacrylate emulsion. When the composite emulsion contained 3 wt‰ alumina sol, the surface tension reached the minimum with 31.79 mN/m and composite emulsion exhibited the fastest drying rate.

Xiaoyan Yu, Xiulan Xin, Baocai Xu, Tao Wu, Peng Wang
Chapter 107. The Effect of the Protective Colloid on the Property of Acrylic Emulsion

How to improve the stability of the acrylic emulsion to meet the needs of the practical application has always been an important research topic in this field. In this contribution, an alkali-soluble resin is used as protective colloids to improve the stability of the acrylic emulsion. The effects of protective colloids on the performance of acrylic emulsion were studied in detail. The results demonstrated that the alkali-soluble resins used as protective colloids can improve the stability of the emulsions against added calcium ion and ethanol. In addition, some other properties of the emulsions, such as viscosity, surface tension, adhesion, and water resistance, are also affected to some extent.

Luolin Han, Feng Qin, Xiaoyu Li, Haiqiao Wang
Chapter 108. Effects of Polymerization Variables on the Electrical Conductivity of Polypyrrole–Anionic Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brush (PPy/ASPB) Composite

A series of polypyrrole (PPy) doped with anionic spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (ASPB) (PPy/ASPB composite) at different polymerization variables (the amount of ASPB, molecular weight of grafted chains, polymerization time, and polymerization temperature) were synthesized by means of chemical oxidative polymerization, characterized with FTIR and analyzed by electrical conductivity measurements. Results verified that long grafted chains and low temperature helped to increase the electrical conductivity. ASPB acted both as dopant and as template in the polymerization process as a result of offering favorable space factors for the growth of pyrrole.

Na Su, Heng Xu, Zhengmin Cao
Chapter 109. Preparation and Properties of Infrared Heat-Sensitive Polymer Nanoparticles

Polymer nanoparticles containing near-infrared absorbing dye (maximum absorption at about 830 nm) were prepared by a two-staged emulsion copolymerization of styrene (ST), acrylonitrile (AN), and benzoic acid in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. After the two-staged polymerization process, the conversion rate can be increased to 96 % or higher. The emulsion was stable, and little precipitation was observed. The prepared polymer nanoparticle was characterized with TEM, UV-Vis spectroscopy, DSC, and TGA. Thin coatings were prepared with the IR830-containing emulsion and a small amount of other additives. The polymer nanoparticles in the coating would keep the original spherical structure and clear outline could be observed, provided that the coating was dried at a proper temperature, such as at 100 °C or at a lower temperature. However, the infrared dye-containing polymer nanoparticles would be readily fused under image-wise IR laser exposure (exposure dose: 200 mJ/cm2). As a result, the laser-exposed areas of the coating firmly adhered to the substrate and showed enough resistance to water flushing, whereas the non-exposed areas were easy to develop.

Jinjuan Teng, Zhongxiao Li, Jialing Pu
Chapter 110. Study on Performance of Yellow Water-Based Ink for Flexographic Printing

Flexo water-based ink was currently approved as green ink by the US Food and Drug Association. However, the quality of domestic water-based flexographic ink on a non-absorbent material such as PP plastic film had obvious deficiencies. The influence of dispersion was discussed by changing the kinds of pigments, grinding resin, and pigment/resin ratio to determine the optimal dispersion of based ink. The influence of color density, gloss, surface tension, and leveling property of ink was discussed by changing the kinds of film-forming resin to adjust formula better on the based ink formula. Finally, the experiment design formula was used to optimize the experiment and then best performance of ink could be obtained. The results showed that best printing performance of yellow ink could be obtained by choosing benzidine yellow as the pigment, grinding resin 96 as the ultimate grinding resin, electing ratio of pigment to resin as 2 to 1 and choosing S2916 as the film-forming resin.

