nach oben

Erschienen in:

2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

6. Algae-Based Wastewater Treatment for Biofuel Production: Processes, Species, and Extraction Methods

verfasst von : Stephen R. Lyon, Hossein Ahmadzadeh, Marcia A. Murry

Erschienen in: Biomass and Biofuels from Microalgae

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

This chapter develops the principles and rationale for an algae-based biofuel production coupled to bioremediation of municipal and agricultural wastewaters. A synergistic model for algal wastewater treatment is proposed, which addresses several economic bottlenecks to earlier algal systems and promotes value-added products, including a high-quality effluent in addition to biodiesel to improve the economic feasibility of algal biofuels. Finally, we review candidate species for full-scale algae production ponds based on algal structure, physiology and ecology, and methods for extraction of algal oils for biodiesel production and coproducts. The dominant strains of algae that are commonly found in wastewater ponds, including Euglenia, Scenedesmus, Selenastrum, Chlorella, and Actinastrum, are suggested as candidates for large-scale culturing based on their ability to strip nutrients and organic matter from wastewater, grow rapidly, and produce a significant level of algal oil. Oil extraction by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is discussed as an efficient means of isolating algal oil and other commercially important high-value compounds from algal biomass. Together with water and CO₂ reclamation, such products may shift the economics of algal biomass production to allow production of low-value commodities including biodiesel and biogas.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Wastewater as a Source of Nutrients for Microalgae Biomass Production

Nächstes Kapitel CO2 Environmental Bioremediation by Microalgae

Adams C, Godfrey V, Wahlen B, Seefeldt L, Bugbee B (2013) Understanding precision nitrogen stress to optimize the growth and lipid content tradeoff in oleaginous green microalgae. Bioresour Technol 131:188–194CrossRef

Anderson RA (2004) Biology and systematics of heterokont and haptophyte algae. Am J Bot 91:1508–1522CrossRef

Becker EW (1994) Microalgae: biotechnology and microbiology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Benemann JR, Hallenbeck PC, Weissman JC, Murry M, Oswald WJ (1977) Fertilizer production with nitrogen-fixing heterocystous blue-green algae. Final Report to the National Science Foundation, Sanitary Engineering Research Laboratory, University California Berkeley

Benemann JR, Oswald WJ (1996) Systems and economic analysis of microalgae ponds for conversion of CO₂ to biomass, final report, Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center

Bligh EG, Dyer WJ (1959) A rapid method for total lipid extraction and purification. Can J Biochem Physiol 37(8):911–917CrossRef

Borowitzka MA (1997) Microalgae for aquaculture: opportunities and constraints. J Appl Phycol 9(5):393–401CrossRef

Borowitzka MA, Moheimani NR (2013) Sustainable biofuels from algae. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 18:13–25CrossRef

Brussaard CP (2004) Viral control of phytoplankton populations—a review. J Eukaryot Microbiol 51(2):125–138CrossRef

Cavalier-Smith T (2007) A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biol Rev 73(3):203–266CrossRef

Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 25(3):294–306CrossRef

Choi KJ, Nakhost Z, Krukonis VJ, Karel M (1987) Supercritical fluid extraction and characterization of lipids from algae Scenedesmus obliquus. Food Biotechnol 1(2):263–281CrossRef

Colla LM, Bertolina TE, Costa JAV (2004) Fatty acids profile of Spirulina platensis grown under different temperatures and nitrogen concentrations. Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung C 59(1/2):55–59

Couto RM, Simões PC, Reis A, da Silva TL, Martins VH, Sanchez-Vincente Y (2010) Supercritical fluid extraction of lipids from the heterotrophic microalga Crypthecodinium cohnii. Eng Life Sci 10(2):158–164

Craggs RJ, Lundquist TJ, Benemann JR (2012) Wastewater treatment pond algal production for biofuel. In: Gordon R, Seckbach J (eds) The science of algal fuels: phycology, geology, biophotonics, genomics and nanotechnology. Springer, Dordrecht

Das P, Lei W, Aziz SS, Obbard JP (2011) Enhanced algae growth in both phototrophic and mixotrophic culture under blue light. Bioresour Technol 102(4):3883–3887CrossRef

Davis R, Aden A (2011) Techno-economic analysis of autotrophic microalgae for fuel production. Appl Energy 88:3524–3531CrossRef

Davis SC, Kucharik CJ, Fazio S, Monti A (2013) Environmental sustainability of advanced biofuels. Biofuels Bioprod Biorefin 7:638–646CrossRef

