Advances in Power Systems and Energy Management

This article presents a new non-isolated DC-DC sextuple output hybrid triad converter configurations for high step-up renewable energy applications. Total 8 (eight) converters configurations are obtained by combining SEPIC/SI-SEPIC, Cuk/SI-Cuk, and Boost/SI-Boost which is highly suitable for step-up renewable applications where DC-DC multi-output converters/choppers are needed; such as a solar multilevel DC-AC converter (MLI), HVDC, hybrid/electric and electric vehicles. The most important characteristics of the proposed converter configurations are (i) only one power control semiconductor switch, (ii) offer six different DC outputs with different conversion ratio, (iii) non-isolated (without transformers) Converter topologies, (iv) high voltage at the output side without using large duty cycle and (v) modular DC-DC converter structure. The simulation results are presented and it validates the practicability, functionality, and the idea of suggested sextuple output hybrid triad converter configuration.

In this paper, a dual-band textile rectenna is fabricated and tested to power the wireless and wearable sensor systems at 2.45 and 5.8 GHz. The wearable rectenna substrate is designed with a textile material and conductive element is a copper tap. Fabricated antenna has a size of 50 × 50 mm2 and it is effortlessly bent on human body. The rectenna element is also fabricated on the same textile material and RF to DC conversation is investigated for power levels −20 to 15 dBm. The wearable antenna has experimentally measured impedance bandwidth of 40% for primary band and 51% for second band. The rectenna has maximum efficiency of 60% at −3 dBm (5.8 GHz) and 0 dBm (2.45 GHz).

Most of the applications 60% of loads are motor driven loads, more than 90% of these loads are used for industrial applications. Many applications use three phase motor drive which limits the torque density. Multiphase motor drives are better solutions for high torque density and heavy loads. In this work a Nine-Phase Inverter is designed to drive nine-phase load along with fundamental frequency, the output of the inverter generates harmonics. These harmonics are higher than fundamental frequencies and cause total harmonic distortion (THD) which enhances the current harmonics and generates more heat in the load. Many techniques are used to suppress the harmonics to minimize the heat in the load. A common technique is employed in this paper to minimize THD by constructing CLC filter in the PWM inverter and simulated using Simulink/MATLAB, the results are compared with the normal nine-phase inverter.

Harmonics are created in the output of the Inverters due to nonlinear loads. These harmonics not only causes excessive heat in the devices or appliances used in the daily life of human being, but also reduces the life period of the appliances. This reduction of harmonics in such system has become great concern for the engineers. Multilevel inverter technology has proved to give improved harmonic performance. This paper presents simulation of harmonic analysis in five-phase two-level inverter and five-phase multilevel (three level). It has been found that the total harmonic distortion (THD) is less in case of five-phase three-level inverter.

This paper deals with the comparative study of two-level inverter and three level inverter (Multilevel Converter) topologies. The multilevel term defines more than two level whose performance is better than the two-level inverter because of lesser harmonics, electromagnetic interference and higher dc link voltages. In this paper, three levels Diode Clamped Multilevel inverter with PWM technique is recommended to improve the performance of inverter. This topology requires fewer apparatuses and therefore the cost and complexity is lesser as compared to other topologies of multilevel inverter.

Gallium Nitride Nanowires (GaN-NWs) were synthesized on p-type c-Si(100) by thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) using Ag, Fe, In, Ni as catalysts. These NWs were synthesized with variation of H₂ flow rate from 40 to 120 standard cubic per centimeter (sccm) while maintaining constant flow of N₂ gas at 120 sccm. FESEM, FTIR, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to characterize the GaN-NWs for microstructure, vibrational and optical properties. The microstructure of GaN-NWs reveals thin and hairy nanowires for Ag and In catalysts while long and thick NWs were observed for Fe and Ni catalyst. Raman spectra reveal that the peak position of A₁(LO), A₁(TO) phonon shifted to higher frequency from 705.37 to 716.58 and 520.94 to 528.71 cm−1, whereas E₁(TO) phonon shows pronounced red shift from 544.36 to 540.60 cm−1. In a similar sideline, fwhm of A₁(LO), A₁(TO) phonon increases from 13.11 to 21.01 cm−1 and 16.99 to 20.78 cm−1, whereas fwhm decreases for E₁(LO) and E₁(TO) phonon. We have found Surface Optic (SO) phonon of GaN-NWs at 610 cm−1 in FTIR spectra. Room temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra show a prominent blue luminescence from GaN-NWs.

Selection of an electric motor (EM) for the electric car is a challenging task, selecting an improper motor may badly affect the company’s production by reducing the feature of the manufactured goods, thereby reducing yield as well as cost-effectiveness. The efficient motor for a specified job is selected by considering several factors. The aim of the proposed paper is to show how, by means of a TOPSIS method, the authors are able to find out if the utilization of motors is aided in performance development as of a requirement view. The proposed technique helps to replace internal combustion (IC) engine with a suitable EM.

The modular multilevel converter topology (MMC) became potential converter topology for various high power applications. These are high voltage DC power transmission and other intertie connections of renewable energy sources to grid. The other application of MMC topology is variable speed drives, for controlling these variable speed drives a sine wave technique and square wave technique will be used. Particularly for high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission applications, modular topology of voltage source converter gained attention because of its modularity, uniform modules connected in series or parallel. The other considerable advantage of MMC is their high efficiency because of low losses and the filtering requirements for harmonics are very less compared to other topologies. MMC gives increasing converter reliability and reduction of maintenance cost. This paper gives the simulation study of design of 50 Hz BTB system with 200 V and 10 kW. Two MMC-based converters connected back to back and control signals generated by using phase-shifted modulation. The main advantage of this DSC–MMC-based BTB intertie is the DC link capacitor and sensor for voltage is eliminated. The simulation study carried out for the DSC-based MMC for a 200 V, 10 kW, 50 Hz model with phase-shifted PWM. Simulation results of DSC–MMC-based BTB study and transient states are presented in this paper. Simulation carried by using MATLAB/Simulink software.