Yang Liu, Peiqing Huang, Xianfu Wei, Weidong Liu
Chapter 111. Stearic Acid-Modified γ-Al2O3 Particles for Dispersion Properties

It is difficult for γ-Al2O3 particles to disperse due to a mismatch in the density of dispersion medium, which leads to agglomeration and sedimentation of the γ-Al2O3 particles. In the study, we use the orthogonal experiments of three factors and three levels to analyze the influence of related factors on modification effect and seek the most suitable modification conditions. In the experiment, the stearic acid (SA) was used to modify the surface of the γ-Al2O3 particles. γ-Al2O3 particles before and after surface modification were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermal gravity analysis (TG) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The FTIR spectra showed that SA had been successfully grafted onto the surface of the γ-Al2O3 particles. Thermal gravity analysis showed that the coated amount of SA is 4.41 %. SEM shows that the agglomeration of Al2O3 particles after modification was reduced. DLS shows Al2O2 particles after modification have smaller particle size and more narrow distribution and better dispersion property. Determination of Oil-Wet Coefficient show Al2O3 particles after modification hydrophilic strengthen. Therefore, the SA-modified Al2O3 particles demonstrated better dispersion properties. Sedimentation test showed that the modified γ-Al2O3 particles had better suspension stability than the non-modified γ-Al2O3 particles.

Zhengbo Li, Meijuan Cao, Limei Chen, Luhai Li
Chapter 112. Research on Particle Size Influence Factors of Organic Pigment Microencapsulation

Microencapsulation of organic pigments can effectively improve the pigments’ wettability and its dispersion. And controlling the particle size and its uniformity can significantly enhance its performance. The benzidine yellow microcapsules were prepared by single coacervation. The microcapsules had the core of benzidine yellow and the wall of the chitosan. The influences of the core/wall ratio, the emulsifier’s dosage, pH value, and curing agent’s dosage on the particle size of the microcapsules were investigated. The experimental results show that the core/wall ratio, the emulsifier’s dosage, and pH change had the great influence on particle size. However, curing agent’s dosage had less impact on particle size but more on its encystation effect. Controlling the parameters can effectively regulate the effect of microcapsules’ encystment and provide uniform particle size distribution.

Zhengrong Yan, Qiong Xue, Chunyan Du, Jingjing Du
Chapter 113. Study on the Stability and Color Property of Fluorescent Ink-jet Ink

Fluorescent ink is mainly applied in traditional printing methods which can affect fluorescent emission of ink seriously. However, ink-jet printing–applied fluorescent ink extensively cannot prevent fluorescent emission of ink due to dot paralleling. Therefore, in this paper, the properties of fluorescent ink-jet ink were studied. The fluorescent stability is one of the important properties for fluorescent ink-jet ink, which can limit the storage of fluorescent ink. The additive can adjust the certain property of ink but can also influence ink’s stability among the components of ink. The effect of triethanolamine and UV absorbent on ink’s stability was studied in this paper. Presently, there is no perfect means to control the color of fluorescent ink, the white balance were processed by using fluorescent ink-jet ink with three primary colors red, green, and blue and printing device ESPON7600 with dot paralleling. The results showed that the optimal quantity of triethanolamine was 0.6 %, the UV absorbent UV-7282 had the less effect on ink’s stability and white balance curve with high accuracy and almost unbiased color was determined.

Wan Zhang, Xing Feng, Yuanyuan Zhu, Xianfu Wei
Chapter 114. Fabrication and Performance of Water-Based Near-Infrared Absorption Ink-Jet Ink

This thesis mainly studied the preparation of water-based near-infrared absorption ink-jet ink and analyzed anti-false property. Near-infrared absorption ink-jet ink is composed of infrared dyes, solvents, resins, additives, and so on. The dye was an important component which decided the security effect of ink, and the dyes had a great impact on the properties of infrared absorption intensity and the physical properties. The water-based near-infrared ink-jet ink sample with good comprehensive performance has been prepared, and the properties of the ink were adjusted according to the ink-jet printer which was used in this experiment. FDD-500 (Fang yuan anti-counterfeiting technology Co. Ltd.) was used to test the effect of anti-false. Experiments’ results showed that solvent has a great effect on the solubility and surface tension of near-infrared-absorbing ink-jet ink, resin was a key factor determining the viscosity of the system, and the content of infrared dyes directly affected the infrared absorption intensity. The prepared water-based near-infrared absorption ink-jet ink sample has the good performance and anti-false effect.

