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2015 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

An Analysis of the Standardization Process of Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems

verfasst von : Sjoerd Bakker, Jan Jacob Trip

Erschienen in: E-Mobility in Europe

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Electric vehicles of various manufacturers are being deployed throughout Europe. To recharge these vehicles, an infrastructure of rechargers is needed to enable charging at both private and public parking facilities. Throughout Europe, different charging protocols, plug designs and billing systems have been developed and introduced. In this chapter, the authors describe these standards and analyse the current situation in north-western Europe regarding the installed equipment and initiatives to realize national and international interoperability between currently isolated networks of chargers. The authors conclude that there is a problematic tension between early attempts to define national standards and the eventual need for international interoperability to enable cross-border travel with electric vehicles.

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Fußnoten
1
Technical details of the various standards can be found, amongst others, in publications from the Green eMotion project: http://​www.​greenemotion-project.​eu.
 
2
A battery can be charged inductively without using cables. Instead, an electromagnetic field is used to transfer energy to the vehicle. This way of charging is tested in numerous experiments and may very well become the charging mode of the future. Today however, no cars are ready for conductive charging nor are there any standard chargers available for this. Still, it is an attractive option because it does not involve any cumbersome equipment or cables and thereby does not spoil the streetscape in inner cities for instance. Also, and perhaps more importantly, it could be used for charging while driving by means of inductive road surfaces or for instance to quick-charge buses at bus stops.
 
3
An empty battery can be swapped with a fully charged one. Potentially, this is the fastest way of ‘recharging’ an EV, but most likely also the most expensive way since it requires the construction of (automated) swapping stations. Additional batteries are needed as well. Furthermore, standardization of EV batteries would be needed to some extent (to prevent stocking a wide variety of battery types and sizes), and EVs need to be specifically designed to be suitable for battery swapping (most of them currently are not). The company Better Place was well known for developing and deploying swapping stations in, amongst others, Israel, Denmark, Japan, and the Netherlands, but went bankrupt in May 2013. Renault was the only car manufacturer that cooperated with Better Place and has produced about a thousand Fluences with switchable batteries. The dedicated EV manufacturer Tesla Motors has also announced that it is testing battery swapping options, but this has not been done outside its factory gates yet (http://​www.​teslamotors.​com/​batteryswap).
 
4
The number of interviews per country: the UK 3, the Netherlands 7, Belgium 3, Germany 7, Denmark 4, Sweden 2, Norway 5.
 
14
These are for electric vehicles (according to www.​openchargemap.​org), the network further consists of hundreds of chargers for e-bikes.
 
24
Elforsk, Laddningsinfrastruktur—Marknadsinventering och rekommendationer, Lennart Spante och ”Arbetsgrupp P5” Juni 2010.
 
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Metadaten
Titel
An Analysis of the Standardization Process of Electric Vehicle Recharging Systems
verfasst von
Sjoerd Bakker
Jan Jacob Trip
Copyright-Jahr
2015
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-13194-8_3

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