The increased usage of renewable energy in conjunction with nonrenewable energy source is disturbing the reliability of generation system. This is mainly because of the variability of the power coming from renewable energy sources. Weather change is the main cause for the renewable energy variability. The weather not only disturbs generation, but also transmission line sag-tension and conductor length, thereby varies the voltage drop in the line. The combined transmission line loss, generation variability and load variation make punctual power flow analysis unreliable for planning and forecast purpose. This paper focuses on identifying the main driving forces for power uncertainty. A test case study is conducted and the result shows there is a high variation of the wind and solar energy that led to power variation.

This article proposes a modelling mechanism based on Finite Element Method (FEM) to understand the impact of DC currents on the magnetic loading of the transformer. It details on the way magnetizing currents vary and harmonics develop in a transformer. The analysis is performed using ANSYS tool for generating the scaled transformer model and MATLAB for plotting the results. The analysis shows that on varying the primary voltage to different levels of voltages and injecting DC currents based on a weakly coupled multi harmonic approach the three phase three limb transformer is subjected to varying magnetizing currents with the development of odd harmonics based on the saturation level of transformer. The even harmonics are not observed owning to the structure of three phase three limb transformer which offers a high reluctance to DC flux. Furthermore the scaled transformer is observed in ANSYS and it is visualized that the stray fluxes and the saturation levels of the three limb transformer raises to a higher level on impact of DC currents of varying magnitudes.

India focuses on many sectors out of which much of its growth in energy consumption is expected to occur in the countries outside the Organisation for Co-operation Economic and Development (OCED) known as non-OCED where demand will be drawn by strong, long-term economic growth and India fits into this particular category. In this research, the spinning mill is considered for optimizing the parameters regarding the energy management with the real-time data taken from a ring frame unit of spinning mill, analysis is done to find the feasible operating conditions with the aim of minimizing the energy cost and increasing the profitability of the sector, thereby suggesting for the spinning mill sector in India.

In recent times there has been a wide interest in micro grids. One area of concern in micro grids is the generation of harmonics by active devices such as converters and FACTS devices used for reactive power compensation. The currently available literature focuses on the number of operations and fundamental cycles for estimating harmonics. This usually results in a trade-off between accuracy of estimation and the choice of digital filter parameters. In this work a novel orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) principle modified as per the power system scenario has been proposed. Odd harmonics up to 31st order are measured by demodulation as if the power signal is OFDM modulated. All these harmonics are measured using only one cycle of voltage signal. Instantaneous detection of harmonics is made possible using the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) instead of the fast Fourier transforms used in conventional OFDM. DWT is also used for noise elimination before the harmonics are analyzed and the performance of proposed method is analyzed using PSNR under different noise conditions.

In this communication, an ameliorate textile circularly polarized (CP) rectenna for harvesting the emitted RF energy in INSAT band is presented. The textile antenna is bendable, robust, and low mass so that it can be weaving into clothes of the smart soldier to charge the portable electronic devices in the battlefield. Weight burden on the soldiers is significantly reduced; indeed power handling capacity is increased by integrating the textile rectifying antenna into soldier clothes. The proposed textile rectenna has a 10-dB return-loss bandwidth of 1200 MHz (6.6–7.8 GHz) with the maximum gain 8.14 dB an overall size of 50 × 50 × 1.076 mm3. This antenna is suitable for INSAT band (6.725–7.025 GHz) RF energy harvesting operations. Measurement results are also shown with theoretical predictions, both of which are in quite good agreement.

Maintaining IEEE Harmonic standards in all Motor drives is most critical while designing. Harmonics has major effects on the output of all the inverters. Several filters are used to suppress the harmonics, there are few drawbacks, increasing number of the components used in the design and bulky circuit components. In the inverters, suppression of all harmonics is the major issue due to its inevitable effect on the load. Series-passive filter is the reliable filter used to reduce the THD. Advancement in the power systems leads to a five phase inverter drives due to applications and advantages over three phase loads. This work represents the performance evaluation of Series-passive filter in 5-phase PWM inverter, reductions of Total Harmonics Distortion are obtained using Simulink/Matlab, and same has been presented.

Power flow analysis has been playing a major role in providing information about the power system network. Due to the advancement of variable generation (VG) sources and weather variation, the punctual power flow analysis cannot give any information about the worst case scenario. The introduction of affine arithmetic (AA) is gaining high recognition due to its ability to consider all forms of uncertainty than interval arithmetic (IA). The first work in applying AA for power flow analysis is finding the initial affine forms in order to start the analysis. This paper focuses on finding the initial voltage and angle affine forms for polar coordinates and the initial real and reactive voltage forms for rectangular coordinate system.

With urbanization becoming the core of societal migration, infrastructural needs like transportation, power, water and communication are on the rise. Infrastructural development in recent years call for consideration of new and complex aspects relating to impacts on environment, energy and life cycle performance in any new construction and it is preferable that these are addressed at the planning and design stage itself so that negative effects could be minimized. The present study focuses attention on ecology and energy dimensions at the planning stage so that the resulting system is eco-friendly and at the same time sustainable. Consideration of embodied energy and CO₂ emission in the design and planning stages of two systems are demonstrated for Indian conditions with quantification of the impact on environment. The case studies reveal that new dimensions like energy and emission are to be added to existing cost and weight considerations—normally used in designs—so that one can get a design which is competitive, energy-intensive and eco-friendly to make it sustainable.

A Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an exigent technology and it has huge number of applications in disaster management, health monitoring, military, security, and so on. This network faces some critical barriers like fault tolerance, energy consumption due to heterogeneous traffic loads and redundant data transmission. In which, nodes are miniscule and have restricted capability of processing with reduced power of battery. This limitation of reduced power of battery makes the sensor network prone to failure. Data aggregation is a vital technique for active data processing in WSN. With the support of data aggregation, the energy depletion is minimized by eliminating redundant data or by decreasing the number of sent packets. This study reviews various data aggregation techniques such as clustered aggregation, tree-based aggregation, in-network aggregation, and centralized data aggregation with focus on energy consumption of sensor nodes.

In optical communication system different types of noises may be introduced into the signal. The effect of noise and corresponding degradation in the signal quality is of great interest for the design of fiber-optic communication systems. In the present paper an electrical equivalent form of different important noises has been developed in order to investigate its effects on the efficiency of an optical fiber link. The basic components of an optical link are laser diodes, fiber, splices, and optical detector. In the proposed model the laser diode is represented as voltage source with internal resistance. Thermal noise in fiber, connectors, and splices is estimated by using an equivalent resistor. PIN photodetector is choosen for the proposed optical link and equivalent circuit model for the same is derived by carrier rate equations using RC circuit with current sources. The variation of noise current with the variation of frequency is shown.

Slip power recovery scheme is widely used for controlling the speed of a three-phase induction motor, but this method can also be used for increasing the efficiency of an induction motor. Here, a three-phase induction motor has been designed using vector-controlled induction motor drive and then the controlled strategy is introduced in this induction motor. The control strategy is based on feeding the slip power back to the rotor of a slip ring induction motor. The efficiency and torque of a three-phase induction motor depend upon the slip of the motor. This controller monitors the speed of the motor from no load to full load and takes the appropriate control action to maintain the speed of the motor. After implementation of this control strategy, it has been seen that the induction motor is trying to maintain the no load speed and as a result, the power output of the motor has been increased considerably.

With the rise in the need of electricity globally and because of an enlargement in industry market and also due to the increase in urbanization, the nonlinear load in the power grid has considerably increased in the few decade. Now electricity has become an essential commodity in our life. To cater this growing demand of power energy, everyone is now a concern about the quality of electrical power. Frequent voltage fluctuations and power loss reduction are the major challenge in the power system sector. So, the quality of power is an issue which is equally important for both the end users and electric utilities. This paper gives a model of distributed power flow controller (DPFC) with fuzzy PI controller for control of electrical power system. In DPFC, multiple series converters and one shunt converter are used and also there is no DC link between them. The proposed model with fuzzy PWM has been implemented in MATLAB/Simulink environment and tested for 5 bus system.

This paper proposes a novel sliding mode control (SMC) for a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM). This control strategy exhibits stability control system and fast dynamic response. The stability of the proposed control strategy is proved by the Lyapunov theory. Simulated results are reported to prove the efficacy of the proposed strategy. Moreover, the depicted set of numerical simulation results always shows a close conformity with the developed theoretical background.

This paper proposes a novel sliding mode observer (SMO) to achieve the sliding mode observer (SMC) for a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) in wide speed range. The structure of the proposed SMO is described and its stability is proven in the context of Lyapunov theory. Simulated results are provided to prove the effectiveness of the proposed strategy.

Reducing the size and cost and increasing the energy efficiency and optimal loading of the motor have a direct impact on the temperature rise of the motor. Motor needs to be operated such that its temperature rise is within the prescribed safe limit. Therefore, easy and precise temperature rise determination of motor becomes critical. Thermal models of motor are widely used for temperature determination. In this paper, a modified thermal model is proposed using which the temperature rise of induction motor fed from raw supply and inverter-fed supply is determined. The parameters of the thermal model are also determined.

Mainly, this paper discusses about electrical power systems. Power systems are linked with power flow control, admittances matrix, eigenvalues, stability and contingency analysis. But here essentially it focuses on stability and contingency analysis. Under all possible operating conditions, new control techniques are presented in great demand. The small-signal stability model for 9-bus system and two-area four-machine 11-bus system is considered in this paper. All buses are modelled as classical model and six and eight state variables are used for the analysis. Individual machine rotor coordinates are transformed from reducing the network equations. The state variable formation came from linearizing network equations and machine differential equations. Generally, the small kind of fault is occurring at transmission area. To observe the system stability, find out the value of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. Finally, results show contingency analysis using IEEE 9-bus system and 11-bus four-machine power systems. The eigenvalues, participation matrix and sensitivity analysis value and all were produced based upon MATLAB Coding.

In this article, modelling mechanism based on finite element method (FEM) to understand the impact of DC currents on the magnetic loading of the three-phase five-limb transformer is articulated. This paper provides detailed features of magnetizing current variations and progressions of harmonics in transformer. On variation of primary voltage and injecting DC currents based on a weakly coupled multi-harmonic approach, the three-phase five-limb transformer is subjected to irregular magnetizing currents with formation of odd and even harmonics based on saturation level of transformer. Furthermore, the scaled transformer is modelled and it is visualized that the stray fluxes and the saturation levels of the five-limb transformer raise to a higher level on impact of DC currents of varying magnitudes. The analysis of proposed work is performed using ANSYS tool for generating the scaled transformer model and MATLAB for plotting the results which validates the proposed concept.

This paper presents the development of a speed control technique for a five-phase permanent magnet synchronous motor drive (PMSM) based on sliding mode observer (SMO) and back stepping controller. The design of back stepping controller is detailed. The stability of the closed-loop system is demonstrated in the context of Lyapunov theorem. In order to apply a sensorless five-phase PMSM control, a SMO is used which estimates the rotor speed and the rotor position. Simulation results are reported to prove the efficacy of the proposed strategy in closed loop.

