Advances in Natural Resource Management, Volume 3

Inhaltsverzeichnis

1. Frontmatter

2. Chapter 1. The Suitability of Developed Constructed Wetlands as a Sustainable Technology for the Treatment of Municipal Wastewater

   Surendra Singh, Prerna Sharma, Praveen Kumar

   Abstract

   Increasing population and urban migration have burdened water sanitation processes as it has escalated the untreated wastewater discharged. The water ecosystem needs to be protected because untreated water may harm the water quality due to excessive disposal of untreated waste in the water. Anthropologic activities are a major cause of waste created and unattended disposal in water bodies harms the complete water ecosystem.

3. Chapter 2. Assessment of Solar Dryer Performance via No-Load Performance Index and Thermal Efficiency in Various Operating Modes

   Asim Ahmad, Om Prakash, Rukaiya Kausher, Kapil Kumar, Man ish Kumar

   Abstract

   A universal approach is necessary for assessing the effectiveness of solar dryers when functioning under varying modes—direct, indirect, and mixed flow. To achieve this, a heat balance-centered steady-state model proves essential for computing the no-load performance index (NLPI) parameter. This non-dimensional metric offers a fundamental gauge of the dryer's efficacy. In the current study, the NLPI of a solar greenhouse dryer, operating via natural convection, has been evaluated across three distinct bed conditions. The variance in NLPI across these conditions stems from measurement errors and the limitations of least count precision. Additionally, an investigation into the dryer's thermal efficiency has been conducted under diverse bed conditions.

4. Chapter 3. Audit Report on Solar Space Heating (Water-Based Combi-System)

   Asim Ahmad, Om Prakash, Dipesh Popli, Rukaiya Kausher, Manish Kumar

   Abstract

   Heating for comfort in buildings can be harnessed from solar energy through systems that can be thought of as enlarged versions of water heating systems. The most common heat transfer fluids in these systems are water and air. This report focusses on such system, which comprise collectors, a storage unit, the load (i.e., the house or building to be heated), and control mechanisms. In temperate climates, achieving an optimal balance between solar energy and supplementary (i.e., conventional), energy sources poses a significant challenge. This report addresses the problem of determining the most efficient combination of these energy sources. “Solar houses” are buildings designed with large windows facing the equator (south in the northern hemisphere or north in the southern hemisphere), allowing them to capture solar radiation when the sun is low in the winter sky. While the benefits of well-placed windows are significant, in colder climates, it's essential to manage losses during periods of low radiation, nighttime, and cloudy weather to ensure a net gain in heat. Additionally, this examination includes a description of a solar and pellet combi-system implemented for a demonstration pilot project. The report also identify the main parameters of this system and analyze its performance data for the first month of operation. Furthermore, it will be presented a financial analysis based on simulated data and actual system performance to evaluate various heat supply scenarios.

5. Chapter 4. Design and Development of an Automatic Multipurpose Precision Workshop for Small-Scale Operations

   Asim Ahmad, Om Prakash, Rukaiya Kausher, S. M. Mozammil Hasnain, Subodh Kumar Suman, Manish Kumar

   Abstract

   The present work shows the development of a portable workshop designed for small-scale machining and operations. The system is a multipurpose machine capable of performing various tasks such as drilling, milling and grinding of small workpieces with high precision. Conventional drilling machines typically consume more power, require longer production times, and involve complex workpiece handling. To overcome these limitations, a compact, automatic, and low-maintenance multipurpose drilling machine has been developed. The proposed design significantly reduces power consumption, production time, and cost compared to traditional machines. The system incorporates an innovative modification inspired by the screw-drawing mechanism. In the proposed set up, tool movement takes place both horizontally and vertically operated by DC motor, while the discs and drill are also motor driven. A protractor allows precise angular drilling, and all DC motors are operated through a centralized switch box. The design eliminates the need for manual operation, improving safety and consistency. This set up shows simple construction, low cost, and versatility make it suitable for industrial workshop and household repair applications. 

