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2021 | Buch

Agri-food and Forestry Sectors for Sustainable Development

Innovations to Address the Ecosystems-Resources-Climate-Food-Health Nexus

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Über dieses Buch

This book surveys state-of-the-art and prospective practices, methods and technologies in agri-food and forestry sectors to document the potential measurable improvements in areas of environmental management, food security, economic growth, social cohesion and human health at the local and global scale. With a focus on the ecosystems-resources-climate-food-health nexus as a framework towards achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals applicable in these sectors, the book offers a portfolio of guidelines and standards that assesses the affordability, potential profitability and possible unintended consequences of interventions. The areas of intervention covered in the study include global and local forest resources management, safe wastewater reuse for irrigation, sustainable crop and plant protection (e.g. biopesticides, bioherbicides), carbon sequestration and emission reduction strategies, and safe processing methods for food and food waste (e.g. sustainable food preservatives and healthier food). The book is primarily intended for academics, professionals, and policymakers. The professional audience, including enterprises in the forestry, farming, food processing, healthcare and waste management sectors, will take advantage of the updated knowledge basis concerning the innovations in the respective practices, methods and technologies, including their feasibility, affordability and profitability, and policymakers will find useful the comprehensive review of these innovations which could be strategically promoted and deployed in the next decade, with the aim of achieving the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Sustainability in a Highly Interconnected World
Abstract
Even more basic than data streams and transportation, the global terrestrial land is interconnected by the network of its ecological systems. Among them, large natural forests play the most important role due to the immense impact of their ecosystem services, such as provision of materials and food, oxygen production and carbon sequestration, and more subtle and equally important services such as climate regulation and health, including dangerous infections. Deforestation and forest fragmentation and degradation are the dominant factors that narrow the road to ecological, economic, social, and human sustainability with every passing day, requiring an extraordinary and immediate collective effort as the only means to escape a dire future. However, such effort is complicated by critically concurrent factors, such as the competition of forest land with expanding infrastructures and, more important, with the pressure on agriculture in the effort to feed the expanding global population. In this chapter, it is argued that, parallel to restoring natural forests, starting from coastal ones, considerable reduction of farming land could be achieved mainly by shifting as much as possible the global dietary habits from animal-source to plant-source food, besides urgently adopting the most effective, efficient, and green methods and technologies for food processing.
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
2. Technological Sustainability: Efficient and Green Process Intensification
Abstract
Controlled hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) has gained the status of the most effective and efficient among green process intensification technologies, due to its cheapness, straightforward scalability, and superior process yields, in a wide area of application fields, such as drinking water disinfection, wastewater remediation, food liquid pasteurization and sterilization, biomass pretreatment, creation of ultra-stable nanoemulsions, and many others. HC has also gained a great reputation as a greener extraction method and for its effectiveness in the intensification of food and pharmaceutical processes. This chapter provides an overview of the technologies based on hydrodynamic cavitation, exploiting the unique capability to generate extremely energy-dense and reactive microenvironments, locally characterized by very high temperatures, intense pressure waves, and hydraulic jets, due to the process of generation, growth, and implosion of vapor bubbles in a liquid, at temperatures below the boiling point. The main methods, techniques, and applications of HC-based technologies are presented, along with the most significant contributions that HC processes can deliver to the food supply chain.
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
3. Forest Management for Climate Protection
Abstract
Despite the adoption of international commitments to forest protection, deforestation and forest degradation continue unabated. A major issue is represented by national circumstances, which play a foremost role in determining the opportunities that countries have to implement and prioritize forest-based mitigation strategies in the land sector. Tropical primary forests, whose protection and restoration would produce the greatest benefits for the mitigation of global climate change, fall largely within few countries with enormous potential for improvement but facing major development challenges. An extraordinary global effort to sustain those countries is urgently needed for the sake of humankind. Further directions are proposed at the local urban scale, where most people live and forest parks can substantially relieve from the harshest consequences of climate change. It is also argued that an aggressive plan for electrification of energy end-uses at the urban level would be very beneficial to fully exploit the potential of urban forests.
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
4. Forest Ecosystem Services for Human Health
Abstract
