1 Introduction
2 Methodology
2.1 Data
2.2 Bivariate Probit Model (BPM)
2.2.1 Estimation of Parameter Coefficients
2.2.2 Seemingly Unrelated Bivariate Probit Model
2.2.3 Marginal Effects
3 Result and Discussion
3.1 Descriptive Statistics
Variable | Codes/codes | Frequency (percentage) |
---|---|---|
Malaria | 0 = Absent | 330 (85.94%) |
1= Present | 54 (14.06%) | |
Anemia | 0 = Absent | 290 (75.52%) |
1= Present | 94 (24.48%) | |
Sex | 0 = Male | 153 (39.84%) |
1= Female | 231 (60.16%) | |
Age | 0 = 15–30 years | 68 (17.71%) |
1 = 31–45 years | 182 (47.4%) | |
2 = 46–60 years | 108 (28.13%) | |
3 \(\ge \)60 years | 26 (6.77%) | |
Education level | 0 = Illiterate | 178 (46.35%) |
1 = Read and write | 64 (16.67%) | |
2 = Primary education | 92 (23.96%) | |
3 = Secondary education | 33 (8.59%) | |
4 = Higher education | 17 (4.43%) | |
Marital status | 0 = Single | 127 (33.07%) |
1 = Married | 232 (60.42%) | |
2 = Widowed | 10 (2.60%) | |
3 = Divorced | 15 (3.91%) |
3.2 Chi Square Test of Association
Explanatory variable | Malaria | Anemia | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chi-square | df | p value | Chi-square | df | p value | |
Sex | 6.4718 | 1 | 0.011** | 3.2647 | 1 | 0.071* |
Age | 12.3083 | 3 | 0.006*** | 2.0588 | 3 | 0.560 |
Education level | 9.8137 | 4 | 0.044** | 14.1583 | 4 | 0.007*** |
Marital status | 0.4773 | 3 | 0.924 | 0.3057 | 3 | 0.959 |
3.3 Univariate Analysis
3.3.1 Univariate Analysis for Malaria
Explanatory variable | Parameter estimate | Standard error | Z statistic | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sex
| ||||
Female | \(-\) 0.4299 | 0.1837 | \(-\) 2.34 | 0.019** |
Age
| ||||
31–45 | \(-\) 1.1395 | 0.3415 | \(-\) 3.34 | 0.001*** |
46–60 | \(-\) 2.0005 | 0.4136 | \(-\) 4.84 | 0.000*** |
\({>}\) 60 | \(-\) 2.8569 | 0.7722 | \(-\) 3.70 | 0.000*** |
Education
| ||||
Read and write | \(-\) 0.3787 | 0.2436 | \(-\) 1.55 | 0.120 |
Primary education | \(-\) 1.2753 | 0.2984 | \(-\) 4.27 | 0.000*** |
Secondary education | \(-\) 0.7889 | 0.3578 | \(-\) 2.21 | 0.027** |
Higher education | \(-\) 0.7218 | 0.5230 | \(-\) 1.38 | 0.168 |
Marital status
| ||||
Married | 0.6372 | 0.2910 | 2.19 | 0.029** |
Widowed | 0.8584 | 0.5567 | 1.54 | 0.123 |
Divorced | 1.4014 | 0.7111 | 1.97 | 0.049** |
3.3.2 Univariate Analysis for Anemia
Explanatory variable | Parameter estimate | Standard error | Z statistic | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Malaria
| ||||
Present | 0.7798 | 0.2085 | 3.74 | 0.000*** |
Sex
| ||||
Female | 0.3899 | 0.1646 | 2.37 | 0.018** |
Age
| ||||
31-45 | 0.3056 | 0.2898 | 1.05 | 0.292 |
46–60 | 0.1512 | 0.3437 | 0.44 | 0.660 |
\({>}\) 60 | \(-\) 0.1394 | 0.4925 | \(-\) 0.28 | 0.777 |
Education
| ||||
Read and write | \(-\) 0.4731 | 0.2205 | \(-\) 2.15 | 0.032** |
Primary education | \(-\) 0.2695 | 0.2144 | \(-\) 1.26 | 0.209 |
Secondary education | \(-\) 0.9202 | 0.3534 | \(-\) 2.60 | 0.009*** |
Higher education | \(-\) 1.1404 | 0.5133 | \(-\) 2.22 | 0.026** |
Marital status
| ||||
Married | \(-\) 0.2658 | 0.2349 | \(-\) 1.13 | 0.258 |
Widowed | \(-\) 0.3339 | 0.5149 | \(-\) 0.65 | 0.517 |
Divorced | \(-\) 0.3582 | 0.5112 | \(-\) 0.70 | 0.483 |
3.4 Bivariate Analysis for Malaria and Anemia
Response variable | Explanatory variable | Parameter estimate | Standard error | Z statistic | p value | Marginal effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaria |
Sex
| |||||
Female | \(-\) 0.4058 | 0.1821 | \(-\) 2.23 | 0.026** | \(-\) 0.0795 | |
Age
| ||||||
31–45 | \(-\) 1.1160 | 0.3361 | \(-\) 3.32 | 0.001*** | \(-\) 0.3226 | |
46–60 | \(-\) 1.9719 | 0.4103 | \(-\) 4.81 | 0.000*** | \(-\) 0.4544 | |
> 60 | \(-\) 2.6089 | 0.6835 | \(-\) 3.82 | 0.000*** | \(-\) 0.4906 | |
Education level
| ||||||
Read and Write | \(-\) 0.3830 | 0.2424 | \(-\) 1.58 | 0.114 | \(-\) 0.0912 | |
Primary education | \(-\) 1.2881 | 0.2977 | \(-\) 4.33 | 0.000*** | \(-\) 0.2116 | |
Secondary education | \(-\) 0.7820 | 0.3563 | \(-\) 2.2 | 0.028** | \(-\) 0.1597 | |
Higher education | \(-\) 0.7246 | 0.5144 | \(-\) 1.41 | 0.159 | \(-\) 0.1514 | |
Marital status
| ||||||
Married | 0.5841 | 0.2844 | 2.05 | 0.040** | 0.0980 | |
Widowed | 0.8772 | 0.5357 | 1.64 | 0.102 | 0.1671 | |
Divorced | 1.1611 | 0.6543 | 1.77 | 0.076* | 0.2455 | |
Anemia |
Sex
| |||||
Female | 0.2828 | 0.1581 | 1.79 | 0.074* | 0.0815 | |
Age
| ||||||
31–45 | 0.0928 | 0.2787 | 0.33 | 0.739 | 0.0290 | |
46–60 | \(-\) 0.2068 | 0.3243 | \(-\) 0.64 | 0.524 | \(-\) 0.0590 | |
\(>\,\)60 | \(-\) 0.5939 | 0.4713 | \(-\) 1.26 | 0.208 | \(-\) 0.1458 | |
Education level
| ||||||
Read and write | \(-\) 0.5238 | 0.2164 | \(-\) 2.42 | 0.015** | \(-\) 0.1637 | |
Primary education | \(-\) 0.4683 | 0.2065 | \(-\) 2.27 | 0.023** | \(-\) 0.1491 | |
Secondary education | \(-\) 1.0243 | 0.3448 | \(-\) 2.97 | 0.003*** | \(-\) 0.2648 | |
Higher education | \(-\) 1.2296 | 0.5038 | \(-\) 2.44 | 0.015** | \(-\) 0.2912 | |
Marital status
| ||||||
Married | \(-\) 0.1385 | 0.2280 | \(-\) 0.61 | 0.544 | \(-\) 0.0413 | |
Widowed | \(-\) 0.1448 | 0.4990 | \(-\) 0.29 | 0.772 | \(-\) 0.0431 | |
Divorced | \(-\) 0.1295 | 0.4990 | \(-\) 0.26 | 0.795 | \(-\) 0.0387 | |
\(\hat{{\rho }}\)
| 0.4014 | 0.1026 |
Response variable | Explanatory variable | Parameter estimate | Standard error | Z statistic | p value | Marginal effects |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Malaria |
Sex
| |||||
Female | \(-\) 0.4390 | 0.1835 | \(-\) 2.39 | 0.017** | \(-\) 0.0857 | |
Age
| ||||||
31–45 | \(-\) 1.0631 | 0.3551 | \(-\) 2.99 | 0.003*** | \(-\) 0.3044 | |
46–60 | \(-\) 1.9198 | 0.4296 | \(-\) 4.47 | 0.000*** | \(-\) 0.4384 | |
> 60 | \(-\) 3.0576 | 0.8737 | \(-\) 3.50 | 0.000*** | \(-\) 0.4882 | |
Education level
| ||||||
Read and write | \(-\) 0.3728 | 0.2432 | \(-\) 1.53 | 0.125 | \(-\) 0.0882 | |
Primary education | \(-\) 1.2326 | 0.3022 | \(-\) 4.08 | 0.000*** | \(-\) 0.2048 | |
Secondary education | \(-\) 0.7896 | 0.3540 | \(-\) 2.23 | 0.026** | \(-\) 0.1589 | |
Higher education | \(-\) 0.7422 | 0.5281 | \(-\) 1.41 | 0.160 | \(-\) 0.1523 | |
Marital status
| ||||||
Married | 0.6152 | 0.2933 | 2.10 | 0.036** | 0.1130 | |
Widowed | 0.7542 | 0.5794 | 1.30 | 0.193 | 0.1404 | |
Divorced | 1.5697 | 0.7875 | 1.99 | 0.046** | 0.4266 | |
Anemia |
Malaria
| |||||
Present | 1.3498 | 0.5914 | 2.28 | 0.022** | 0.4662 | |
Sex
| ||||||
Female | 0.3986 | 0.1639 | 2.43 | 0.015** | 0.1044 | |
Education level
| ||||||
Read and write | \(-\) 0.4089 | 0.2122 | \(-\) 1.93 | 0.054* | \(-\) 0.1117 | |
Primary education | \(-\) 0.1421 | 0.1921 | \(-\) 0.74 | 0.459 | \(-\) 0.0422 | |
Secondary education | \(-\) 0.6423 | 0.3478 | \(-\) 1.85 | 0.065* | \(-\) 0.1615 | |
Higher education | \(-\) 0.8868 | 0.5150 | \(-\) 1.72 | 0.085* | \(-\) 0.2028 | |
\(\hat{{\rho }}\)
| \(-\) 0.3492 | 0.3631 |