Skip to main content

Tipp

Weitere Kapitel dieses Buchs durch Wischen aufrufen

Erschienen in:
Buchtitelbild

2021 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

1. An Overview of Virtual Inertia and Its Control

verfasst von : Thongchart Kerdphol, Fathin Saifur Rahman, Masayuki Watanabe, Yasunori Mitani

Erschienen in: Virtual Inertia Synthesis and Control

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

share
TEILEN

Abstract

Today, due to the widespread penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs) and distributed generators (DGs), a new power system stability issue has emerged. This issue is the reduction and variation of inertia in the power system and is triggered by the utilization of power electronics interfaces to connect the RESs and DGs into the system, leading to a higher system uncertainty that needs more complex system operation and control. To maintain system reliability and providing efficient use of RESs and DGs, the synthesis and control of virtual inertia should be a key technology to achieve a flexible operation in today and future power systems. This chapter provides an introduction to the fundamental aspects of synthesis and control of virtual inertia for the purpose of the power system controls. An overview of the low inertia issue in the system with a high share of RESs and the role of virtual inertia are highlighted. The concept of virtual inertia emulation is briefly presented. Finally, the past achievements in the synthesis of virtual inertia respect to power system stability and control are briefly reviewed.

Sie möchten Zugang zu diesem Inhalt erhalten? Dann informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 69.000 Bücher
  • über 500 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt 90 Tage mit der neuen Mini-Lizenz testen!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 50.000 Bücher
  • über 380 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe



 


Jetzt 90 Tage mit der neuen Mini-Lizenz testen!