Lijuan Liang, Zhenzhen Chen, Hui Hao, Keyang Hu, Xianfu Wei
Chapter 115. Study on the Preparation of Waterborne UV-Curable Polyurethane Acrylate

The preparation of waterborne UV-curable urethane acrylate was studied in this paper. The synthetic urethane acrylate could be used in water-based UV-curable inkjet printing as an ink binder. The waterborne UV-curable anionic polyurethane acrylate was prepared by self-emulsifying process. Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), polyethylene glycol, dimethylol propionic acid (DMPA), and pentaerythritol triacrylate (PETA) were selected as main raw materials in the experiment. Some influence factors on the properties of the waterborne polyurethane acrylate emulsion were studied, such as the mole ratio of –NCO/–OH, the mass fractions of DMPA, and the degree of neutralization. The results indicated that when the mole ratio of –NCO/–OH was 2.8:1, the mass fraction of DMPA was 3.5 %, the degree of neutralization was 100 %, and the solids of waterborne polyurethane acrylate emulsion could be obtained up to 45 %. The viscosity was 30 mPa·s, and the average size of the particle was 50 nm.

Yanling Guo, Chunbing Chen, Fuqiang Chu
Chapter 116. Study on the Synthesis and Property of Water-Based UV-Curable Epoxy Acrylate with Low Viscosity

The preparation method of water-based UV-curable epoxy acrylate with low viscosity was discussed in this paper. The epoxy acrylate was synthesized by epoxy resin, polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDE), polypropylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PPGDGE), acrylic acid, maleic anhydride, and trimethylamine through a method of “ring opening reaction—esterification reaction—neutralization reaction.” The viscosity of synthetic material was low and could be used as the binder to prepare ink-jet ink. The results showed that the comprehensive performance of the prepared water-based UV-curable binder was optimal under the following synthetic conditions: The mole ratio of epoxy group and acrylic acid was 1.05:1, the reaction temperatures was 93 °C, the mole ratio of epoxy group and maleic anhydride was 1:0.9, the reaction temperatures was 90 °C and neutralization was 100 %. The characterization of the product was as follows: the viscosity was 24 mPa·s, UV curing time was 5 s, adhesion index was 1 class, and gloss was 95 Gs. In short, the synthesized epoxy acrylate can be used as binder of ink-jet ink.

Zhenzhen Zhang, Jilei Chao, Fuqiang Chu
Chapter 117. Study on the Preparation of a Disperse Blue Ink-jet Ink for Textile Printing

A preparation method of disperse blue ink for textile ink-jet printing was discussed in this paper. The disperse blue paste was prepared by wet grinding process, and then, the moderate paste was used with different additives to manufacture the ink-jet printing ink. By testing the particle size, zeta potential, moisture retentivity of the ink, the effects of different types and dosage of the disperse dye, dispersant, and humectant on the properties of the ink-jet printing ink were analyzed. The results showed that the dispersant B had better dispersion for dye particle than the dispersant NNO; and when the content of the disperse dye was 7 %, and the content of the dispersant B was 14 % in the paste, the minimum average particle size was 197.2 nm and zeta potential was −42 mV. The optimal formula of the disperse blue ink for textile ink-jet printing was adding 25 % of homemade paste, 25 % of glycerol, 0.3 % antiseptic, and adding deionized water to 100 %. The particle size and zeta potential could meet the requirements of the ink-jet printing ink.