6. Chapter 5. Fire Safety Measures in Nuclear Facilities: Lessons from Past Disasters

   Shashikant Gupta, Naresh Sharma, Dinkar Verma

   Abstract

   With catastrophic historical fires underscoring their vulnerability, fire safety has become paramount for nuclear facilities. This chapter explores critical fire protection strategies for nuclear plants. It examines relevant nuclear accidents, delving into the resultant fire regulations and safety advances. Integrated fire safety hinges on facility layouts, fire-resistant constructions, detection/suppression system integration, and emergency response training. Case studies demonstrate properly implemented fire precautions averting disasters, while highlighting improvement areas. Promising technological developments include automated fire early warning and suppression systems and centralized monitoring networks. Regulatory bodies develop and enforce safety standards, while prioritizing continuous performance improvement industry-wide. Operators hold the ultimate accountability though, needing to actively nurture robust safety cultures focused on identifying and securing vulnerabilities. With concerted efforts on all fronts, the promise of safe nuclear energy can be sustainably harnessed. But continual advancement of precautionary fire safety fundamentals remains non-negotiable.

7. Chapter 6. Sustainable Industrial Wastewater Management Using Electrocoagulation

   Sushila, Parveen Kumar

   Abstract

   Water pollution has been the subject of increasing importance owing to the harmful effects of pollutants on the public health and ecosystems. The conventional bio-based wastewater remediation technologies have strong efficiency to remove the biodegradable pollutants in any wastewater with relatively simple design and cost-competitive operation. However, the water generated by these methods is not of optimum quality for productive reuse in agriculture, landscaping, and industry. This is because of poor efficiency for removal of bio-recalcitrant organics in the wastewater, such as dies, heavy metals, chlorophenols, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals etc. The electrocoagulation-flocculation has been widely utilized as a potential pre-treatment technology globally to improve the pollutants removal efficiency and sustainability for water and wastewater management. This paper underscores utilization of the electrocoagulation technology for improving the quality of the treated water. The electrocoagulation process mechanism, pollutants removal efficiency from wastewater of different industries, and the recent developments have also been discussed in detail.

8. Chapter 7. A Sustainable Green Method for the Production of Metal Sulphide Nanoparticles and Their Use in Seed Priming

   M. Kezia Elizabeth, R. Uma Devi

   Abstract

   In order to sustainably increase crop yields and guarantee food quality and safety, a new agricultural revolution is required. Agricultural yield and viability may be enhanced through the application of nanotechnology. Effective seed nano-priming can change seed metabolism and signaling pathways, which in turn can affect germination and seedling establishment, and perhaps the entire plant's lifespan. This research summarizes the advantages of seed priming using Hordeum vulgare-derived Cobalt Sulphide nanoparticles on the germination of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Brassica nigra seeds, and so makes a contribution to ecologically friendly farming techniques. UV–visible, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) tools were used to examine the metal sulphides formed by nanoparticles for their shape, structure, size, and purity. Seeds of Trigonella foenum-graecum and Brassica nigra were cultivated in petri dishes and exposed to cobalt sulfide nanoparticles. Cobalt Sulphide nanoparticle concentration has been linked to several stages of seedling growth. Germination rate, shoot and root length, and time to germination were all significantly higher than in the control group. This study demonstrated that soaking the seeds for the optimum time increased their germination rate. Seed priming could be a novel use of environmentally friendly nanotechnology to increase crop yields.

9. Chapter 8. Harvesting Nature’s Energy: Creating an Organic Solar Tree for Diverse Power Generation Modes

   Asim Ahmad, Om Prakash, Rukaiya Kausher, Atul Raj, S. M. Mozammil Hasnain, Manish Kumar

   Abstract

   This chapter reviews the idea of a “solar tree” made with organic solar cells (OSCs) and explains how it can power different small devices. We first summarize why OSCs are attractive: they are light, flexible, can be printed at low cost, and create fewer pollutants during manufacturing. We then outline common OSC designs (normal vs. inverted structures), materials such as P3HT:PCBM, and how performance changes on glass versus flexible plastic (PET). Next, we describe how leaf-shaped modules can be made, combined, and wired to give two power modes—LED mode (high voltage, low current) and FAN mode (low voltage, high current). Simple control electronics like DC–DC converters and maximum power point tracking (MPPT) are also explained in basic terms. Evidence from prototype “solar palm” systems is used to show what currently works, including flexibility and outdoor operation, and what still needs improvement, such as efficiency, long-term stability, encapsulation, and scaling up to larger areas. Overall, the review shows that OSC-based solar trees are a promising, visually appealing way to harvest clean energy in public spaces and educational settings, and it highlights practical steps and research directions to make them more reliable and powerful.