Literatur
2.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Kroposki et al., Achieving a 100% renewable grid: operating electric power systems with extremely high levels of variable renewable energy. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 15(2), 61–73 (2017) CrossRef B. Kroposki et al., Achieving a 100% renewable grid: operating electric power systems with extremely high levels of variable renewable energy. IEEE Power Energy Mag. 15(2), 61–73 (2017) CrossRef
3.
Zurück zum Zitat G. Masson, I. Kaizuka, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications, Report, IEA PVPS T1-36 (2019) G. Masson, I. Kaizuka, Trends in Photovoltaic Applications, Report, IEA PVPS T1-36 (2019)
4.
Zurück zum Zitat R.F. Yan, T.K. Saha, N. Modi, N.A. Masood, M. Mosadeghy, The combined effects of high penetration of wind and PV on power system frequency response. Appl. Energy 145, 320–330 (2015) CrossRef R.F. Yan, T.K. Saha, N. Modi, N.A. Masood, M. Mosadeghy, The combined effects of high penetration of wind and PV on power system frequency response. Appl. Energy 145, 320–330 (2015) CrossRef
5.
Zurück zum Zitat J.G. Slootweg, W.L. Kling, Impacts of distributed generation on power system transient stability, in Proc.  IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Power Meeting, 862-867 (2002) J.G. Slootweg, W.L. Kling, Impacts of distributed generation on power system transient stability, in Proc.  IEEE Power Engineering Society Summer Power Meeting, 862-867 (2002)
6.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Bevrani, Robust Power System Frequency Control, 2nd ed. (Springer, New York, USA, 2014) MATH H. Bevrani, Robust Power System Frequency Control, 2nd ed. (Springer, New York, USA, 2014) MATH
7.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Matevosyan et al., Proposed future Ancillary Services in Electric Reliability Council of Texas, in Proc . 2015 IEEE PowerTech, 1-6 (2015) J. Matevosyan et al., Proposed future Ancillary Services in Electric Reliability Council of Texas, in Proc . 2015 IEEE PowerTech, 1-6 (2015)
8.
Zurück zum Zitat Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Future Ancillary Services in ERCOT, Final Report (2013) Electric Reliability Council of Texas, Future Ancillary Services in ERCOT, Final Report (2013)
9.
Zurück zum Zitat H.P. Beck, R. Hesse, Virtual synchronous machine, in Proc.  International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, 1-6 (2007) H.P. Beck, R. Hesse, Virtual synchronous machine, in Proc.  International Conference on Electrical Power Quality and Utilisation, 1-6 (2007)
10.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Driesen, K. Visscher, Virtual synchronous generators, in Proc . IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting (IEEE PES GM), 1-3 (2008) J. Driesen, K. Visscher, Virtual synchronous generators, in Proc . IEEE Power Energy Society General Meeting (IEEE PES GM), 1-3 (2008)
11.
Zurück zum Zitat Q.C. Zhong, G. Weiss, Synchronverters: inverters that mimic synchronous generators. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 58(4), 1259–1267 (2011) CrossRef Q.C. Zhong, G. Weiss, Synchronverters: inverters that mimic synchronous generators. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 58(4), 1259–1267 (2011) CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat H. Bevrani, T. Ise, Y. Miura, Virtual synchronous generators: a survey and new perspectives. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 54, 244–254 (2014) CrossRef H. Bevrani, T. Ise, Y. Miura, Virtual synchronous generators: a survey and new perspectives. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 54, 244–254 (2014) CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat U. Tamrakar, D. Shrestha, M. Maharjan, B. Bhattarai, T. Hansen, R. Tonkoski, Virtual inertia: current trends and future directions. Appl. Sci. 7(7), 654 (2017) CrossRef U. Tamrakar, D. Shrestha, M. Maharjan, B. Bhattarai, T. Hansen, R. Tonkoski, Virtual inertia: current trends and future directions. Appl. Sci. 7(7), 654 (2017) CrossRef
14.
Zurück zum Zitat M.P.N. Van Wesenbeeck, S.W.H. De Haan, P. Varela, K. Visscher, Grid tied converter with virtual kinetic storage, in Proc.  IEEE Bucharest PowerTech, 1-7 (2009) M.P.N. Van Wesenbeeck, S.W.H. De Haan, P. Varela, K. Visscher, Grid tied converter with virtual kinetic storage, in Proc.  IEEE Bucharest PowerTech, 1-7 (2009)
15.
Zurück zum Zitat V. Karapanos, S. De Haan, K. Zwetsloot, Real time simulation of a power system with VSG hardware in the loop, in Proc.  Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 3748-3754 (2011) V. Karapanos, S. De Haan, K. Zwetsloot, Real time simulation of a power system with VSG hardware in the loop, in Proc.  Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, 3748-3754 (2011)
16.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Rodriguez, E. Rakhshani, A. Mir Cantarellas, D. Remon, Analysis of derivative control based virtual inertia in multi-area high-voltage direct current interconnected power systems. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 10(6), 1458–1469 (2016) P. Rodriguez, E. Rakhshani, A. Mir Cantarellas, D. Remon, Analysis of derivative control based virtual inertia in multi-area high-voltage direct current interconnected power systems. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 10(6), 1458–1469 (2016)
17.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Kerdphol, F.S. Rahman, Y. Mitani, K. Hongesombut, S. Küfeoğlu, Virtual inertia control-based model predictive control for microgrid frequency stabilization considering high renewable energy integration. Sustainability 9(5), 773 (2017) T. Kerdphol, F.S. Rahman, Y. Mitani, K. Hongesombut, S. Küfeoğlu, Virtual inertia control-based model predictive control for microgrid frequency stabilization considering high renewable energy integration. Sustainability 9(5), 773 (2017)