This chapter reviews researches showing the great potential of non-timber use of forest products, in particular needles, bark, wood, and cones from conifer species, which are especially rich of essential micronutrients and could substantially contribute to their adequate intake in the human diet. The valorization of bioactive molecules through the extraction from residues of forest biomass, if integrated into wood industry processes, could add value to the wood processing chain, offsetting production costs, providing additional income that could be reinvested in reforestation or afforestation policies, while reducing waste and improving the human health. This chapter also explores the tremendous potential, so far largely underexploited, to improve human mental and physiological health due to the forest healing effects, which is an important emerging forest ecosystem service. The role of biogenic volatile organic compounds emitted by plants in the forest atmosphere is discussed, as an important determinant of long-lasting physiological health benefits, such as the immune-protective ones, deriving from exposure to the forest environment. Forest bathing and forest therapy practices are proposed as a win-win strategy to improve public health while achieving considerable healthcare savings, raise economic and social opportunities in remote areas, and contribute to sustainable forest management.
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
5. Sustainable Crop Protection and Farming
Abstract
Annually, between 20% and 40% of global crop production is lost due to pests. The sustainable protection of crops has immense relevance for the security of the food supply chain, in a world of growing population and shrinking resources. In the last decades, the increasing awareness of serious drawbacks coming from the use of pesticides stimulated studies aimed at identifying and developing new biological substances for crop protection, which are safer and more sustainable. Nonetheless, the global use of pesticides increased less than expected. Despite the positive results and the effectiveness and readiness of several products, biopesticides still represent a niche in the global pesticides market. This chapter discusses the main factors constraining the widespread adoption of biological pesticides and poses the urgent need to identify and standardize the most effective and efficient methods for the extraction and stabilization of biopesticide formulations, towards which intense research efforts should be directed. This chapter also illustrates the current trends of organic farming, its main differences and gaps compared to the conventional farming, the insufficient inclusion of benefits from organic farming and its drawbacks, and externalities affecting conventional intensive farming, as well as the potential of expanding the area covered by low-input farming to achieving multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
6. Water Conservation and Resource Efficiency in Agriculture
Abstract
The contribution of underutilized water sources, particularly wastewater, to crop irrigation allows to save freshwater resources, reduce the input of fertilizers, and at the same time prevent the contamination of water bodies produced by uncontrolled discharge. Wastewater reuse for fertigation of crops, feasible by means of frugal technologies, can lead to multiple social, economic, environmental, and climatic advantages, more pronounced in arid and semiarid areas. Controlled hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) processes are recommended for integration in wastewater treatment systems aimed at fertigation applications, due to their combined capabilities for effective and efficient removal of harmful organic micropollutants, including organic contaminants of emerging concern such as antibiotics, and disinfection of wastewater, while preserving organic matter and nutrients content, as required for fertigation purposes.
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
7. Sustainable and Affordable Technologies for Food Processing
Abstract
Adopting the most effective, efficient, and green food processing methods and related technologies represents an important step toward the sustainability of the food supply chain, in particular concerning plant-based food and vegetable beverages. The major challenges related to achieving microbiological safety and extended shelf life while preserving healthy properties and enhancing the bioavailability of essential micronutrients are discussed. This chapter illustrates successful application cases of controlled hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) methods and technologies, applied to brewing, cereal-based, legume-based, and oilseed-based beverages; fruit juices; as well as milk and other dairy products and by-products. HC green processes allow higher extraction rates of bioactive compounds, superior microbiological and physicochemical stability, extended shelf life, and higher bioavailability, all this comparatively more effectively and efficiently. The advances in the use of plant extracts as sources of important natural antioxidants in food, to prevent lipid and protein oxidation processes, as well as natural broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents, are also discussed, with particular focus on edible coatings and antimicrobial packaging, aimed at both food security and reduction of food waste.
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
8. Sustainable Exploitation of Agro-Food Waste
Abstract
The efficient use of agricultural and agro-industrial waste, i.e., converting waste materials into value-added products, is crucial to an effective bioeconomic strategy for sustainable development. A new value chain from agro-food waste is proposed, assessing the need to prioritize high-value by-products and based on the availability of effective and efficient technologies. Real-scale applications of controlled hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) in the processing of underutilized resources and agro-food waste are reviewed, due to their several advantages in shorter process times, higher energy efficiency, higher yields and enhanced extraction rates, and higher stability of the products, including superior retention of bioactive compounds. Part of this chapter focuses on the important case study of the integral valorization of citrus fruit processing waste, in particular citrus peels discarded by the juice industry, as a source of extremely valuable micronutrients, endowed with extraordinary antioxidant, broad-spectrum antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral activities.
Francesco Meneguzzo, Federica Zabini
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Agri-food and Forestry Sectors for Sustainable Development
verfasst von
Francesco Meneguzzo
Federica Zabini
Copyright-Jahr
2021
Electronic ISBN
978-3-030-66284-4
Print ISBN
978-3-030-66283-7
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66284-4