10. Chapter 9. Antimicrobial and Antifungal Properties of Fishbone-Based Chitosan-Zirconium-Hydroxyapatite

    K. Sumila Reddy, Randhi Uma devi, A. Ratnamala

    Abstract

    Chitosan (CS), a natural material, shows excellent antimicrobial activity and is widely used in biomedical applications. The chitosan and Zirconium(Zr)-Hydroxyapatite (HAP) thin films were prepared with different concentrations of fish bone powder and tested for their antimicrobial activity. The bacterial organisms of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus), Gram-negative (Escherichia coli), and fungal organisms (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) are used for antimicrobial tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing is performed to check the effectiveness of chitosan as drug and determine the sensitivity and resistance of pathogens towards it. Antimicrobial activity was assessed by viable cell count assay, which is a test performed to determine the number of actively dividing cells /growing cells in the sample. Results proved that the fish bone powder incorporated into thin films with the combination of CS-Zr-HAP had shown good inhibitory effect on microbial growth. The results showed that the synthesized chitosan-based Zirconium-Hydroxyapatite thin films inhibit the activity of Gram-negative bacteria, as Zirconium ions have a positive charge, which attacks the cell wall of E.coli, in turn, resulting in the organism’s death. A clear zone of inhibition is formed around the disc, which can be measured using a ruler; whereas Saccharomyces cerevisiae fungal organism doesn’t show growth inhibition, which indicates that the sample shows less effect or no effect on inhibition of some fungal species.

11. Chapter 10. Scrutinizing and Interpretation Mental and Physical Disorders of Substances Abuse and Its Relevance in Criminal Justice

    Aditi Aggarwal, Ananta Aggarwal

    Abstract

    This paper is a qualitative research paper that gives a view on the mental disorder due to different factors such as thinking, mood, and behavior that last long and psychosomatic disorder leads to symptoms of physical conditions. Psychosomatic disorder is frequently diagnosed by attention and frustration. This paper is a study of substance abuse with criminal justice, interpreting the different disorder that makes people come out of the drug life. UDHR gives hint for an effective range of fundamental rights that are rooted under principle of liberty getting indulge “the right of life, liberty, and security of person” (Article 21) of Indian Constitution. The words are clearly state for rights for mentally ill person because of which it does not increase risk factor for a different constitution.

12. Chapter 11. Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue Dye from Textile Industry Effluent Using Rice Husk Peanut Shell Biochar: Adsorption Studies, Isotherm Profiling, and Kinetics Analysis

    Neha Mumtaz, Tabish Izhar, Syed Aqeel Ahmad, Md. Jamshaid

    Abstract

    Agricultural byproducts like rice husks and peanut shells are widely accessible. Rice Husk Peanut Shell Biochar (RHPSB), a new bio-adsorbent, is used in this study to remove methylene blue dye from the textile industry effluent. This minimizes the environmental impact of waste disposal. The biochar was synthesized through pyrolysis, a relatively low-cost and energy-efficient process in a muffle furnace at 500 °C. A reactor containing an aqueous solution of MB dye (50 ml) was loaded with the desired concentration (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.5, 3.0 gm/50 ml) of RHPSB powder, and adsorption was facilitated. The mixture was incubated at room temperature in an incubator shaker at 120 rpm until equilibrium was reached. The pH level was kept constant at 8.3. The removal efficiencies of MB by RHPSB in a batch experiment were 73.0–98.9% at conditions, pH (6.0–11.0); Biochar dosage (0.5–6.0 g/100 mL) for 5 days. Thus, RHPSB is a more effective adsorbent for dye removal. Isotherm profiling, Adsorption kinetics, and Morphological Analysis by Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) were also done to ensure the efficiency of the biochar. The PHz value was 7.8 for the RHPSB. The best adsorption isotherm and kinetics data best matched for Langmuir (R² 0.9981) and pseudo-second-order equation (R² 0.9986). The results of this study demonstrate that RHPSB is a highly effective adsorbent for the removal of methylene blue dye from textile industry effluent, opening up intriguing possibilities for long-term and sustainable wastewater treatment solutions.