In this paper, a compact dual band equal split N-way Wilkinson power divider (WPD) is presented for GSM. A coupled line is also proposed as dual-band quarter wavelength transmission line transformer (DBQWTLT). To understand the dual-band operation of DBQWTLT, the complete derivation for the design equations is also done herein. By replacing each quarter (ʎ/4) wavelength transmission line (TL) of the single-band equal split N-way WPD with the proposed DBQWTLT, the proposed circuit is obtained. To validate the proposed approach, dual-band equal split two-way- and five-way WPD for 900 and 1800 MHz (GSM frequencies) operating frequencies are presented here. The simulated results of the dual-band equal split two-way and equal split five-way Wilkinson power dividers validate the theoretical approach.

This paper focuses on the comparison of perturb and observe (P&O) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) based maximum power point tracking to track the optimum maximum power from PV system. This article also points out the performance of the boost converter and modified Single-Ended Primary-Inductor Converter (SEPIC) using above two techniques for PV. P&O and ANFIS techniques are used to generate duty cycle of DC/DC converters. The study is performed by using MATLAB/Simulink with the rating of 200 W PV and it has been observed that the modified SEPIC converter based ANFIS produces superior results compared with classical boost converter.

Asymmetric Switched-Inductor Quasi-Z-Source Cascaded H-Bridge Multilevel Inverter (A-SL-qZS-CHB-MLI) with seven-level high-boosted load voltage is discussed in this article. Each unit of the proposed A-SL-qZS-CHB-MLI is comprised of a Quasi-Z-Source (qZS) network with SL cell and H-Bridge unit. The SL cell is formed with three diodes and two inductors. The qZS network facilitates the operation of shoot-through (ST) state control to provide boosted output voltage. The inclusion of SL cell increases the boosted output for the same ST duty ratio as compared with conventional qZS-CHB-MLI. The performance analysis of this topology in connection with THD for load voltage obtained from simple boost control and multicarrier PWM method is presented. Simulation results obtained from the proposed A-SL-qZS-CHB-MLI reveals high boost output voltage with reduced THD as compared with the traditional qZS-CHB-MLI.

Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting plays a major role nowadays in industry and commercial applications. An efficient control technique is introduced for low power LED lighting with dimming characteristics. The driver circuit consists of a simple buck–boost converter with dc input voltage. The dimming characteristics are achieved by relating a low and high frequency control signal in order to eliminate flickering and colour shift. Software implementation is performed in MATLAB-simulink for a power rating of 10 W and tested under diverse brightness conditions. The simulation results demonstrate that dimming can be achieved with high efficiency.

LF (low frequency) voltage and current are important parameters in electrical metrology. Evaluation of cable losses has been undertaken to improve measurement accuracy for LF voltage and current calibration at CSIR-National Physical Laboratory India (NPLI). The measurement has been done by measuring its S-parameters using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) in the frequency domain. Insertion Loss method and Return loss method have been used to validate the VNA based measurement results. This paper presents evaluation of cable losses for two designated coaxial cables. The applied corrections for both these cables have been evaluated in frequency range from 300 to 1 MHz at different LF voltage points. In order to improve LF voltgae and current calibration accuracy and precision in measurements, the coaxial cables must be characterized for their impedances and losses. This paper presents and discusses two different methods used to characterize the coaxial cables.

In this chapter, DC–DC current buck–boost converter using duality concept is articulated with the help of DC transformer modelling. Buck–boost converter plays a dominant part of switch mode power supply (SMPS) and drives applications for voltage and current control. Advantage of employing buck–boost converter is that it provides voltage less as well as greater than input voltage. The suggested converter is dual of traditional buck–boost converter and provides a flexible control of current for SMPS and drives applications. The duality concept is applied on conventional voltage source buck–boost converter to obtain proposed converter (current buck–boost converter). The formation of proposed circuit is discussed in detail along with its mathematical analysis and equations. MATLAB is used to simulate proposed and results prove practicability and operation of proposed circuit of converter.

In this article 2.4 kW, three-phase inverter for aircraft application is articulated. When aircraft above 1000 m altitude, power amplifiers are employed to increase the strength of signal during transmission. The circuitry consist of input filter, three-phase output obtained by connecting three single-phase H-bridge inverter, transformers and LC filters at the star connected load end. The (THD) of proposed three-phase inverter is 2.8%. The Total Harmonics Distortion (THD) of the circuit is reduced by using sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique (SPWM). The component size is reduced by using high frequency modulating signal (400 Hz). The proposed circuit performance is verified with experimental and simulation result. The experimental and simulation result confirms the feasibility of proposed converter.

This paper presents the concept of a control algorithm and a study of its properties for an AC voltage stabilizer based on a three-phase hybrid transformer with matrix converter. Presented in this paper is an approach for obtaining continuous control of the voltage magnitude and phase shift using a conventional transformer with two windings and power electronics devices, referred to as a matrix converter. By adjustment of these voltage parameters we can reduce the effects of overvoltage and voltage sags. The concept of a closed-loop control algorithm and properties of the proposed voltage stabilizers are discussed in this paper.

Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) are a new paradigm in nanoscale technology with high frequency and low power consumption capabilities. This work presents a low complexity two-input XOR gate, which achieves low power consumption compared to prior ones using an efficient five-input majority gate. To show the novelty of this structure, different bits even parity generators are addressed. The result shows proposed parity generators are more superior over the existing designs. We show a 32-bit even parity generator, which requires 40% less cell count and saves 50% area occupation over the previous best design. QCA Designer-2.0.3 and QCA Pro have been considered to evaluate the accuracy of presented designs and to evaluate the power dissipation respectively.