18.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Kerdphol, F. S. Rahman, Y. Mitani, M. Watanabe, S. Kufeoglu, Robust virtual inertia control of an islanded microgrid considering high penetration of renewable energy. IEEE Access.  6, 625-636 (2018) T. Kerdphol, F. S. Rahman, Y. Mitani, M. Watanabe, S. Kufeoglu, Robust virtual inertia control of an islanded microgrid considering high penetration of renewable energy. IEEE Access.  6, 625-636 (2018)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Kerdphol, F. Rahman, Y. Mitani, Virtual inertia control application to enhance frequency stability of interconnected power systems with high renewable energy penetration. Energies. 11(4), 981 (2018) T. Kerdphol, F. Rahman, Y. Mitani, Virtual inertia control application to enhance frequency stability of interconnected power systems with high renewable energy penetration. Energies. 11(4), 981 (2018)
20.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Ulbig, T.S. Borsche, G. Andersson, Impact of low rotational inertia on power system stability and operation. IFAC Proceedings Volumes. 47(3), 7290-7297 (2014) A. Ulbig, T.S. Borsche, G. Andersson, Impact of low rotational inertia on power system stability and operation. IFAC Proceedings Volumes. 47(3), 7290-7297 (2014)
21.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Tielens, D. Van Hertem, The relevance of inertia in power systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.  55, 999-1009 (2016) P. Tielens, D. Van Hertem, The relevance of inertia in power systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev.  55, 999-1009 (2016)
22.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Wang, V. Silva, M. Lopez-Botet-zulueta, Impact of high penetration of variable renewable generation on frequency dynamics in the continental Europe interconnected system. IET Renew. Power Gener .  10(1), 10-16 (2016) Y. Wang, V. Silva, M. Lopez-Botet-zulueta, Impact of high penetration of variable renewable generation on frequency dynamics in the continental Europe interconnected system. IET Renew. Power Gener .  10(1), 10-16 (2016)
23.
Zurück zum Zitat Q.C. Zhong, P.L. Nguyen, Z. Ma, W. Sheng, Self-synchronized synchronverters: inverters without a dedicated synchronization unit. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 29(2), 617-630 (2014) Q.C. Zhong, P.L. Nguyen, Z. Ma, W. Sheng, Self-synchronized synchronverters: inverters without a dedicated synchronization unit. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 29(2), 617-630 (2014)
24.
Zurück zum Zitat Q.C. Zhong, Virtual synchronous machines: a unified interface for grid integration. IEEE Power Electron. Mag. 3(4), 18-27 (2016) Q.C. Zhong, Virtual synchronous machines: a unified interface for grid integration. IEEE Power Electron. Mag. 3(4), 18-27 (2016)
25.
Zurück zum Zitat Q.C. Zhong, G.C. Konstantopoulos, B. Ren, M. Krstic, Improved synchronverters with bounded frequency and voltage for smart grid integration. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 9(2), 786–796 (2018) CrossRef Q.C. Zhong, G.C. Konstantopoulos, B. Ren, M. Krstic, Improved synchronverters with bounded frequency and voltage for smart grid integration. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 9(2), 786–796 (2018) CrossRef
26.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Chen, R. Hesse, D. Turschner, H. P. Beck, Investigation of the virtual synchronous machine in the island mode, in Proc.  IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, 1-6 (2012) Y. Chen, R. Hesse, D. Turschner, H. P. Beck, Investigation of the virtual synchronous machine in the island mode, in Proc.  IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Europe, 1-6 (2012)
27.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Hesse, D. Turschner, H. P. Beck, Micro grid stabilization using the Virtual Synchronous Machine (VISMA), in Proc.  International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, 676-681 (2009) R. Hesse, D. Turschner, H. P. Beck, Micro grid stabilization using the Virtual Synchronous Machine (VISMA), in Proc.  International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, 676-681 (2009)
28.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Chen, R. Hesse, D. Turschner, H.P. Beck, Dynamic Properties of the Virtual Synchronous Machine (VISMA), in Proc.  International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, 755-759 (2011) Y. Chen, R. Hesse, D. Turschner, H.P. Beck, Dynamic Properties of the Virtual Synchronous Machine (VISMA), in Proc.  International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, 755-759 (2011)
29.
Zurück zum Zitat Y. Hirase, K. Abe, K. Sugimoto, Y. Shindo, A grid-connected inverter with virtual synchronous generator model of algebraic type. Electr. Eng. Japan. 184(4), 10-21 (2013) Y. Hirase, K. Abe, K. Sugimoto, Y. Shindo, A grid-connected inverter with virtual synchronous generator model of algebraic type. Electr. Eng. Japan. 184(4), 10-21 (2013)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Sakimoto, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Stabilization of a power system with a distributed generator by a Virtual Synchronous Generator function, in Proc.  International Conference on Power Electronics, 1498–1505 (2011) K. Sakimoto, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Stabilization of a power system with a distributed generator by a Virtual Synchronous Generator function, in Proc.  International Conference on Power Electronics, 1498–1505 (2011)
31.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Liu, Y. Miura, H. Bevrani, T. Ise, Enhanced virtual synchronous generator control for parallel inverters in microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 8(5), 2268–2277 (2017) CrossRef J. Liu, Y. Miura, H. Bevrani, T. Ise, Enhanced virtual synchronous generator control for parallel inverters in microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 8(5), 2268–2277 (2017) CrossRef