De Pauw N, Van Vaerenbergh E (1981) Microalgae wastewater treatment systems: potentials and limits. In: Conference phytodepuration and employment of the biomass produced, Parma, Italy, 15–16 May 1981

De Wever A, Leliaert F, Verleyen E, Vanormelingen P, Van der Gucht K, Hodgson DA, Sabbe K, Vyverman W (2009) Hidden levels of phylodiversity in Antarctic green algae: further evidence for the existence of glacial refugia. Proc Roy Soci B Biol Sci 276:3591–3599CrossRef

Downing JB, Bracco E, Green FB, Ku AY, Lundquist TJ, Zubieta IX, Oswald WJ (2002) Low cost wastewater reclamation using the advanced integrated wastewater pond system technology and reverse osmosis. Water Sci Technol 45(1):117–125

Fawley KP, Fawley MW (2007) Observations on the diversity and ecology of freshwater Nannochloropsis (Eustigmatophyceae), with descriptions of new Taxa. Protist 158:325–336CrossRef

Frank ED, Elgowainy A, Han J, Wang Z (2013) Life cycle comparison of hydrothermal liquefaction and lipid extraction pathways to renewable diesel from algae. Mitig Adapt Strat Glob Change 18(1):137–158

Fulton LM (2009) Nutrient removal by algae grown in CO₂-enriched wastewater over a range of nitrogen-to-phosphorus ratios. Master’s thesis, civil and environmental engineering department, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, p 63

Garnier M, Carrier G, Rogniaux H, Nicolau E, Bougaran G, Saint-Jean B, Cadoret JP (2014) Comparative proteomics reveals proteins impacted by nitrogen deprivation in wild-type and high lipid-accumulating mutant strains of Tisochrysis lutea. J Proteomics 105:107–120 S1874-3919(14)00071-2CrossRef

Gerken HG, Donohoe B, Knoshaug EP (2013) Enzymatic cell wall degradation of Chlorella vulgaris and other microalgae for biofuels production. Planta 237(1):239–253CrossRef

Gladden JM, Allgaier M, Miller CS, Hazen TC, VanderGheynst JS, Hugenholtz P, Simmons BA, Singer SW (2011) Glycoside hydrolase activities of thermophilic bacterial consortia adapted to switchgrass. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:5804–5812CrossRef

Griffiths MJ, Harrison STL (2009) Lipid productivity as a key characteristic for choosing algal species for biodiesel production. J Appl Phycol 21(5):493–507CrossRef

Grobbelaar JU (2004) Algal nutrition. In: Richmond A (ed) Handbook of microalgal culture: biotechnology and applied phycology. Blackwell Publishing, Ames, pp 97–115

Guckert JB, Cooksey KE, Jackson LL (1988) Lipid solvent systems are not equivalent for analysis of lipid classes in the microeukaryotic green algae, Chlorella. J Microbiol Methods 8:139–149CrossRef

Guiry MD (2012) How many species of algae are there? J Phycol 48:1057–1061CrossRef

Halim R, Gladman B, Danquah MK, Webley PA (2011) Oil extraction from microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioresour Technol 102:178–185CrossRef

Herrero M, Mendiola JA, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E (2010) Supercritical fluid extraction: recent advances and applications. J Chromatogr A 1217:2495–2511CrossRef

Hillebrand H (2011) Temperature mediates competitive exclusion and diversity in benthic microalgae under different N: P stoichiometry. Ecol Res 26(3):533–539CrossRef

Horner RA (2002) A taxonomic guide to some common marine phytoplankton. Biopress, Bristol, pp 25–30

Huerlimann R, de Nys Heimann (2010) Growth, lipid content, productivity, and fatty acid composition of tropical microalgae for scale-up production. Biotechnol Bioeng 107(2):245–257CrossRef

Illman AM, Scragg AH, Shales SW (2000) Increase in Chlorella strains calorific values when grown in low nitrogen medium. Enzyme Microb Technol 27:631–635CrossRef

Jakobsen AN, Aasen IM, Josefsen KD, Strom AR (2008) Accumulation of docosahexaenoic acid-rich lipid in thraustochytrid Aurantiochytrium sp strain T66: effects of N and P starvation and O₂ limitation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 80(2):297–306CrossRef

Kent AD, Triplett EW (2002) Microbial communities and their interactions in soil and rhizosphere ecosystems. Annu Rev Microbiol 56:211–236CrossRef