In the present era, the increase in population has led to the increase of load as a result the generated voltage is not equal to the received voltage. This has affected the stability of the power system. Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Devices shortly termed as FACTS devices came into use for better voltage regulation and stability in the power system. A Static Synchronous Compensators (STATCOM) is the most effective device among all the other FACTS devices. This paper explains about the State Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) technique used for generating pulses in the STATCOM to maintain the voltage stability of transmission line in more efficient way. The proposed STATCOM model is able to compensate the voltage dip at 0.6 s transient time due to addition of load in the system. The entire project has been conducted in the MATLAB software

This paper presents the implementation of the modulation strategy to balance the neutral point potential (NPP) in three-level NPC inverters. This method employs the space vector pulse width modulation technique which gives the strong regulating ability of common-mode voltage of DC link capacitors. Apart from balancing the dc bus voltage this paper also examines the switching losses and junction temperature associated with the three-level inverters. The comparison of three-level inverter with two-level inverter, on the basis of switching losses, has also been explored. The performance of the modulation strategy to balance NPP has been validated and verified using MATLAB/Simulink.

There are number of studies based on power quality events, but very few literatures are focused only on the discrete disturbances which also known as events of power quality disturbances. To answer several questions about the discrete disturbances, the power quality survey was conducted at VIT University, India. This survey intended to lay out information related to power quality disturbances mainly focused on swells, dips, transients, rapid voltage changes, voltage interruptions, and other parameters. The result from the survey will give a better knowledge and understanding about the above parameters.

Energy lack trouble united with fresh lofty petroleum cost has effected in strict crashes to various technical parts. In the past various decades, huge quantity of usual capitals of the earth have been unlimitedly used, and our living setting has been strictly razed and infected. An electrical grid may have several types of generators and loads; generators should be managed to preserve steady process of the system. In power systems, the inequity between generation and load should get exacted in tiny times, or else it will make the power line frequency to stray from the small worth. Huge frequency variation might intimidate the constancy and safety of the power system, or still bad, source eternal injure to the services. So in this article matching generation with load and regulating frequency at the usual point was calculated applying AGC with different controllers in two-area hydro-thermal power system.

Power systems constitute a very big part of the electrical system pertaining in the current world. Each and every part of this system plays a very big role in the availability of the electrical power one utilizes at their homes, industries, offices, factories, etc. Power system constitutes of generation, utilization, distribution, and most importantly transmission of electricity. Any fault in any of these portions of the system causes a lot of trouble for the maintenance of the system. Overhead lines are the significant constituents of the power system and the issues happening are real purpose of concern toward this work. This paper aims to identify both the presence of faults and also the type of the fault in order to reach the conclusion to apply the best possible measure to reduce the loss that may be caused due to the fault. In order to do that simulation-based model in MATLAB is used and a code is realized in order to find out the detailed coefficient and energy of these coefficients of the faulty current signal. The coefficients are found out through the discrete wavelet transform. These characteristic features of the signal help identify and classify the fault type quickly. The GUI-based model of the code helps to bring down the human effort to calculate or compute the results.

The protection of nonlinear and sensitive loads can be achieved economically through series compensation-based dynamic voltage restorer. The effective voltage compensation by dynamic voltage restorer depends on the controller used for voltage sag detection. In this paper, the sag detection of dynamic voltage restorer employing feed-forward control and synchronous reference frame control are compared. The efficiency of sag detection of these controls in dynamic voltage restorer for in-phase compensation of balanced sags with PWM-based injection of compensation voltage is analyzed. Comparisons on the performance of the controllers are shown clearly using Matlab/Simulink-based simulated results.

A comparative study of two well-known online power system frequency estimation methods is presented in this paper. These methods are least squares error (LES) and least squares new approach (LS). The performance of the frequency estimation methods is tested in laboratory with an Advantech data acquisition system and Matlab tool. The performance of LS online frequency estimation method with and without filtering is examined along with LES method. The experimental results show that the frequency measurement method using LES could be the optimal frequency measurement method, and thus can be applied to frequency measurement apparatus.

In this treatise, Brushless DC electric motor (BLDC electric motor), Power Factor Correction (PFC), and control of speed using Single-Ended Primary Inductor Converter (SEPIC) are articulated. An original approach is proposed for the controlling of motor speed and PFC using SEPIC and managing the DC link voltages and also it provides a viable solution for driving applications. At AC mains, inherent power factor correction is achieved for speed control in wide range using SEPIC in discontinuous mode. The system is simulated in MATLAB and a result confirms the validity and feasibility.

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) have a conventional internal combustion (IC) engine running on fossil fuels as well as an electric motor that gets supply from a battery which can be charged using external supply like electric vehicles (EVs). Using renewable energy sources like fuel cells or solar photovoltaics (PVs) for charging the battery, EVs and PHEVs can become even cleaner as far as the environment is concerned. These energy sources generate a low voltage which is limited to around 40–50 V due to practical constraints, while batteries that power EVs and PHEVs need a charging voltage of around 350 V. This paper presents a novel naturally clamped, isolated, DC–DC converter which has a voltage doubler rectifier at the output end which converts 12 V supply from renewable sources to 350 V to enable battery charging.