32.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Alipoor, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Power system stabilization using virtual synchronous generator with alternating moment of inertia. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 3(2), 451–458 (2015) CrossRef J. Alipoor, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Power system stabilization using virtual synchronous generator with alternating moment of inertia. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 3(2), 451–458 (2015) CrossRef
33.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Liu, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Comparison of dynamic characteristics between virtual synchronous generator and droop control in inverter-based distributed generators. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 31(5), 3600–3611 (2016) CrossRef J. Liu, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Comparison of dynamic characteristics between virtual synchronous generator and droop control in inverter-based distributed generators. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 31(5), 3600–3611 (2016) CrossRef
34.
Zurück zum Zitat T. Shintai, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Oscillation damping of a distributed generator using a virtual synchronous generator. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv .  29(2), 668-676 (2014) T. Shintai, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Oscillation damping of a distributed generator using a virtual synchronous generator. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv 29(2), 668-676 (2014)
35.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Rodriguez, I. Candela, A. Luna, Control of PV generation systems using the synchronous power controller, in Proc.  IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 993-998 (2013) P. Rodriguez, I. Candela, A. Luna, Control of PV generation systems using the synchronous power controller, in Proc.  IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, 993-998 (2013)
36.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Rodriguez, I. Candela, J. Rocabert, R. Teodorescu, Virtual Controller of Electromechanical Characteristics for Static Power Converters, European Patent Office, EP2683075A1 (2012) P. Rodriguez, I. Candela, J. Rocabert, R. Teodorescu, Virtual Controller of Electromechanical Characteristics for Static Power Converters, European Patent Office, EP2683075A1 (2012)
37.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Torres, L.A.C. Lopes, Virtual synchronous generator control in autonomous wind-diesel power systems, in Proc.  IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference, 1-6 (2009) M. Torres, L.A.C. Lopes, Virtual synchronous generator control in autonomous wind-diesel power systems, in Proc.  IEEE Electrical Power and Energy Conference, 1-6 (2009)
38.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Katiraei, M.R. Iravani, Power management strategies for a microgrid with multiple distributed generation units. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 21(4), 1821-1831 (2006) F. Katiraei, M.R. Iravani, Power management strategies for a microgrid with multiple distributed generation units. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 21(4), 1821-1831 (2006)
39.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Pogaku, M. Prodanović, T.C. Green, Modeling, analysis and testing of autonomous operation of an inverter-based microgrid. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 22(2), 613-625 (2007) N. Pogaku, M. Prodanović, T.C. Green, Modeling, analysis and testing of autonomous operation of an inverter-based microgrid. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 22(2), 613-625 (2007)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat S. D’Arco, J.A. Suul, Equivalence of virtual synchronous machines and frequency-droops for converter-based microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 5(1), 394-395 (2014) S. D’Arco, J.A. Suul, Equivalence of virtual synchronous machines and frequency-droops for converter-based microgrids. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid. 5(1), 394-395 (2014)
41.
Zurück zum Zitat S. D’Arco, J.A. Suul, Virtual synchronous machines — Classification of implementations and analysis of equivalence to droop controllers for microgrids, in Proc.  IEEE Grenoble Conference (2013) S. D’Arco, J.A. Suul, Virtual synchronous machines — Classification of implementations and analysis of equivalence to droop controllers for microgrids, in Proc.  IEEE Grenoble Conference (2013)
42.
Zurück zum Zitat N. Soni, S. Doolla, M.C. Chandorkar, Improvement of transient response in microgrids using virtual inertia. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 28(3), 1830-1838 (2013) N. Soni, S. Doolla, M.C. Chandorkar, Improvement of transient response in microgrids using virtual inertia. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 28(3), 1830-1838 (2013)
43.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Van De Vyver, J.D.M. De Kooning, B. Meersman, L. Vandevelde, T.L. Vandoorn, Droop control as an alternative inertial response strategy for the synthetic inertia on wind turbines. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 31(2), 1129-1138 (2016) J. Van De Vyver, J.D.M. De Kooning, B. Meersman, L. Vandevelde, T.L. Vandoorn, Droop control as an alternative inertial response strategy for the synthetic inertia on wind turbines. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 31(2), 1129-1138 (2016)
44.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Bonfiglio, M. Invernizzi, A. Labella, R. Procopio, Design and implementation of a variable synthetic inertia controller for wind turbine generators. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 34(1), 754-764 (2019) A. Bonfiglio, M. Invernizzi, A. Labella, R. Procopio, Design and implementation of a variable synthetic inertia controller for wind turbine generators. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 34(1), 754-764 (2019)