Min Ji, Lijing Zhang, Fuqiang Chu
Chapter 118. Study of Effectors on the Dispersing Property of Water-Based Silver Ink

In recent years, with the continuous improvement of environmental requirements, research and development of water-based ink has become a trend. And silver ink has got much attention among people because of its attractive packaging effect. So the development of water-based silver ink is necessary. The dispersion property of ink has a close contact with covering property and stability of ink. It is one of the important indices of measuring ink. In order to research the dispersion property of water-based silver ink, we test the coating layer of aluminum powder with FT-IR, and different inks were prepared by changing the different pigment/binder ratios, different dispersing process including varied speed and time, type of dispersant. The particle size and distribution of aluminum pigment are texted. Studies have shown that the best pigment/binder ratio is 1:3, the effect of dispersing agent 750 is best, and it can maintain good stability of dispersion, and the best dispersing process is stirring for 100 min at the speed of 300 r/min.

Tengfei Zhou, Beiqing Huang, Xianfu Wei
Chapter 119. Preparation and Research of UV Gravure Ink

In order to gain UV gravure ink that has good performance and print quality, the study determined the prepolymer and the ratio of pigment and binder applied in the primary ink according to the study of ink dispersibility. In the ink preparation process, the effect of monomer and prepolymer on curing speed, adhesive force, and transfer performance of ink was studied; meanwhile, the effect of different kinds of photoinitiator on curing speed of ink was studied, and finally, we used formulation design principles to optimize the ink formulation. Study shows that the gravure ink has great dispersibility, relatively high curing speed, and good adhesion performance on plastic substrate, good ink transfer ability, and relatively high printing density.

Peiqing Huang, Yiran Li, Liping Yang, Xianfu Wei, Ran Zhang, Dawei Cao, Huangbin Wu
Chapter 120. Preparation and Performance of Edible Screen-Printing Ink with Chitosan

Chitosan was used as a binder of edible screen-printing ink by analysis and exclusion methods in this paper. By the research of the dissolubility of chitosan, viscosity of solution, concentration and pH of acetic acid, amount of alcohol, and amount of pigment had been determined. Results showed that chitosan solution was used as binder of edible screen-printing ink was feasible. This edible screen-printing ink prepared with the method has excellent properties such as fineness, viscosity, initial dryness, tinting strength, and adhesion to substrate. So it can be used safely in food package printing industry. And it should decrease food pollution bringed by printing ink. The study on edible ink meets with the requirement of green printing.

Yanfen Zhang, Xiaodong Li, Xiaozhu Mou, Na Li
Chapter 121. Impact of Leveling Agents on the Film-Forming Performance of Water-Based Inks

In this contribution, the three leveling agents with different chemical structures were applied in a water-based polyacrylic ink to investigate the effect of leveling agents on the film-forming performance of the ink. The results showed that polyether-modified dimethylpolysiloxane leveling agent has advantages in reducing the surface tension of the ink and increasing the smoothness of the ink film. The polydimethylsiloxane-based leveling agent with high molecular weight is more suitable for defoaming the ink and increasing the smoothness of the ink film, while polyacrylate-based leveling agent has more distinct advantages in improving the flow property and wetting effect of the ink on substrate than the other two leveling agents.

Jingyang Li, Xiaofang Wang, Yun Ouyang, Haiqiao Wang
Chapter 122. Effect of Prepolymer on the Performance of UV-LED Ink-jet Ink

Prepolymer is a kind of film-forming material of the ink system; constituting the basic skeleton of the ink, its performance plays a very important role on the quality of ink film. In order to investigate the performance of UV-LED ink-jet ink prepared by four kinds of prepolymers (Viajet100, Viajet400, 6215-100, and 6361-100), we tested the viscosity, surface tension, curing speed, and particle size of pigment in the paste and the adhesion of ink film, these data were used to analyze the effect of prepolymer on the performance of UV-LED ink-jet ink, in addition, simplex centroid design experiment was done on the three kinds of prepolymers to study the best prepolymer mass ratio of the UV-LED ink-jet ink. In research, we find that there are differences in performance between ink-jet ink prepared by different prepolymers, and when the mass ratio of composite prepolymer is Viajet100:Viajet400:6215-100 = 0:1:1, the UV-LED ink-jet ink can get the best comprehensive quality.

