Skip to main content
Erschienen in: Human Rights Review 1/2017

10.11.2016

Advancing LGBT Rights in Turkey: Tolerance or Protection?

verfasst von: Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat, Caryl Nuňez

Erschienen in: Human Rights Review | Ausgabe 1/2017

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Tolerance is treated as a virtue and a key principle in liberal theories of the state and human rights. Critics of liberalism have already addressed limitations of tolerance, and the United Nations (UN) introduced broader and more inclusive human rights and non-discrimination norms. Yet, tolerance is still invoked in human rights advocacy, and the UN promotes teaching tolerance as a means to protect human rights. However, there is an asymmetrical relationship between the “tolerant” and the “tolerated,” which must be questioned for its human rights implications. The paper contends that tolerance does not ensure non-discrimination, freedom from persecution, or ending violence. Instead, it can be complicit in violence against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) persons. As an illustrative case, it examines Turkey—a country that has pursued the liberal policy of tolerance by not criminalizing homosexuality—during a reform period that involved further liberalization of law but not the protection of LGBT rights.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 340 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Versicherung + Risiko




Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Fußnoten
1
“Honor killings” have been traditionally pursued for girls and women who were believed to have violated the cultural norms of modesty. Sometimes, victims of rape are also penalized the same way. Most common in eastern provinces, the decision to kill is usually made by male leaders of the extended family who also designate the person to carry out the act. According to an estimate, about 200 women are killed annually for this purpose (OMCT 2003).
 
2
For example, on October 7, 2011, 27-year-old Fevzi Çetin shot and killed his 24-year-old transgendered brother Ramazan Çetin (CBS News 2011).
 
3
Following the trans etiquette, we employ “T” in reference to the trans spectrum and LGBT as a short reference to all identities outside hetero-normativity.
 
4
Although lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning, and intersex (LGBTQI) persons do not all share a common identity and it is difficult to escape the politics in a name, we use same-gender love and gender identity to differentiate from “homosexuality” as a scientific claim and the conflation of identities that LGBTQI supposes (Epprecht 2008, 8).
 
5
Statistics on violence are always tricky, since an increase in the number may mean improved reporting as well as an increase in incidents. Statistics on violence against the LGBT have not been available for the case of Turkey. What we know is that there has been increased media coverage.
 
6
Analysists tend to agree that the reform process was facilitated, if not caused, by the desire to join the EU (Arat 2007; Arat and Smith 2014). However, as the majority of EU member states’ reluctance to accept Turkey became increasingly overt and they kept demanding more from Turkey (which were seen as double standards from Turkey’s perspective), Turkey’s hope of membership faded, along with the incentive to continue with the reforms. Moreover, the successive electoral successes enhanced the self-confidence of the ruling party AKP and curbed its desire to compromise or appease the opposition. Reading the landslide electoral victories as a mandate to put their ideology and agenda into practice, the AKP leaders became increasingly authoritarian.
 
7
See http://​www.​thesaurus.​com/​browse/​tolerance?​s=​t. On racism as an opposite of tolerance, see Galeotti 2002, 17 and 137–168.
 
9
Our critical stance on liberalism and tolerance is shared by others who offer more extended discussions than what is permitted by our limited space. See Brown 2006; Galeotti 2002. For a supportive treatment of liberal tolerance, see Creppell 2003; Tønder 2013; Walzer 1997.
 
10
The IBR includes three documents: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), The International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights (1966), and The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966).
 
11
On negative versus positive rights, see Arat 2006, 40–43.
 
12
See Bowlin (2016, 188–193) who considers tolerance to be a virtue but argues against Harel (1996) who assigns primacy to autonomy and permits a community within a liberal state to discriminate against LGBT.
 
13
Galeotti (2002) shares our criticism of the asymmetry embodied in the term “tolerance,” but she introduces the notion of “tolerance as recognition” as an “alternative to liberal tolerance.” We see her “tolerance as recognition” as corresponding to our conceptualization of “acceptance.”
 
14
Employers may ask a candidate if he has completed his military service and the cause, if the person was exempted or discharged. They can reject or fire LGBT people without facing any legal sanctions.
 
15
Given the high levels of social stigma and inflicted fear, many LGBT people remain in “the closet” (Bereket and Adam 2008) and force themselves to assimilate into heterosexual lifestyles, get married, and have children. Denying their identity, however, results in chronic depression, at best, or self-hatred that may surface as overt and violent homophobia. Some murder cases and other violent attacks against homosexual or transgender males were carried out by “heterosexual” men after they had sex with their victim. Such incidents encourage the police to claim: “In our country, homosexual homicides do not result from discrimination. The violence is not against homosexuals, but between homosexuals” (HRW 2008, 6).
 
