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2016 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

8. Anti-trust Proceedings and Fines

verfasst von : Walter Frenz

Erschienen in: Handbook of EU Competition Law

Verlag: Springer Berlin Heidelberg

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Abstract

The law of European anti-trust proceedings comprises all procedural rules relevant to the application of European competition law. These include not only procedural rules related to proceedings before the Commission but also rules related to proceedings in which the national competition authorities apply Art. 101, 102 TFEU. In addition, legal protection against decisions from the Commission and national competition authorities when applying European competition law and procedural rules related to the Commission’s handling of complaints submitted to it are of significance. The influence of the fundamental rights has become much stronger in the recent years. This concerns above all the exorbitant high fines.

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For details regarding prior history see Krumstroh (2004).

Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.

Council Regulation No. 17: First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty of 6 February 1962, OJ No. 13, p. 204, last amended by Council Regulation (EC) No. 1216/1999, OJ 1999 L 148, p. 5.

The question of the suitable legal basis for this regulation will not be addressed here; for further discussion, see above paras 1168 et seq. Because no action for annulment was lodged against the regulation, we may consider anew the question if a court should indeed force us to do so by means of a submission under Art. 267 TFEU, Schmidt (2003), 1238.

See above para 294.

See above paras 1157 et seq. Cf. Koenigs (2003), 755 et seq.

See Schmidt (2003), 1238 et seq.; Weitbrecht (2003a), 69 et seq.

Weitbrecht (2003a), 70; expressing some concern based on primary law, Pace (2004), 301 et seq.

Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.

Council Regulation (EC) No. 411/2004 of 26 February 2004 repealing Regulation (EEC) No. 3975/87 and amending Regulations (EEC) No. 3976/87 and (EC) No. 1/2003, in connection with air transport between the Community and third countries, OJ 2004 L 68, p. 1.

Council Regulation (EC) No. 1419/2006 of 25 September 2006 repealing Regulation (EEC) No. 4056/86 laying down detailed rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to maritime transport, and amending Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 as regards the extension of its scope to include cabotage and international tramp services, OJ 2006 L 269, p. 1.

See also, Council Regulation (EEC) No. 4056/86 of 22 December 1986 laying down detailed rules for the application of Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty to maritime transport, OJ L 378, p. 4.

See Council Regulation (EC) No. 411/2004, OJ 2004 L 68 p. 1, Recital 3; Bechtold et al. (2009), Einführung para 19 which addresses the expansion in scope to cover maritime transportation services.

COM (2000), 582 final version, OJ 2000 C 365 E, p. 284.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 83)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 3)—Walt Wilhelm; see above paras 306 et seq.

Later, e.g. ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (para 103)—Akzo Nobel; Cases C-295–298/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:461 (para 38)—Manfredi as well as Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 3)—Walt Wilhelm.

ECJ, Case C-505/07, ECLI:EU:C:2009:591 (para 52)—Compañía Española de Comercialización de Aceite.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 85)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 86)—Toshiba.

Comprehensive treatment of the entire topic, above paras 329 et seq.

Viewing this as an infringement of the necessity principle under Art. 5 (4) TEU, Pace (2004), 303 et seq. Nevertheless, Art. 3 (2) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 is a part of the overall system and ensures the actual primacy of the EU rules on competition.

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 3 paras 12 et seq.

For additional discussion, see above paras 1066 et seq., 2338 et seq.

See above paras 340 et seq.

Recital 9 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 3 para 22 et seq.

For additional discussion, see below paras 3109 et seq.

ECJ, Case C-375/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:270 (paras 28 et seq.)—Tele2 Polska; see below para 2855.

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 3 para 18.

See, e.g. Möschel (2003), 571.

ECJ, Cases 212–217/80, ECLI:EU:C:1981:270 (para 9)—Meridionale Industria Salumi; Cases C-121 and 122/91, ECLI:EU:C:1993:285 (para 22)—CT Control and JCT Benelux; Case C-201/04, ECLI:EU:C:2006:136 (para 31)—Molenbergnatie; Case C-450/06, ECLI:EU:C:2008:91 (para 27)—Varec.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 47)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 50)—Toshiba.

In particular, in light of ECJ, Cases 97–99/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:380—Dow Chemical Ibérica; Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 56 et seq.)—Toshiba.

Frenz and Lülsdorf (2013), 170.

See ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 61)—Toshiba also citing generally applicable Art. 45 (2) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 62)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 63 et seq.)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 91)—Toshiba.

See fundamentally ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 3)—Walt Wilhelm; Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 81, 83 et seq.)—Toshiba with additional citations.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 70 et seq.)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 77, 79)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 80, 91)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 83 et seq.)—Toshiba.

With an all-the-more conclusion, ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (para 91)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 88 et seq.)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case C-17/10, ECLI:EU:C:2012:72 (paras 97 et seq.)—Toshiba.

ECJ, Case 14/68, ECLI:EU:C:1969:4 (para 9)—Walt Wilhelm.

For further discussion, see above paras 306 et seq.

ECJ, Cases 253/78 and 1–3/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:188 (para 16)—Giry and Guerlain. For additional discussion, see above paras 308 et seq.

Dougan (2003), 770; Craig (2004), 328.

Calliess, In: Calliess and Ruffert (2011), Art. 3 AEUV para 9; Frenz (2011), paras 2217 et seq. with additional discussion.