    Graphical Abstract

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13. Chapter 12. Assessment of Common Characteristics of Plants as Air Pollution Indicators

    Prernaa Sharma, Avnish Chauhan

    Abstract

    As a matter of fact, air pollution has only recently become an environmental issue of significant concern. There are many potential sources of pollution, but automobiles constitute the most significant single contributor. Vegetation planted along the roadside improves air quality significantly. In this study, two of Dehradun’s most well-known plant species had their Air Pollution Tolerance Index (APTI) measured, i.e., mango (Mangifera indica) and the lychee (Litchi chinensis). The photosynthetic pigments of these species were also analyzed, and PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂ levels in the air were measured. The APTI was determined by measuring four variables: acidity, water activity, chlorophyll concentration, and ascorbic acid concentration. The proposed study shows the highest pollution at the ISBT location (out of the three selected sites) and the lowest at the control site (Graphic Era University). All the analysis led us to the conclusion that the mango tree is more resistant to pollution than the litchi tree, with photosynthetic pigment levels being higher at the control site and lower at ISBT. The city of Dehradun may benefit from better air quality and reduced pollution levels if more trees were planted along its highways.

14. Chapter 13. Renewable Copolymer Modified Waste Coir Fiber-Based Hybrid Aerogel for Efficient Oil-Water Separation

    Sapna Chaudhary, Tushar Aggarwal, Tapas K. Dora, Suheel K. Porwal

    Abstract

    The environment and biological ecosystems are currently facing significant destruction due to industrial organic pollutants and oil spills. In this study, an ultralight aerogel was synthesized from waste biomass modified with a renewable copolymer of waste cooking oil-co-stearyl methacrylate applicable for efficient oil-water separation. The hydrophobic aerogel was demonstrated through a combination of deep freezing, sol-gel processing, and solvent exchange deposition utilizing waste coir fiber blended with waste tissue paper. The aerogel possesses a porous architecture and remarkable characteristics such as low density (0.028 g/cc), high porosity (98.3%), and high oil sorption capacity (40.4 g/g). Additionally, the coir fiber aerogel displays exceptional hydrophobicity with a water contact angle of 130.8°, indicating its great potential for effectively separating oil-water emulsions.

15. Chapter 14. A Review on Sustainable Utilization of Water as a Natural Resource for Construction Industry

    Dhruval Parmar, Harshingar Patel

    Abstract

    Water conservation in construction is a critical aspect of sustainable development and environmental stewardship. As the global population grows and urbanization expands, the demand for freshwater resources continues to rise, making it imperative to adopt strategies that minimize water consumption in the construction industry. This paper explores the existing literature highlighting the importance of water conservation in construction, its associated challenges, and potential solutions. The construction sector is a significant consumer of water due to various processes, including concrete production, curing of concrete, site preparation, equipment operation, and sanitation. Water scarcity, climate change, and stricter regulations have heightened the need for effective water management practices within construction projects. Implementing water conservation measures not only helps address these challenges but also offers social and environmental benefits, such as reduced water costs, improved project efficiency, and enhanced sustainability credentials. This paper reviews the various researches available to assess the water consumption during the construction phase, and to ensure the efficient use of water during the construction activities, such as curing, concrete production, and plastering. It also focuses on the methodologies adopted in other tangential domains which implement efficient water usage.