Underwater sensor network (USN) has a wide range of aquatic application that is totally different from terrestrial sensor network. The nodes of USN have a peculiar characteristics like float mobility, limited bandwidth and energy, signal and link quality, routing challenges and its cost and high error probability. By this nature, USN degrades the performance in terms of throughput and lifetime. This paper presents the link quality, routing path issue built on depth-based routing techniques to overcome the shortages in the existing work. Triangular metric-based routing is a geometric combination of packet reception probability (PRP), signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and link quality indication (LQI) that is used to select the next forwarding node with reliability, which in turn reduces the routing cost. Moreover, it makes the very less energy consumption and improves the network lifetime. This method overcomes the unnecessary overlapping and repairs the link failure during network operation. The simulation results show that the proposed work reduces the cost of the route and improves the network lifetime by consuming less energy.

The power system today has become a very complicated network with thousands of generating stations, distribution and load centres which are interconnected through power transmission lines. So, the sudden increase of load in order to meet the demand leads to voltage instability in the power system. For overbear the steady-state control difficulties in power systems, Flexible Alternating Current Transmission Systems (FACTS) controllers came into use. Among various FACTS controllers, Static Shunt Compensators shortly termed as STATCOM are efficient enough to provides instantaneous requirement of reactive power support to maintain stability of voltage in the power system. The STATCOM with proportional integral (PI) controllers act as a trail-and-error approach because the PI controller parameters are not fixed. This paper proposes a new control method where PI controllers will self-adjust their control parameters at the time of any disturbances or variation in the load so that the performance of the power system will match the desired response, despite of any change in the operating conditions. The projected work was enforced in MATLAB/SIMULINK.

Power electronics occupies a major section of industrial drives and systems in terms of power converter and nonlinear circuits for running and controlling three-phase or single-phase machine. Three-phase controlled rectifier and inverter are the most important analog circuit in power electronics. These circuits have also gained immense importance in modern grid-connected system synchronized with renewable energy sources. In this context, it requires maximum attention for smooth operation of these devices at minimum recovery time during faulty condition. And hence detection of faulty component during running condition becomes extremely important. Considering these particulars, this paper presents a proficient defect-oriented parametric test method for two power electronic circuits like three-phase rectifier and inverter based on artificial neural network using discrete wavelet decomposition as preprocessor for feature extraction. Two types of feed forward neural network such as BPMLP and PNN are employed here for fault event detection. Results are found to be very promising with utmost of 99.95%.

This article presents a new and easy unified way to investigate the stability of 2-D linear systems. The 2-D characteristics equation is regenerate into a similar one-dimensional characteristic polynomial. Using the coefficient of the equal one-dimensional characteristic polynomial, a new technique had proposed to create a single square matrix to check the sufficient conditions for stability analysis. To determine the stability square matrix should have the positive inner wise for all determinants starting from the middle elements and continuing outward up to the integrated matrix are positive. The illustrative examples prove the simplicity and application of the suggested method.

This paper reviews to search out the stability of multidimensional linear time invariant discrete system; the system, which is portrayed within the forms of the individual characteristic equation. Besides an equivalent one-dimensional equation is created from the multidimensional characteristic equation, a replacement method has planned for construction single square matrix using the coefficient of equivalent one-dimensional characteristic equation and determinants were evaluated using Jury’s idea. The proposed procedure for construction of single square matrix is compared to Jury’s matrix formation that is incredibly simple and direct and consumes less arithmetic operations. This approach is delineated utilizing numerous numerical illustrations.

Three-phase squirrel cage induction motor being a core component of industrial drives needs fault detection strategies which can detect internal faults in very early stage of its development. This can result in enormous financial saving in industries. Simulation studies with suitable mathematical models helps in identification of fault signatures in the diagnostic signal. The work presented in this paper addresses the issue of detection of incipient static eccentricity faults. Modelling of motor with static eccentricity fault is done and characteristic signatures were identified in frequency spectrum of stator current. These components were also identified in the vibration spectrum, by conducting a practical experimentation in three-phase squirrel cage induction motor with fabricated static eccentricity. The results validates the modelling approach and also demonstrates the suitability of vibration and stator current signal for the diagnosis of incipient static eccentricity faults.

There are many inverter topologies in which cascaded inverter have some advantages compared to other multilevel inverters such as reduced harmonics but they have drawbacks also such as many heat losses, more switches, high cost. But in this new configuration which is developed in this project overcome all these disadvantages. In this project four different pulse width modulation techniques are used, they are In Phase disposition, Phase Opposition disposition, Overlap Carrier disposition, and Frequency Varying disposition methods. This paper discusses new configuration with 10 power switches and four DC sources. The proposed configuration includes many advantages compared to existing configurations the advantages are very less cost, less switching losses, less harmonics, and greater efficiency at output. The circuit is built in matlab software and results are verified to select the best Pulse width modulation technique which has reduced Total Harmonic Distortion in output. In order to make the output voltage more sinusoidal and reduce the THD, LC Filter is used.

The demand for electricity supply has been increased many folds over the last few decades. However, the growth in the electric infrastructure has not been increased accordingly due to deregulation of the energy markets, economic and environmental reasons. In present days, power networks are most often operated closer to their stability limit to fulfill the growing electricity demand. As a result, the security and safety of the power system today is at risk. Investigation on large blackouts in the recent past show that maintaining system reliability and integrity becomes more and more difficult due to reduced transmission capacity margins and increased stress on the system. Under the stressed operating condition, the widely-used distance relaying based transmission line protection schemes are susceptible to maloperation. The use of series-compensated and multiterminal lines is another concern for the distance protection scheme. At the same time, the present advancements in the wide-area measurement systems (WAMS) using synchrophasors has shown potential for ensuring improved protection for different power networks operating even at critical conditions. In this paper, the authors first investigate the limitations of existing distance relays while protecting different power networks during stressed operating conditions. Then, an extensive review is made on the application of synchrophasor based WAMS technology for reliable power system protection. The objective of the present study is mainly to bring the attention of the researchers from academic institutions, industries and utility grid on the possible applications of synchrophasors based WAMS technology for ensuring improved protection to today’s power system.