16
This perception is common but not based on a systematical analysis, since the law in Turkey does not include a category of “hate crimes” and no such statistical data are collected.
 
17
Burhan Kuzu, a prominent figure in the AKP, who as Chair of the Constitution Committee of Parliament complained about “excessive” demands for rights: “There is no end to people’s demands…Homosexuals, too, made some demands…Should we grant them just because they want them?” (Karakuş 2008).
 
18
The AKP government has been responding to the criticisms brought up by foreign observers and reports issued by the European Commission that monitors human rights developments in Turkey with the claim that it has been working on the problem of discrimination and drafting a comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation. However, the Law on Combating Discrimination and [Creating] the Council of Equality has been in a draft stage since March 2010. Although an earlier version was commended for being comprehensive, including “sexual [gender] identity” among the list of individual characteristics that cannot be used for discrimination (Hürriyet Daily News 2010), it is noted that sexual/gender identity was removed from the draft sometime in early 2011 (Human Rights Violations 2012, 4; AI 2011, 10). The final form of the bill, and when and if it will be put on the legislative agenda, is yet to be seen.
 
19
An LGBT organization, Pink Life, claimed that during the first 8 months of 2011, the police “fined transgender individuals a total of 226,000 lira ($122,000) in 1,400 administrative actions” in the coastal city of Antalya alone. Moreover, “Three transgender individuals from Pembe Hayat were convicted with charges for resisting police. After being stopped by police and asking why they were to be taken to the police station, the police responded ‘Because you are transvestites’” (U.S. Department of State 2011, 39).
 
20
See “Turkish police crack down on Gay Pride in Istanbul,” Hurriyet Daily News. June 28, 2015. http://​www.​hurriyetdailynew​s.​com/​turkish-police-crack-down-on-gay-pride-in-istanbul.​aspx?​pageID=​517&​nID=​84673&​NewsCatID=​339 (accessed July 20, 2015).
 
21
The AKP’s gender approach should not be treated as representing the religion. For different approaches to sexual orientation and gender identity in Islamic tradition, see Kugle, 2010.
 
22
Fatma Şahin took over Kavaf’s cabinet post after the 2011 elections. When asked if she shared Kavaf’s beliefs, she tried to avoid controversy with the anachronistic claim that the issue “is being debated in the scientific community”; adding that her “conservative democratic” party and government “have to take protective measures against notions that threaten family values,” she characterized same-gender love as a threat (Haber Türk 2011, translation ours).
 
23
The only AKP member who came close to recognizing the legitimacy of LGBT organizations was Zafer Üskül. As Chair of the Human Rights Committee of Parliament, he attended a meeting, “The International Assignation against Homophobia,” organized by KAOS-GL in 2008. His gesture of “openness” was halted by instant assaults in the religious media, including the daily Vakit’s invective commentary, which carried a multi-layered headline (“Üskül’s preference is in favor of perverts”) and disparaged him for “attending the meeting of sexual perverts” and “showing up at a gathering of f----s” (Tahincioğlu 2010).
 
24
Held on November 26–27, 2010, the conference was organized by the Foundation of Journalists and Writers of the Gülen community network, which has presented itself as an Islamic “service” community and was an ally of the AKP until 2013. It brought together 600 “selected” academics and intellectuals from 53 countries. Several AKP members of the parliament attended the event, and Selma Aliye Kavaf delivered an opening speech as the State Minister responsible of family affairs.
 
Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed, Sarah. 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion: Edinburgh University Press/Rutledge. Ahmed, Sarah. 2004. The Cultural Politics of Emotion: Edinburgh University Press/Rutledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Ahmed, Sara. 2005. “The Skin of the Community: Affect and Boundary Formation” in Between Revolt and Melancholia: The Unstable Boundaries of Kristeva’s Polis, edited by T. Chanter and E. Ziarek: SUNY Press. Ahmed, Sara. 2005. “The Skin of the Community: Affect and Boundary Formation” in Between Revolt and Melancholia: The Unstable Boundaries of Kristeva’s Polis, edited by T. Chanter and E. Ziarek: SUNY Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Andrews, Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005. The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society: Duke University Press. Andrews, Walter and Kalpakli, Mehmet. 2005. The Age of Beloveds: Love and the Beloved in Early-Modern Ottoman and European Culture and Society: Duke University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal. 2006. Human Rights Worldwide: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc. Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal. 2006. Human Rights Worldwide: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc.
Zurück zum Zitat Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal. ed. 2007. Human Rights in Turkey. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal. ed. 2007. Human Rights in Turkey. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal. 2008. “Human Rights Ideology and Dimensions of Power: The State, Property, and Discrimination.” Human Rights Quarterly 30(4): 906–932. Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal. 2008. “Human Rights Ideology and Dimensions of Power: The State, Property, and Discrimination.” Human Rights Quarterly 30(4): 906–932.
Zurück zum Zitat Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal. 2011. “Tolerance.” International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers, 2624–2627. Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal. 2011. “Tolerance.” International Encyclopedia of Political Science. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publishers, 2624–2627. 
Zurück zum Zitat Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal, and Smith, Thomas. 2014. “The EU and Human Rights in Turkey: Political Freedom without Social Welfare?” in European Institutions, Democratization, and Human Rights Protection in the European Periphery, edited by Henry Carey. Rowman and Littlefield, 31–65. Arat, Zehra F. Kabaskal, and Smith, Thomas. 2014. “The EU and Human Rights in Turkey: Political Freedom without Social Welfare?” in European Institutions, Democratization, and Human Rights Protection in the European Periphery, edited by Henry Carey. Rowman and Littlefield, 31–65.
Zurück zum Zitat Balzer, Carsten and Hutta, Jan Simon. 2012. Transrespect versus Transphobia Worldwide: A Comparative Review of the Human-rights Situation of Gender-variant/Trans People: TEGU. Balzer, Carsten and Hutta, Jan Simon. 2012. Transrespect versus Transphobia Worldwide: A Comparative Review of the Human-rights Situation of Gender-variant/Trans People: TEGU.
Zurück zum Zitat Basaran, Oyman. 2014. “‘You are Like a Virus’: Dangerous Bodies and Military Medical Authority in Turkey”. Gender & Society 28(4)(August):562–582. Basaran, Oyman. 2014. “‘You are Like a Virus’: Dangerous Bodies and Military Medical Authority in Turkey”. Gender & Society 28(4)(August):562–582.
Zurück zum Zitat Bereket, Tarık and Adam, Barry. 2008. “Navigating Islam and Same-Sex Liaisons Among Men in Turkey.” Journal of Homosexuality 55(2):2004–222.CrossRef Bereket, Tarık and Adam, Barry. 2008. “Navigating Islam and Same-Sex Liaisons Among Men in Turkey.” Journal of Homosexuality 55(2):2004–222.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Bowlin, John R. 2016. Tolerance among the Virtues. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRef Bowlin, John R. 2016. Tolerance among the Virtues. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Brown, Wendy. 2006. Regulating Aversion: Tolerance in the Age of Identity and Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Brown, Wendy. 2006. Regulating Aversion: Tolerance in the Age of Identity and Empire. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Creppell, Ingrid. 2003. Toleration and Identity: Foundations in Early Modern Thought. New York: Routledge. Creppell, Ingrid. 2003. Toleration and Identity: Foundations in Early Modern Thought. New York: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Çırakoğlu, Okan Cem. 2006. “Perception of Homosexuality Among Turkish University Students: The Roles of Labels, Gender, and Prior Contact.” Journal of Social Psychology 146(3):293–305.CrossRef Çırakoğlu, Okan Cem. 2006. “Perception of Homosexuality Among Turkish University Students: The Roles of Labels, Gender, and Prior Contact.” Journal of Social Psychology 146(3):293–305.