16. Chapter 15. The Role of Government Policies and Rating Systems for Sustainable Construction Practices

    Harsh Pokar, Hirenkumar Parmar, Harshingar Patel

    Abstract

    Sustainable construction practices have emerged as a paramount imperative in the face of global environmental challenges. This paper explores the pivotal role of government policies and rating systems in driving the adoption of environmentally responsible practices within the construction industry. The synergistic interplay between these two components fosters a holistic approach to sustainability, shaping the built environment toward reduced carbon emissions, enhanced resource efficiency, and improved quality of life. Drawing insights from prominent rating systems such as LEED, BREEAM, Estidama, and GRIHA, as well as the influence of government policies, the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of their collaborative impact. Through a comparative examination, benefits, barriers, and the intricate relationship between these tools are elucidated. This study underscores the significance of aligning government directives with industry-driven initiatives, highlighting the transformative potential of this partnership in achieving a more sustainable and resilient built environment.

17. Chapter 16. Integration of Lean Construction with Building Information Modeling (BIM) for Sustainable Construction Project Management: A Review

    Hetvi Shukla, Daksh Panchal, Navdip Chauhan, Harshingar Patel

    Abstract

    In today’s era, the amalgamation of lean construction and Building Information Modeling (BIM) assumes a pivotal role in the design process, collectively emphasizing the importance of efficient construction planning at every stage. Lean construction embodies the ethos of swift and effective work, while BIM serves as a digital tool facilitating comprehensive project planning and organization. The synergy of these two approaches holds the promise of yielding superior results in the field of construction. However, on a global scale, challenges arise due to the fundamental principles of lean construction and a widespread lack of knowledge among the general populace. This paper delves into key aspects such as the origin and principles of lean construction, its variability, its integration with BIM, and an analysis of this union. Additionally, it explores the challenges faced during the real-world implementation of this merger. Also, two case studies regarding lean construction along with how sustainability can be achieved with lean construction has also been mentioned here.

18. Chapter 17. A Review of Energy Conservation Building Code and Building Information Modeling Usage for Sustainability in Construction

    Nitin Vora, Harshingar Patel

    Abstract

    As the world continues to develop at a rapid pace, the demand for energy is increasing. The construction industry, in particular, consumes a significant amount of energy during both the construction and operation phases. This energy consumption often results in pollution and environmental harm, especially when non-renewable energy sources are used. To address this issue, governments have introduced measures such as the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) to reduce energy usage in the building sector. The technological advancements of the current times have helped create Building Information Modeling (BIM) which is a popular tool for designing buildings and simulating their energy consumption. By using BIM in conjunction with the ECBC 2017, it is possible to calculate the energy requirements of a building and make changes to reduce its reliance on non-renewable energy sources. This approach has the potential to greatly benefit the building sector by reducing its overall energy consumption. The paper presents a review of research studies which have addressed the usage of ECBC in conjunction with BIM, to aggregate the applications of technological innovations on sustainability for building construction and utilization.

19. Chapter 18. Lean Construction Leading the Construction Industry Toward Sustainability: A Review

    Rishi Tarun, Nakshatra Patel, Harshingar Patel

    Abstract

    The continual demand for infrastructure globally is leading to a new set of problems and challenges rooted in its conventional standards, including outcome-oriented objectives and a lack of worker-focused diligence. Lean construction methodology offers a comprehensive solution to address these issues. Lean construction is geared toward the maximization of work output while simultaneously minimizing superfluous elements. It centers on cost reduction, material efficiency, shorter project completion timelines, and the optimization of efforts from all stakeholders. Lean construction primarily operates as a relationship-oriented management system, fostering the growth and improvement of construction companies. Its central objective is to deliver value to stakeholders and optimize resource utilization, resulting in waste reduction. Moreover, lean construction seeks the seamless integration of various management groups involved in a project, ultimately bolstering productivity, increasing profitability, and establishing a favorable market reputation. This paper presents a review of lean construction, the challenges of traditional construction and provides an insight for transitioning from traditional to lean construction.