45.
Zurück zum Zitat M.F.M. Arani, E.F. El-Saadany, Implementing virtual inertia in DFIG-based wind power generation. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 28(2), 1373-1384 (2013) M.F.M. Arani, E.F. El-Saadany, Implementing virtual inertia in DFIG-based wind power generation. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 28(2), 1373-1384 (2013)
46.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Gloe, C. Jauch, B. Craciun, J. Winkelmann, Continuous provision of synthetic inertia with wind turbines: implications for the wind turbine and for the grid. IET Renewable Power Generation. 13(5), 668-675 (2019) A. Gloe, C. Jauch, B. Craciun, J. Winkelmann, Continuous provision of synthetic inertia with wind turbines: implications for the wind turbine and for the grid. IET Renewable Power Generation. 13(5), 668-675 (2019)
47.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Li, Q. Zhu, S. Lin, X.Y. Bian, A self-adaptive inertia and damping combination control of VSG to support frequency stability. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 32(1), 397-398 (2017) D. Li, Q. Zhu, S. Lin, X.Y. Bian, A self-adaptive inertia and damping combination control of VSG to support frequency stability. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 32(1), 397-398 (2017)
48.
Zurück zum Zitat M.A. Torres, L.A.C. Lopes, L.A.T. Morán, J.R.C. Espinoza, Self-tuning virtual synchronous machine: a control strategy for energy storage systems to support dynamic frequency control. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 29(4), 833-840 (2014) M.A. Torres, L.A.C. Lopes, L.A.T. Morán, J.R.C. Espinoza, Self-tuning virtual synchronous machine: a control strategy for energy storage systems to support dynamic frequency control. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 29(4), 833-840 (2014)
49.
Zurück zum Zitat I. Serban, C.P. Ion, Microgrid control based on a grid-forming inverter operating as virtual synchronous generator with enhanced dynamic response capability. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 89, 94–105 (2017) CrossRef I. Serban, C.P. Ion, Microgrid control based on a grid-forming inverter operating as virtual synchronous generator with enhanced dynamic response capability. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 89, 94–105 (2017) CrossRef
50.
Zurück zum Zitat M. Hajiakbari Fini, M.E. Hamedani Golshan, Determining optimal virtual inertia and frequency control parameters to preserve the frequency stability in islanded microgrids with high penetration of renewables. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 154, 13–22 (2018) M. Hajiakbari Fini, M.E. Hamedani Golshan, Determining optimal virtual inertia and frequency control parameters to preserve the frequency stability in islanded microgrids with high penetration of renewables. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 154, 13–22 (2018)
51.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Alipoor, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Stability assessment and optimization methods for microgrid with multiple VSG units. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 9(2), 1462–1471 (2018) CrossRef J. Alipoor, Y. Miura, T. Ise, Stability assessment and optimization methods for microgrid with multiple VSG units. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 9(2), 1462–1471 (2018) CrossRef
52.
Zurück zum Zitat F.S. Rahman, T. Kerdphol, M. Watanabe, Y. Mitani, Optimization of virtual inertia considering system frequency protection scheme. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 170, 294–302 (2019) CrossRef F.S. Rahman, T. Kerdphol, M. Watanabe, Y. Mitani, Optimization of virtual inertia considering system frequency protection scheme. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 170, 294–302 (2019) CrossRef
53.
Zurück zum Zitat B.K. Poolla, S. Bolognani, F. Dorfler, Optimal placement of virtual inertia in power grids. IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr. 62(12), 6209-6220 (2017) B.K. Poolla, S. Bolognani, F. Dorfler, Optimal placement of virtual inertia in power grids. IEEE Trans. Automat. Contr. 62(12), 6209-6220 (2017)
54.
Zurück zum Zitat F.S. Rahman, T. Kerdphol, M. Watanabe, Y. Mitani, A study on the placement of virtual synchronous generator in a two-area system, in Proc.  IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Asia, 782–786 (2018)  F.S. Rahman, T. Kerdphol, M. Watanabe, Y. Mitani, A study on the placement of virtual synchronous generator in a two-area system, in Proc.  IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies Asia, 782–786 (2018) 
55.
Zurück zum Zitat Israjuddin, N. Hariyanto, L. Chao-Yuan, L. Chih-Wen, Optimal placement of energy storage with synthetic inertia control on a grid with high penetration of renewables using mean-variance mapping optimization, in Proc. IEEE PES  Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 1-6 (2019) Israjuddin, N. Hariyanto, L. Chao-Yuan, L. Chih-Wen, Optimal placement of energy storage with synthetic inertia control on a grid with high penetration of renewables using mean-variance mapping optimization, in Proc. IEEE PES  Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, 1-6 (2019)
56.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Rakhshani, P. Rodriguez, Inertia emulation in AC/DC interconnected power systems using derivative technique considering frequency measurement effects. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 32(5), 3338-3351 (2017) E. Rakhshani, P. Rodriguez, Inertia emulation in AC/DC interconnected power systems using derivative technique considering frequency measurement effects. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 32(5), 3338-3351 (2017)
Metadaten
Titel
An Overview of Virtual Inertia and Its Control
verfasst von
Thongchart Kerdphol
Fathin Saifur Rahman
Masayuki Watanabe
Yasunori Mitani
Copyright-Jahr
2021
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-57961-6_1