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Delice, Serkan. 2010. “Friendship, sociability, and masculinity in the Ottoman Empire: An essay confronting the ghosts of historicism” New Perspectives in Turkey 42:103–125.CrossRef Delice, Serkan. 2010. “Friendship, sociability, and masculinity in the Ottoman Empire: An essay confronting the ghosts of historicism” New Perspectives in Turkey 42:103–125.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dworkin, Ronald. 1977. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Dworkin, Ronald. 1977. Taking Rights Seriously. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat EC (European Commission). 2010. Turkey 2010 Progress Report. SEC (2010) 1327. Brussels, November 9, 2010. EC (European Commission). 2010. Turkey 2010 Progress Report. SEC (2010) 1327. Brussels, November 9, 2010.
Zurück zum Zitat Edgerton, Robert. 1999. Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press. Edgerton, Robert. 1999. Death or Glory: The Legacy of the Crimean War. Cambridge, MA: Westview Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Epprecht, Marc. 2008. Heterosexual Africa? The History of an Idea from the Age of Exploration to the Age of AIDS. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press. Epprecht, Marc. 2008. Heterosexual Africa? The History of an Idea from the Age of Exploration to the Age of AIDS. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Eskridge, William N. 2005. “Body Politics: Lawrence v Texas and the Constitution of Disgust and Contagion.” University of Florida Law Review 57(5):1011–65. Eskridge, William N. 2005. “Body Politics: Lawrence v Texas and the Constitution of Disgust and Contagion.” University of Florida Law Review 57(5):1011–65.
Zurück zum Zitat Fishman, Louis A. 2013. “Turkey and LGBT Rights: A Historical and Global Perspective” Turkish Policy Quarterly 11(4):149–159. Fishman, Louis A. 2013. “Turkey and LGBT Rights: A Historical and Global Perspective” Turkish Policy Quarterly 11(4):149–159.
Zurück zum Zitat Foucault, Michel. 1976. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1, translated by R Hurley. New York: Vintage Books. Foucault, Michel. 1976. The History of Sexuality. Vol. 1, translated by R Hurley. New York: Vintage Books.
Zurück zum Zitat Galeotti, Anna Elisabetta. 2002. Toleration as Recognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Galeotti, Anna Elisabetta. 2002. Toleration as Recognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Gelbal, Selahattin and Duyan, Veli. 2006. “Attitudes of University Students toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Turkey.” Sex Roles 55:573–579.CrossRef Gelbal, Selahattin and Duyan, Veli. 2006. “Attitudes of University Students toward Lesbians and Gay Men in Turkey.” Sex Roles 55:573–579.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Gerhards, Jurgen. 2010. “Non-discrimination towards Homosexuality: The European Union’s Policy and Citizens Attitudes towards Homosexuality in 27 European Countries.” International Sociology 25(1):5–28.CrossRef Gerhards, Jurgen. 2010. “Non-discrimination towards Homosexuality: The European Union’s Policy and Citizens Attitudes towards Homosexuality in 27 European Countries.” International Sociology 25(1):5–28.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Görkemli, Serkan. 2014. Grassroots Literacies: Lesbian and Gay Activism and the Internet in Turkey. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Görkemli, Serkan. 2014. Grassroots Literacies: Lesbian and Gay Activism and the Internet in Turkey. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Hain, Kathryn. 2012. “Devshirme is a Contested Practice” Historia: The Alpha Rho Papers 2:165–176. Hain, Kathryn. 2012. “Devshirme is a Contested Practice” Historia: The Alpha Rho Papers 2:165–176.
Zurück zum Zitat Hall, Stuart. 1997. “The Work of Representation.” Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices: Sage: 1–74. Hall, Stuart. 1997. “The Work of Representation.” Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices: Sage: 1–74.
Zurück zum Zitat Hagland, Paul Eenam Park. 1997. “International Theory and LGBT Politics: Testing the Limits of a Human Rights Based Strategy.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 3:357–84.CrossRef Hagland, Paul Eenam Park. 1997. “International Theory and LGBT Politics: Testing the Limits of a Human Rights Based Strategy.” GLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies 3:357–84.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hastrup, Kristen. 2002. “Toleration: Making Room for Difference,” in Discrimination and Toleration: New Perspectives, edited by K. Hastrup and G. Ulrich. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. Hastrup, Kristen. 2002. “Toleration: Making Room for Difference,” in Discrimination and Toleration: New Perspectives, edited by K. Hastrup and G. Ulrich. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