The present paper analyzes process, voltage and temperature variation effects in current-mode (CM) interconnect system. CM signaling is considered as one of the advanced signaling schemes and effective in achieving high performance in integrated circuits. The impact of variability has been accessed using technology scaling, parametric and process corner analyses. It is analyzed that FF process corner model is the fastest while SS model results in least power dissipation in the circuit. Parametric sensitivity analysis reveals that variation in threshold voltage and supply voltage dominantly impacts the propagation delay and power dissipation, respectively, in the system. The variability effects in CM interconnect system are analyzed for scaled technology nodes from 130 to 32 nm. SPICE is used for simulative analyses.

This paper deals with new methodology for optimal placement of Distributed Generator (DG) to improve congestion in the transmission system. The proposed approach is based on LMP and LMP difference method to formulate priority list of buses. Based on priority list congested zones are formed and Distributed Generators are placed at potential location to analyze the status of the system. Loading condition is also studied. In this work, the simulation studies on IEEE 14 bus system is found to be competent to find the best location of DG for management of transmission system congestion.

In the present era, the optimal allocation of Distributed Generation (DG) at the distribution end is becoming significant due to environmental and economic issues, to deduce the power loss and also to improve the voltages between the buses. In this paper authors focused to address the optimal sitting and sizing of DGs in the distribution networks by using nature inspired Bat Algorithm (BA). In addition in this study, two different kinds of DGs have been considered. The main aim of the present work is to reduce the network real power losses. The location and sizing of different types of DGs can be determined by implementing BA. Further, to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, IEEE 33-bus RDS is chosen. The obtained results of the proposed method is compared with other optimization based techniques. The simulation results specify that allocation of DGs in the RDS can significantly decrease the network power losses.

Power-line communication is an efficient energy-controlled networking technology, which is used in Smart Grid, Smart Cities, Smart Buildings and smart home applications. This technology is very efficient, low cost, requires no rewiring, making the installation system very simple in any smart home applications. More energy management technologies are in progress in various countries due to demand in increased power consumption with limited natural resources. Automating equipment will lead to efficient energy management with huge saving on the monthly electricity tariff. One of the drawbacks of the existing PLC systems in a very challenging communication environment is the use of high-frequency carrier wave which tends to cause noise and interference in the power line and thus needs improvement. This paper presents a new, simple, cost-effective approach which eliminates use of high-frequency carrier wave to reduce the wastage of power in the domestic energy consumption. Here, automation of two loads for lighting application using LabVIEW by sending the data bits using NI myDAQ controller is demonstrated. The system developed uses firing angle controller to trigger the TRIAC at different firing angles to automate the two loads.

The paper presents a complete modelling and analysis of the Linear Induction Motor (LIM). The dimensions of the different parts of LIM prototype are given in the paper. The main air gap flux component, i.e. Y components (magnetic flux density distribution B _y (x, t) is calculated using the theoretical equations and compared with the MATLAB®/Simulink-based results. The analysis of the primary winding is also presented in the paper and it is traced from the flux density when only phase “A” is energized.

The manuscript presents a Model Predictive type Current Control (MPCC) of single-phase 13-level Transistor-Clamped H-Bridge (TCHB) based cascaded Multi Level Inverter (MLI) for improving power quality. The objective of the MPCC is to regulate the inverter output current by using 15 switches and 14 voltage vectors. The working condition of the MPCC strategy is investigated using steady state condition, transient state condition, variation of input frequency and variation of sampling time through simulations with RL load. The results show that the MPCC schemes perform well for all operating conditions and the inverter delivers a good quality of load voltage and load current with less harmonic components value. The inverter model and MPCC algorithm is implemented by using MATLAB software.

The reduction in power consumption for the computing devices requires the basic fundamental circuits to be realized with low power consuming technologies. This work mainly describes the design and implementation issues of one of the basic computing circuits, a 3:8 decoder, using single electron threshold logic. The single electron tunneling through a junction reduces energy consumption and the comparison of weighted sum with the threshold value gives the threshold logic approach.

Energy consumption in datacenters depends upon its workload in execution of processes in which the resources are handled by the processors. In datacenters, the consumed energy leads to reducing the operational cost from that the organization can save money to improve the economy and also enhances the quality of life with green environment. In this paper, we compared different task schedulers namely Green Scheduler (Consolidation based scheduler), Round Robin Scheduler, Random Scheduler, Heterogeneous Energy-efficient Resource allocation Optimizing Scheduler, Datacenter Energy-efficient Network-aware Scheduler––RandDENS, BestDENS for datacenters energy consumption on computing resources in Greencloud simulation environment. The simulation results are obtained through energy management by datacenter topology with three-tier high-speed architecture and Dynamic Voltage Frequency Scaling in virtualization.

This research topic consists of the advantages of distributed energy generation, the different methods used to generate the energy (e.g. photovoltaic panel and wind turbine), how to store the energy (e.g. battery) and how it will be achieved. Other topics that are discussed are cost factor and performance of each method. Furthermore, differences between the traditional transmission and distribution grid are compared. Lastly, the implementation of a smart grid is discussed to show that “green power” can provide a significant environmental benefit.

A nonlinear load connected to the system draws non-sinusoidal currents, leading to generation of harmonics of nth order. The active power developed by the load, combines with the fundamental active power being consumed by the load and effectively reduces the overall value of active power. When this active power is measured by the energy meter over time, there would be loss to the power distribution company and unplanned power deficiency in the system. The effect of the factors like electrical distance from the source, the type and combination of linear and nonlinear loads is studied in this paper. MATLAB-based simulation is executed on a three-phase system using Thyristor and IGBT-based switches and the results shall be analyzed.