Lang W (1974) Competitive exclusion among three planktonic blue-green algal species. J Phycol 10(4):411–414

Lewis L, Lewis P (2005) Unearthing the molecular phylodiversity of desert soil green algae (Chlorophyta). Syst Biol 54(6):936–947CrossRef

Li Y, Horsman M, Wang B, Wu N, Lan CQ (2008) Effects of nitrogen sources on cell growth and lipid accumulation of green alga Neochloris oleoabundans. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 81(4):629–636CrossRef

Lucentinii J (2005) Secondary endosymbiosis exposed. Scientist 19:22–23

Lundquist TJ, Woertz IC, Benemann JR (2011) Algal high rate ponds with CO₂ addition for energy efficient nutrient recovery. In: Paper written for the Nutrient Recovery and Management conference, Water Environment Federation, Miami, Florida, p 14

Lundquist TJ, Woertz IC, Quinn NWT, Benemann JR (2010) A realistic technological and economic assessment of algae biofuels. Report prepared for the BP Energy Biosciences Institute. Berkeley, California, p 154

Lv JM, Cheng LH, Xu XH, Zhang L, Chen HL (2010) Enhanced lipid production of Chlorella vulgaris by adjustment of cultivation conditions. Bioresour Technol 101(17):6797–6804CrossRef

Mahapatra DM, Ramachandra TV (2013) Algal biofuel: bountiful lipid from Chlorococcum sp. proliferating in municipal wastewater. Curr Sci 105(1):47–55

Martinez ME, Sanchez S, Jimenez JM, El Yousfi F, Munoz L (2000) Nitrogen and phosphorus removal from urban wastewater by the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. Bioresour Technol 73:263–272CrossRef

McCormick PV, Cairns J (1994) Algae as indicators of environmental change. J Appl Phycol 6:509–526CrossRef

McGinnis KM, Dempster TA, Sommerfeld MR (1997) Characterization of the growth and lipid content of the diatom Chaetoceros muelleri. J Appl Phycol 9:19–24CrossRef

Miaoa X, Wu Q (2006) Biodiesel production from heterotrophic microalgal oil. Bioresour Technol 97:841–846CrossRef

Moestrup O (2001a) Algae: phylogeny and evolution. In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences. Wiley, Chichester

Moestrup O (2001b) Algal taxonomy: historical overview. In: eLS. Wiley, Chichester

Molina Grima EH, Belarbia FG, Acien FA, Robles M, Chisti Y (2003) Recovery of microalgal biomass and metabolites: process options and economics. Biotechnol Adv 20:491–515CrossRef

Murry MA, Benemann JR (1980) Fresh and brackish water aquatic plant resources. In: Zaborsky O (ed) Handbook of Biosolar resources, vol II. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 407–470

Neori A (2008) Essential role of seaweed cultivation in integrated multi-trophic aquaculture farms for global expansion of mariculture: an analysis. J Appl Phycol 20:567–570CrossRef

Oilgae (2009) Oilgae guide to algae-based wastewater treatment. A Sample Report

Ojala A, Tikka M, Valkonen K (2013) Algal cultivation for lipid production in waste water. In: Arnold M (ed) Sustainable algal biomass products by cultivation in waste water flows. VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, p 147

Oswald WJ (1963) Light efficiency of algae grown in sewage. Trans Am Soc Civ Eng 128:47–83

Oswald WJ (2003) My 60 years in applied algology. J Appl Phycol 15:99–106CrossRef

Park JJ, Lechno-Yossef S, Wolk CP, Vieille C (2013) Cell-specific gene expression in Anabaena variabilis grown phototrophically, mixotrophically, and heterotrophically. BMC Genomic 14:759CrossRef

Patil PD, Gude VG (2011) Optimization of direct conversion of wet algae to biodiesel under supercritical methanol conditions. Bioresour Technol 102(1):118–122CrossRef

Pickett-Heaps J, Schmid AMM, Edgar LA (1990) The cell biology of diatom valve formation. Prog Phycol Res 7:1–168

Ponnuswamy I, Madhavan S, Shabudeen S (2013) Isolation and characterization of green microalgae for carbon sequestration, waste water treatment and bio-fuel production. Int J Bio-Sci Bio-Technol 5(2):17–25

Radner RJ, Parker BC (1994) Commercial applications of algae: opportunities and constraints. J Appl Phycol 6:93–98CrossRef