Yiran Li, Xianfu Wei, Peiqing Huang, Hao Zhang
Chapter 123. Preparation and Performance Study of Paper-Based Resin Nano-silver Inkjet Conductive Ink

Development and innovation researches of conductive ink have practical significance because conductive ink is a key material for printed electronic technology. To solve the poor adhesion problem of pure nano-silver ink on a paper substrate, paper-based resin nano-silver conductive ink for inkjet printing was produced by adding acrylic resin and photo-initiator into silver nano-colloids. The electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the conductive ink layer were analyzed and discussed. Firstly, a certain proportion of the nano-silver and photo-curable acrylic resin were dispersed in an organic solvent, and a small amount of additives were added to obtain conductive ink suitable for inkjet printing. Then, different sintering conditions of pure nano-silver ink were analyzed to discuss the effects of sintering temperature on the nano-silver resistivity, and conductive property of resin nano-silver ink was discussed. Finally, the mechanical stability of pure nano-silver ink and resin nano-silver ink was compared. The results showed that the conductive ink containing 20 % of the nano-silver obtained the conductivity of 2.72 × 105 S/m when sintered at 170 °C for 2 min, while the conductive ink containing resin obtained the conductivity of 3.3 × 104 S/m. The addition of acrylic resin has a positive effect on improving the mechanical stability, especially in the vertical direction of the resistance force.

Yanyan Chen, Guangxue Chen, Yanyan Cui, Yu Yang
Chapter 124. Study on Influence of Epoxy Resin for UV Curing System

This paper chooses the radical cationic hybrid UV curing systems and oxetane cationic UV curing system as rapid prototyping, studies the performance of the system as the change of the kinds and the amount of pre-polymer, and the impact of the ratio of the pre-polymers to the system volume shrinkage. Studies show that the type and content of the pre-polymer have a great impact on the system volume shrinkage, and analyze the result from the perspective of the theory. The results shows that the epoxy resin can reduce the volume shrinkage hybrid UV curing system and can also improve the flexibility of the material cured film.

Changlong Guo, Peiqing Huang, Xianfu Wei
Chapter 125. Study on the Performance of Adherence of Plastic Water-Based Flexographic Ink

The formula of water-based ink is designed to study the performance of adherence of water-based flexographic ink on plastic. Three kinds of film-forming resins are selected, and the proper additives are added to improve the ink printing capacity. The flexographic printing test machine is used to print ink proof. And the influence of film-forming resin and leveling agent on the properties of water-based ink adhesion is discussed. The results show that the water-based ink by film-forming resin Y2 has good adhesion on the BOPP film and that by film-forming resin Y3 has bad adhesion on the BOPP film The leveling agent can effectively improve the adhesion. The inks prepared by resin Y1 have good adherence to the BOPP film when the leveling agent L1 of 0.5 % is used. The inks have good adherence to the BOPP film when the film-forming resin Y3 and the leveling agent L3 of 1 % are used.

Xiaofang Wang, Jingyang Li, Yanchao Yu, Haiqiao Wang, Xue Gao
Chapter 126. Synthesis and Mesomorphism of a Novel Triphenylene-Based Discotic Liquid Crystal with Unsaturated Side Chain

A novel triphenylene-based discotic liquid crystal 2-allylcarboxyl-3,6,7,10,11-pentapentyloxytriphenylene was synthesized. The chemical structure was determined by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectrum, and its mesomorphism was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) method. The compound showed classical texture of columnar phase in a wide mesophase temperature from the room temperature to 175 °C during cooling. It also sets the foundation of designing and preparing liquid crystal polymer due to its double bond of the side chain.