The reliability assessment of generation system including photovoltaic energy has been described in this article. In general, the reliability analysis of power system can be done at three Hierarchical Levels, but here the reliability analysis of power system is performed at generation level. Therefore the reliability is accomplished at Hierarchical Level-I (HL-I). The intermittent nature of solar irradiance and failure rate of the components have been considered for the development of photovoltaic system. The annual solar data has been considered, in which the generation from the photovoltaic system is made into different states using Fuzzy C-Means clustering method. In addition, the Markov process has been implemented not only to obtain the probability of the photovoltaic model but also its frequency and duration for all the specified states. Finally, the Recursive Algorithm is used to evaluate the indices of the reliability for Roy Billinton Test System including photovoltaic unit.

In this work, satellite solar power station as base load plant model estimated analysis has performed. SSPS base load power plant for 5 GW model has investigated, and its feasibility prospects are studied. The SSPS essential components sizes have estimated for 5 GW power productions on the ground. A microwave power transmission with high beam efficiency approach is adopted in this work and beam energy effect on transmitting antenna size has examined.

The target of this paper is to diminish the computational time of separation handing-off of transmission line utilizing Fast S-transform (FST). Separate transferring may require a quicker and more accurate estimation of the phasor of the fault current and voltage signals, which are utilized to register clear hindrance for creating the stumbling signal in case when a fault occurs. Customary S-transform is reversible time–frequency unearthly limitation procedure that integrates the components of wavelet and brief time Fourier transformation. The working (handling) time of traditional S-transform is large and in this manner, not appropriate for applications like advanced assurance of transmission lines. FST decreases the computational weight by using down examining. So FST can unquestionably supplant the current DFT construct calculation for with respect to line computerized separate handing-off undertaking in expansive power transmission organizing.

A new realization of high-performance third-generation current conveyor (CCIII) is proposed in this paper. FGMOS technique is utilized to implement low-voltage CCIII. The inherited features of the proposed block are low supply-voltage, low-power dissipation, and high-output impedance at terminal Z. The circuit is simulated in SPICE using 0.13 µm CMOS technology.

This paper presents a single-precision floating point (IEEE 754 standard) matrix multiplier module. This is constructed using subblocks, which include floating point adder and floating point multiplier. These subblocks are designed to achieve the goal of low power consumption. Different architectures of subblocks are compared on the basis of energy-delay product. Design and simulations have been performed for 180 and 45 nm technology node. Simulation results show that design of floating point matrix multiplier is better at 45 nm than 180 nm technology node in terms of lesser delay by 43% and energy-delay product by 97.86% at 1 V. Also, 45 nm technology cells occupy only 6.25% of the area as compared to 180 nm cells.

The generalized UPFC has been treated as voltage source dependent converter. This paper explains a complete model of 48-pulse GTO voltage source converter, here four 12-pulse converters are used to form a single 48-pulse converter. Main objective of using GUPFC is to control the reactive and real power through transmission line. GUPFC contains single shunt converter as well as two series converters, the two devices operate as VSC. Here, shunt converter acts like a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) which is used for injecting current into the line, also the device regulates bus voltage. The two series converters act like SSSC which is used for injecting the voltage into the line. Based upon current control strategy, the shunt and series controllers are operated. Results are carried out by MATLAB/Simulink software.

Transmission congestion occurs in a power system due to increase in load demand. This mainly occurs in restructured power system because of restrictions of transmission line capacity. Due to this power system does not remain in secure condition. Ranking of contingency is done using performance index and critical contingency is found. In this paper, placement of multiple TCSCs for reducing transmission line congestion under single line critical contingency condition is done. Optimal location for placement of TCSCs is found out by using sensitivity analysis. By placing two TCSCs, there is reduction in line loading, improvement in voltage profile and reduction in reactive power loss, thus keeping power system in secure condition under critical contingency. Proposed work is carried out on IEEE 14 bus test system using MATLAB.

In this article, a new design for realizing voltage-mode (VM) first order all-pass filter (APF) using single dual-X second generation current conveyor (DXCCII), one capacitor, one grounded resistor and one NMOS transistor operating in triode region is presented. The proposed circuit is analyzed for non-ideality presence due to voltage and current tracking errors and also due to parasitic components of the DXCCII to check the effect on functionality of proposed all-pass filter . PSPICE simulation and AD844 analogue IC-based experimental results are included to verify the proposed theory of the circuit.

Brushless motors are replacing most of the conventional application that were driven by induction motors in recent times. This is majorly due to the advancement and the proliferation of control techniques for the operation of such machines. The critical choice in electric vehicle applications is on the capability of motoring and generative characteristics. These types of machines are viable candidate as with its extended constant power range operation replacing the conventional multi-gear transmission. However, the major challenges in such type of machines is twofold, one with the cogging force generated in the operation mainly due to the magnetic orientation of the machine and the second one due to the switching ripple significantly increase the ripple content in the machine. In this paper, the performance of the 5 kW BLDC machine used for electric vehicle operation is reported in terms of torque and current characteristics.

In this paper a 620 MVA, 275 kV and 400 km transmission line is scaled down to 0.5 kVA, 230 V and 400 km transmission line keeping the per unit values of actual system and scale-down system same. The current carrying capacity of the scale-down system is kept 3A and can be used where single-phase supply is available. The scale-down model of the actual system is fabricated using Pi model in sections of 50 km length. The result of fabricated model is also validated using Simulink simulation. The developed model can be used to determine the ABCD parameter of transmission line which is same for actual system and scale-down model. In future any kind of laboratory model of FACTS devices can be connected to the developed model for practical purposes and study the dynamic performance of transmission line.