Raeesossadati MJ, Ahmadzadeh H, McHenry MP, Moheimani NR (2014) CO₂ bioremediation by microalgae in photobioreactors: impacts of biomass and CO₂ concentrations, light, and temperature. Algal Res 6:78–85CrossRef

Ranganathan S, Narasimhan S, Muthukumar K (2008) An overview of enzymatic production of biodiesel. Bioresour Technol 99:3975–3981CrossRef

Rawson DS (1956) Algal indicators of trophic lake types. Limnol Oceanogr 1(1):18–25CrossRefMathSciNet

Renewable fuels association (2012). http://www.ethanolrfa.org/pages/statistics

Rodolfi LC, Zittelli G, Bassi N, Padovani G, Biondi N, Bonini G, Tredici MR (2009) Microalgae for oil: strain selection, induction of lipid synthesis and outdoor mass cultivation in a low-cost photobioreactor. Biotechnol Bioeng 102(1):100–112CrossRef

Roessler PG (1988) Changes in the activities of various lipid and carbohydrate biosynthetic enzymes in the diatom Cyclotella cryptica in response to silicon deficiency. Arch Biochem Biophys 267:521–528CrossRef

Roessler PG (1990) Environmental control of glycerolipid metabolism in microalgae: commercial implications and future research directions. J Phycol 26:393–399CrossRef

Rosgaard L, de Porcellinis AJ, Jacobsen JH, Frigaard NU, Sakuragi Y (2012) Bioengineering of carbon fixation, biofuels, and biochemicals in cyanobacteria and plants. J Biotechnol 162(1):134–147CrossRef

Round FE, Crawford RM, Mann DG (1990) The diatoms: biology and morphology of the genera. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 1–11

Sheehan J, Dunahay T, Benemann JR, Roessler P (1987) A look back at the U.S. Department of energy’s aquatic species program: Biodiesel from Algae. National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO NERL/TP-580-24190

Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, Isambert A (2006) Commercial applications of microalgae. J Biosci Bioeng 101:87–96CrossRef

Takagi M, Watanabe K, Yamaberi K, Yoshida T (2000) Limited feeding of potassium nitrate for intracellular lipid and triglyceride accumulation of Nannochloris sp. UTEX LB1999. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 54:112–117CrossRef

Walker TL, Collet C, Purton S (2005) Algal transgenics in the genomic era. J Phycol 41:1077–1093CrossRef

Wang W, Liu X, Lu X (2013) Engineering cyanobacteria to improve photosynthetic production of alka(e)nes. Biotechnol Biofuels 6:69CrossRef

Weissman JC, Goebel RP (1987) Factors affecting the photosynthetic yield of microalgae. FY 1986 Aquatic Species Program Annual Report, Solar Energy Research Institute, Golden, Colorado, SERI/SP-231-3071, pp 139–168

Williams PJ, Laurens LML (2010) Microalgae as biodiesel & biomass feedstocks: Review & analysis of the biochemistry, energetics & economics. Energy Environ Sci 3:554CrossRef

Wisconsin department of natural resources (2010) Introduction to activated sludge study guide, bureau of science services, operator certification program, P.O. Box 7921, Madison, WI 53707. http://dnr.wi.gov

Woertz IC, Fulton L, Lundquist TJ (2009) Nutrient removal & greenhouse gas abatement with CO₂-supplemented algal high rate ponds. In: Paper written for the WEFTEC annual conference, Water Environment Federation

Yool A, Tyrrell T (2003) Role of diatoms in regulating the ocean’s silicon cycle. Global Biogeochem Cycles 17(4):1103–1124

Zelitch I (1971) Photosynthesis, photorespiration and plant productivity. Academic Press, Waltham, p 275

Zheng H, Yin J, Gao Z, Huang H, Ji X, Dou C (2011) Disruption of Chlorella vulgaris Cells for the release of biodiesel-producing lipids: a comparison of grinding, ultrasonication, bead milling, enzymatic lysis, and microwaves. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 164:1215–1224CrossRef

Zhou Y, Schideman L, Yu G, Zhang Y (2013) A synergistic combination of algal wastewater treatment and hydrothermal biofuel production maximized by nutrient and carbon recycling. Energy Environ Sci 6:3765–3779CrossRef

Titel: Algae-Based Wastewater Treatment for Biofuel Production: Processes, Species, and Extraction Methods
verfasst von: Stephen R. Lyon
Hossein Ahmadzadeh
Marcia A. Murry
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Biomass and Biofuels from Microalgae
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-16639-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-16640-7

Copyright-Jahr: 2015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16640-7_6