Xingtian Hao, Jianchuang Wang, Feng Hong, Shuaifeng Zhang, Chunxiu Zhang, Jialing Pu
Chapter 127. Synthesis and Characterization of Polyaniline Coating Modification Micro Copper Powder

The coating effect of fine copper powder in situ polymerization is discussed in this paper. A certain amount of aniline hydrochloride is taken and dissolved in 20 ml deionized water. Appropriate amount of copper is added to it and stirred with ultrasounds for 10 min to form suspension; then adding ammonium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide through constant-pressure titration funnel to the mixed solution of copper/aniline hydrochloride suspension reaction under the condition of the ice bath for 4 h and after centrifugal, filtration, washing, collect the resulting product and dry it under the temperature of 80 °C for 2 h. Transform infrared spectroscopy analyzer is used for analyzing, and field emission scanning electron microscopy is employed for product observation. The result shows that when 0.45 ml hydrogen peroxide and 0.35 g aniline hydrochloride are added, copper surface coating material gives the best performance in terms of both density and uniformity.

Wensheng Wang, Chao Li, Xiaojuan Shi, Huanxiu Liu, Liyu Sun
Chapter 128. Synthesis and Mesophases of 2-Allyloxy-3,6,7,10,11-Penta-Pentyloxytriphenylene

A novel triphenylene-based discotic liquid crystal 2-allyloxy-3,6,7,10,11-penta-pentyloxytriphenylene was firstly synthesized. The chemical structure was determined by 1H-NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR), and its mesophase was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) and polarizing optical microscopy (POM) methods. It has a large range of mesophase from 111 °C to room temperature. During the cooling process, liquid crystal textures with typical conical fan shape were observed.

Feng Hong, Shuaifeng Zhang, Xingtian Hao, Jianchuang Wang, Chunxiu Zhang, Jialing Pu
Chapter 129. Synthesis and Photoreaction of Poly[4-(6-Methacryloxyhexyloxy)Biphenyl-7-(6-Hexyloxy)Coumarin]

4-(6-Methacryloxyhexyloxy)biphenyl-7-(6-hexyloxy)coumarin (M) and its polymer poly[4-(6-Methacryloxyhexyloxy)biphenyl-7-(6-hexyloxy)coumarin] (P) were synthesized. The structure of the monomer was confirmed by 1H NMR and IR. The liquid crystal property was studied by DSC and polarizing optical microscope. Irradiating the polymer film with LPUV light can generate an axis-selective photoreaction. By changing exposure temperature, when the film was irradiated over clearing point temperature, the photoreaction rate was faster than at the room temperature. In addition, when exposure energy was 3180 mJ/cm2, the photochemical reaction was carried out at room temperature, while when exposure energy was 2544 mJ/cm2, the photochemical reaction reached saturation over clearing point temperature. Finally, annealing the exposed film was conducted to investigate the change of the optical anisotropy. The results show the photoinduced optical anisotropy ΔA has mostly not changed after annealing.

Yuanli Sun, Weimin Zhang, Jin Cao, Jialing Pu
Chapter 130. Optimized Surfactants Suitable for Alcohol-Free Fountain Solution

Green printing is generally defined as using a product that has a lesser or reduced negative effect or increased positive effect on human health and the environment. However, the contemporary fountain solution mostly utilized in printing production contains alcohol, which is not so environmentally friendly and not beneficial to the realization of green printing. Therefore, it is highly necessary to develop an environment-friendly alcohol-free fountain solution. In this paper, one alcohol-free fountain solution, with high wetting effect, stable performance, and economical benefit, was accomplished by means of selecting the surfactants and optimizing the fountain solution system. The results indicate that prepared alcohol-free fountain solution can not only meet printing requirements but also be environmentally sustainable.

Lianfang Li, Weimin Wang, Yiyi Zhou, Chengyuan He
Metadaten
Titel
Advanced Graphic Communications, Packaging Technology and Materials
herausgegeben von
Yun Ouyang
Min Xu
Li Yang
Yujie Ouyang
Copyright-Jahr
2016
Verlag
Springer Singapore
Electronic ISBN
978-981-10-0072-0
Print ISBN
978-981-10-0070-6
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0072-0