20. Chapter 19. Exploring the Impact of Artificial Intelligence in Lean Construction Practices: A Systematic Review

    Vaishnavi Tandel, Saurav Solanki, Jivan Makwana, Harshingar Patel

    Abstract

    Automation technology in the construction industry refers to the use of advanced tools, devices, and processes that reduce manual labor and improve efficiency in construction activities. By minimizing waste, optimizing resource utilization, and reducing environmental impact, automation technology can enhance construction processes. This paper aims to analyze the integration of automation technology adoptions (ATAs) with lean construction to optimize construction by eliminating waste, reducing lead times, and improving project efficiency. The integration involves utilizing automation technologies to streamline various construction tasks and processes. To identify research gaps and future scope, a literature review was conducted to explore the relationship between lean construction and automation. Data were collected online. This paper focuses on comprehending the concept of lean construction with automation, examining its key principles and benefits, and analyzing the challenges and limitations of implementation. It also highlights potential future trends and advancements in lean construction with automation, emphasizing the need for further research and adoption of this approach in the construction industry.

21. Chapter 20. Temporal and Spatial Fluctuations of Surface Water Quality in Terms of WQI in Dehradun, India

    Manish Pant, Jabrinder Singh

    Abstract

    Anthropogenic pollution significantly contributes to the global decline in surface water quality, particularly in India where the lack of adequate test facilities and testing capacity severely limits water quality monitoring. In this study, we investigated eight surface aquifers of Dehradun—capital city of Uttarakhand, India and analysed them using the water quality index—WQI and to evaluate the influence of urbanization on the surface water characteristics by employing the weighted arithmetic quality index method. The quality of the water was assessed by data set of 14 physico-chemical and microbiological parameters. The WQI of the sampling locations varies from 42.057 to 50.159 (good—poor quality) during monsoon season and ranged from 60.136 to 98.592 (poor—very poor) during the pre-monsoon tenure. Among surface aquifers analysed, 56% samples were in the “poor” to “very poor” status during both seasons. Further, Most Probable Number (MPN) values (Coliform bacterial analysis) were exceeded the tolerable limits at all the sampling sites. The Sustainable Development Goals—SDG 6 targets to coordinate global efforts for “clean water and sanitation.“ However, the SDG target of clean water in the lives of people around the world cannot be accomplished if the water is contaminated with pathogenic bacteria or faecal coliforms. It was observed from study that the river segments within the urban core are primarily deteriorated due to illegal discharge of sewage, increased urbanization, unprotected river sites, slum areas, lack of proper sanitation, anthropogenic activities and urban runoff. Urban authorities must take cognizance of the same to ensure the smart city project accomplishment in Dehradun.

22. Chapter 21. Case Study of Personal Protective Equipment in Chemical Industries

    Omprakash S. Thakare, Ram Niwas

    Abstract

    Personal protective equipment (PPE) is an important means of preventing work injuries. Ideally, the best approach is to maintain a safe work environment and eliminate any potential hazards. The use of PPE generally implies working in a potentially hazardous work environment and its use is a major means of injury prevention. Therefore, it is of prime importance to ensure that the equipment chosen is both reliable and effective; it is being properly used and maintained and the user has undergone adequate training. The aim of this paper is to raise the awareness of occupational safety and health practices and the proper use of PPE by people from all working of life. The PPE provides good defense against hazards of toxic exposure, dusting chemical splashes, steam water and liquids, flying particles, hot substances, radiation, sharp edges. Many fatal accidents are caused due to these reasons and use of appropriate PPE can prevent and lesson many of them. The final result of this paper is to ensure the greatest possible protection for employees in the workplace, the cooperative efforts of both employers and employees will help in establishing and maintaining a safe and healthful and fruitful work environment.

23. Chapter 22. Acid Rain is the Cause of Industrialization

    Prasenjit Mondal, Nihal Anwar Sidiqui, Krishna Gopal Das Adhikary

    Abstract

    The acidification of rainwater is recognized as a significant environmental issue with cross-border implications. Acid rain is primarily a combination of type of acid emitted, whether it is sulfuric or nitric, depends on the relative amounts of sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Because of the reaction of these acids with other substances’ when the constituents of the atmosphere release protons, it leads to an increase in soil acidity. Acidifying the soil causes the release and removal of essential nutrient captions. Leads to a higher presence of harmful heavy metals. Changes in the soil's chemical properties decrease its fertility, leading to negative effects on the growth and productivity of trees in the forest and plants in crops. The acidification of water bodies has a significant adverse effect on aquatic organisms on a large scale. Acidification also has indirect effects on human health. Every element of the ecosystem is impacted by acid rain. Rain is acidic too causes harm to artificial materials and buildings. The issue of acidification can be addressed by decreasing the release of acid rain precursors and, to a certain extent, by adding lime. Over the past 20 years, the size of both terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems has decreased. Industrialization has been associated with the widespread environmental problem of acid rain. This essay examines the connection between acid rain and industrialization, focusing on the reasons, impacts, and potential solutions to the issue.