Zurück zum Zitat Harel, Alon. 1996. “The Boundaries of Justifiable Tolerance: A Liberal Perspective,” in Toleration: An Elusive Virtue, edited by David Heyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press:114–126. Harel, Alon. 1996. “The Boundaries of Justifiable Tolerance: A Liberal Perspective,” in Toleration: An Elusive Virtue, edited by David Heyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press:114–126.
Zurück zum Zitat Hélie, Anissa. 2006. “Threats and Survival: The Religious Right and LGBT Strategies in Muslim Contexts.” Women in Action, Isis International 1(19):19–31. Hélie, Anissa. 2006. “Threats and Survival: The Religious Right and LGBT Strategies in Muslim Contexts.” Women in Action, Isis International 1(19):19–31.
Zurück zum Zitat Heyd, David. 1996. Toleration: An Elusive Virtue. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Heyd, David. 1996. Toleration: An Elusive Virtue. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Horton, John. 1996. “Toleration as a Virtue,” in Toleration: An Elusive Virtue, edited by David Heyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 28–43. Horton, John. 1996. “Toleration as a Virtue,” in Toleration: An Elusive Virtue, edited by David Heyd. Princeton: Princeton University Press: 28–43.
Zurück zum Zitat Johnson, Kristen Deede. 2007. Theology, Political Theory, and Pluralism: Beyond Tolerance and Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:41–44.‬‬‬‬‬‬ Johnson, Kristen Deede. 2007. Theology, Political Theory, and Pluralism: Beyond Tolerance and Difference. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press:41–44.‬‬‬‬‬‬
Zurück zum Zitat KAOS-GL. 2010. “2009 LGBTT’ler İçin Zor Bir Yıl Oldu.” (The 2009 was a Difficult Year for the LGBTT), the Annual Report. KAOS-GL. 2010. “2009 LGBTT’ler İçin Zor Bir Yıl Oldu.” (The 2009 was a Difficult Year for the LGBTT), the Annual Report.
Zurück zum Zitat Kugle, Scott. 2010. Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Muslims. London: Oneworld Publications. Kugle, Scott. 2010. Homosexuality in Islam: Critical Reflection on Gay, Lesbian and Transgender Muslims. London: Oneworld Publications.
Zurück zum Zitat Locke, John. 1689/1952. The Second Treatise of Government, edited by Thomas P. Peardon. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co. Locke, John. 1689/1952. The Second Treatise of Government, edited by Thomas P. Peardon. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co.
Zurück zum Zitat Marcuse, Herbert. 1969. “Repressive Tolerance,” in A Critique of Pure Tolerance. Boston, MA: Beacon Press: 95–137. Marcuse, Herbert. 1969. “Repressive Tolerance,” in A Critique of Pure Tolerance. Boston, MA: Beacon Press: 95–137.
Zurück zum Zitat McWhorter, Ladelle. 2003. “Sex, Race, and Biopower: A Foucauldian Genealogy.” Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 19(3):38–62. McWhorter, Ladelle. 2003. “Sex, Race, and Biopower: A Foucauldian Genealogy.” Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 19(3):38–62.
Zurück zum Zitat Mill, John Stuart. 1859/2007. “On Liberty” in On Liberty and The Subjection of Women: Penguin Classics. Mill, John Stuart. 1859/2007. “On Liberty” in On Liberty and The Subjection of Women: Penguin Classics.
Zurück zum Zitat Nagel, Thomas. 1991. Equality and Impartiality: Oxford: Oxford University Press Nagel, Thomas. 1991. Equality and Impartiality: Oxford: Oxford University Press
Zurück zum Zitat Nuñez, Caryl. 2013. “The Refugee ‘Monster’ Doesn’t Stand a Chance: Privacy, Protection, and the Pursuit of Heteronationalism”. Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Convention. San Francisco, CA. Nuñez, Caryl. 2013. “The Refugee ‘Monster’ Doesn’t Stand a Chance: Privacy, Protection, and the Pursuit of Heteronationalism”. Paper presented at the International Studies Association Annual Convention. San Francisco, CA.
Zurück zum Zitat OMCT (World Organization against Torture). 2003. “Press Release: OMCT observes the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women.” OMCT (World Organization against Torture). 2003. “Press Release: OMCT observes the International Day for the Elimination of Violence Against Women.”
Zurück zum Zitat Paine, Thomas (1791/1989) “The Rights of Man, Part 1,” in Political Writings, edited by Bruce Kuklick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Paine, Thomas (1791/1989) “The Rights of Man, Part 1,” in Political Writings, edited by Bruce Kuklick. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Puar, Jasbir. 2007. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham, NC: Duke University Press. Puar, Jasbir. 2007. Terrorist Assemblages: Homonationalism in Queer Times. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Puar, Jasbir and Amit S. Rai. 2002. “Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots” Social Text 20(72):117–48.CrossRef Puar, Jasbir and Amit S. Rai. 2002. “Monster, Terrorist, Fag: The War on Terrorism and the Production of Docile Patriots” Social Text 20(72):117–48.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rawls, John. 1996. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press. Rawls, John. 1996. Political Liberalism. New York: Columbia University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Rose, Dacia Viejo. 2013. “Cultural violence and affective atmospheres: thinking about consequences.” Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and the Humanities. University of Cambridge. Rose, Dacia Viejo. 2013. “Cultural violence and affective atmospheres: thinking about consequences.” Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and the Humanities. University of Cambridge.
Zurück zum Zitat Russell, Bertrand. 1945/2000. History of Western Philosophy. London: Routledge. Russell, Bertrand. 1945/2000. History of Western Philosophy. London: Routledge.
Zurück zum Zitat Sakallı, Nuray. 2002. “Application of the Attribution-Value Model of Prejudice to Homosexuality” Journal of Social Psychology 142(2)(April 2002):264–271. Sakallı, Nuray. 2002. “Application of the Attribution-Value Model of Prejudice to Homosexuality” Journal of Social Psychology 142(2)(April 2002):264–271.
Zurück zum Zitat Shick, Irvin C. 2004. “Representation of Gender and Sexuality in Ottoman and Turkish Erotic Literature.” The Turkish Studies Association Journal 28(1–2):81–103. Shick, Irvin C. 2004. “Representation of Gender and Sexuality in Ottoman and Turkish Erotic Literature.” The Turkish Studies Association Journal 28(1–2):81–103.
Zurück zum Zitat Tahincioğlu, Gökçer. 2010. “Vakit, eşcinsellere tazminat ödeyecek: Yargıtay, Üskül’ün, KAOS-GL’ye yaptığı ziyaret için ‘sapıkları ziyaret etti’ diye yazan Vakit’in tazminat ödemesine karar Verdi.” Milliyet. Tahincioğlu, Gökçer. 2010. “Vakit, eşcinsellere tazminat ödeyecek: Yargıtay, Üskül’ün, KAOS-GL’ye yaptığı ziyaret için ‘sapıkları ziyaret etti’ diye yazan Vakit’in tazminat ödemesine karar Verdi.” Milliyet.
Zurück zum Zitat Tønder, Lars. (2013) Tolerance: A Sensorial Orientation of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef Tønder, Lars. (2013) Tolerance: A Sensorial Orientation of Politics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2011. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Turkey. Washington, D.C. U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. 2011. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2011: Turkey. Washington, D.C.
Zurück zum Zitat Waterlot, Ghislain. 1996. “Human Rights and the Fate of Tolerance.” Diogenes 176(4):53–70.CrossRef Waterlot, Ghislain. 1996. “Human Rights and the Fate of Tolerance.” Diogenes 176(4):53–70.CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Walzer, Michael. 1997. On Toleration. New Haven: Yale University Press. Walzer, Michael. 1997. On Toleration. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams, Bernard. 1996a. “Toleration, a Political or Moral Question?” in Tolerance Between Intolerance and the Intolerable, edited by Paul Rocoeur. Williams, Bernard. 1996a. “Toleration, a Political or Moral Question?” in Tolerance Between Intolerance and the Intolerable, edited by Paul Rocoeur.
Zurück zum Zitat Williams, Bernard. 1996b. “Tolerance: An Impossible Virtue?” in Toleration: An Elusive Virtue. Edited by David Held. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 18–27. Williams, Bernard. 1996b. “Tolerance: An Impossible Virtue?” in Toleration: An Elusive Virtue. Edited by David Held. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 18–27.
Zurück zum Zitat Young, Shaun P. 2002. Beyond Rawls: An Analysis of the Concept of Political Liberalism. Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Young, Shaun P. 2002. Beyond Rawls: An Analysis of the Concept of Political Liberalism. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
Zurück zum Zitat Ze’evi, Dror. 2005. “Hiding Sexuality: The Disappearance of Sexual Discourse in the Late Ottoman Middle East” Social Analysis 49(2)(Summer 2005):34–53. Ze’evi, Dror. 2005. “Hiding Sexuality: The Disappearance of Sexual Discourse in the Late Ottoman Middle East” Social Analysis 49(2)(Summer 2005):34–53.
Metadaten
Titel
Advancing LGBT Rights in Turkey: Tolerance or Protection?
verfasst von
Zehra F. Kabasakal Arat
Caryl Nuňez
Publikationsdatum
10.11.2016
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Erschienen in
Human Rights Review / Ausgabe 1/2017
Print ISSN: 1524-8879
Elektronische ISSN: 1874-6306
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-016-0439-x

Weitere Artikel der Ausgabe 1/2017

Human Rights Review 1/2017 Zur Ausgabe