24. Chapter 23. Effective Water Recycling Method in India

    Prasenjit Mondal, Nihal Anwar Sidiqui, Krishna Gopal Das Adhikari

    Abstract

    The rate at which water scarcity is increasing in India is astronomical. Over 50% of the population is facing a shortage of water. Domestic wastewater (including kitchen, the treatment of waste and bathroom waste is essential for the proper treatment of wastewater) uses it again for recreational and agricultural purposes. In India, sewage amounts to less than 50%. Only the water is treated whereas the rest is disposed of without treatment. The untreated water is causing pollution in the area. Water sources could have negative impacts on both water quality and aquatic life. This paper examines different types of domestic wastewater treatment plants and discusses their benefits and restrictions. The study suggests a cost-effective wastewater management system based on the existing literature.

25. Chapter 24. Landfill and Municipal Solid Waste Management Strategies

    Prasenjit Mondal, Nihal Anwar Siddiqui, Hinkal Tapiawala

    Abstract

    Landfilling stands as a prevalent method for eliminating and discarding waste materials, serving as the ultimate step in managing municipal solid waste. The practice of disposing of municipal solid waste through landfills has emerged as a significant global environmental concern, leading to environmental pollution and contamination. Microorganisms within the landmass interact with the deposited materials, breaking down the organic substances present. The leachate produced by landfills contains a mix of organic, inorganic, and suspended particles, posing potential threats to ecosystems. These pollutants found in leachate encompass heavy metals, organic and inorganic matter, as well as organic compounds. The characteristics of soil are altered as leachate migrates, impacting its geological properties. The physical, chemical, and biological properties of the waste materials are influenced by the decomposition processes and microbial activity. Emissions of trace gases can result from the volatilization of chemical substances, waste material degradation, and conversion reactions. The released gas concentration varies based on the dumping region, whether the materials are covered or uncovered. This review suggests an engineered landfill design aimed at generating landfill gas that could potentially replace fossil fuels, serving as compressed natural gas or liquefied natural gas. The landfill area is partitioned into organic and inorganic cells, focusing on energy generation and resource recovery goals. However, a thorough analysis of the impact of these emitted gases is still pending.

26. Chapter 25. Review Paper: Environmental Policy and Governance Specifically of Delhi Air Compared with Other State

    Prasenjit Mondal, Nihal Anwar Siddiqui, Rishav Maithil

    Abstract

    The purpose of this research is to provide an overview of environmental policy and governance specifically of Delhi compared with other states with different objectives and then express their opinion to the researchers. The methods are literature-based and qualitative. The results of this study provide insight and complement further work with other researchers. Researchers have found little evidence of this. The researchers hope that other researchers will use other variables in future studies, such as environmental destruction, the financial sector, and other variables from other financial sectors.

27. Chapter 26. Human Health Impacts and Mental Well-Being Amidst Changing Climate Patterns

    Prasenjit Mondal, Nihal Anwar Siddiqui, Tanay

    Abstract

    Climate change, instigated by human activities and amplified by natural processes, poses an imminent threat to global ecosystems and human health. Anthropogenic factors, mainly fossil fuel combustion, transportation emissions, industrial processes, agriculture, and land-use alterations, contribute significantly to rising greenhouse gas levels. This climatic shift results in dire consequences, including increased deaths and illnesses from intense heat, exacerbated respiratory and cardiovascular ailments due to deteriorating air quality, and multifaceted health risks during flooding events. Moreover, altered temperatures and environmental conditions escalate the spread of infectious diseases such as Lyme disease, Vibrio vulnificus infections, and Salmonella outbreaks. Mental health ramifications, stemming from exposure to extreme weather events, underline the multifaceted impacts of climate change on human well-being and societal resilience.