For further discussion, see Frenz (2010), paras 1740 et seq.

Cf. Ladenburger (2008), p. 121.

See Schmidt-Aßmann (1999), p. 18.

See, e.g. von Danwitz (2008), p. 316; Schmidt-Aßmann (1999), p. 18. In detail with additional citations Frenz (2010), paras 1740 et seq.

von Danwitz (2008), p. 316; Oppermann et al. (2014), § 11 para 3.

Frenz (2010), paras 1892 et seq.

In general, see Schmidt-Aßmann (2005), p. 6; Groß (2004), 20 et seq.; Pache (2007), 111.

In general, see Schmidt-Aßmann (2005), p. 7; Groß (2007), 155; Frenz (2010), paras 1897 et seq. likewise with regard to the legal basis.

Groß (2007), 155 with additional citations.

Ludwig (2004), 227.

Cf. below at paras 2476 et seq. regarding the allocation of cases.

Art. 35 (1) sent. 2 Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 8 paras 6 et seq. with additional citations; cf. also Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 2). For additional discussion, see paras 3101 et seq.

For additional discussion, see above paras 270 et seq.

Recitals 15 et seq. of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

With regard to the consequences, in particular in relation to the Bundeskartellamt (German Federal Cartel Office), Böge (2003), 441 et seq.

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43.

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 6.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 23.

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 7.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 25.

Murach, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 11 VO 1/2003 para 24.

Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 11 VerfVO para 19.

Murach, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 11 VO 1/2003 para 25.

See General Court, Case T-39/90 R, ECLI:EU:T:1990:70 (para 28)—SEP.

ECJ, Case C-36/92 P, ECLI:EU:C:1994:205 (para 35)—SEP.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 16.

See below paras 2476 et seq.

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 7.

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 6.

This is made on the basis of the corresponding voluntary commitment provided in the Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 39) as well as the corresponding Annex, Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 42 in conjunction with fn. 70 et seq.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 29.

See above para 2405.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 30.

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 8.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 paras 31, 33.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 30.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 31.

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 13; openly contrary, Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 38.

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 11.

Further discussion in relation to Germany, Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 10.

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 18.

Further discussion in Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 51.

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 52.

100

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 11.

101

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 53.

102

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 18, 43 et seq.).

103

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 16.

104

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 8.

105

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 16 et seq.); cf. below paras 2476 et seq.

106

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 11.

107

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 43 et seq.).

108

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 17 citing Commission Decision of 14 April 2010, COMP/39351—Swedish Interconnection.

109

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 22.

110

ECJ, Case C-238 inter alia/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:582 (paras 59 et seq.)—Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij.

111

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 18.

112

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 52).

113

Using this as a basis, Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 17 citing ECJ, Case 60/81, ECLI:EU:C:1981:264 (para 21)—IBM.

114

See Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 17.

115

Still referring to Art. 11 (6) Regulation No. 1/2003, Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 11, however different treatment in Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 16.

116

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 19.

117

Cf. para 2477.

118

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 55).

119

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 18.

120

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 20.

121

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 20.

122

For further discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 3012 et seq.

123

See—however not referring to primacy of European Union law—Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 16 VO 1/2003 para 9.

124

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 54).

125

Also finding there to be a contradiction on this point, Leopold (2004), 541.

126

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 123.

127

See fundamentally ECJ, Case 283/81, ECLI:EU:C:1982:335 (para 14, 16)—C.I.L.F.I.T.

128

In favourable of such a transfer, Leopold (2004), 542.

129

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 124.

130

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 127.

131

See, e.g. Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 128.

132

Leopold (2004), 542 et seq.

133

Cf. ECJ, Case 60/81, ECLI:EU:C:1981:264 (paras 21 et seq.)—IBM regarding the legal acts associated with the initiation of proceedings and communication of the primary points of objection.

134

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 11; further discussion Leopold (2004), 545 et seq.; Schwarze (2006), p. 491.

135

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 11 VO 1/2003 para 17 end.

136

See above paras 356, 369 et seq.

137

See below para 2465.

138

Cf. Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 27).

139

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 3.

140

ECJ, Case C-67/91, ECLI:EU:C:1992:330 (paras 33 et seq.)—Spanish banking association.

141

“However schizophrenia was not required”, posits Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 1.

142

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 4.

143

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 15 and very critical in relation to the resulting limited protection for trade or business secrets § 5 paras 28 et seq.

144

Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 12 VerfVO para 14.

145

ECJ, Case C-280/93, ECLI:EU:C:1994:367 (para 75)—Bananas; Frenz (2009), paras 2534, 2671.

146

Frenz (2009), para 4996.

147

See, e.g. Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 5.

148

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 5 end.

149

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 99; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 7 with a specific example.

150

Bardong, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 100.

151

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 paras 16 et seq.

152

Following ECJ, Case C-617/10, ECLI:EU:C:2013:105—Åkerberg Fransson Jungheim (2013), 305 et seq. with additional citations.

153

See above paras 1753 et seq. Regarding current cases, below paras 2710 et seq.

154

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 40 et seq.). Further discussion of the entire topic, Blake and Schnichels (2004), 552 et seq. as well as below paras 2483 et seq.

155

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366—Donau Chemie; further discussion below paras 2719 et seq.

156

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 20 et seq.).

157

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 13 VO 1/2003 para 1; see also Lampert et al. (2004), Art. 13 para 254.

158

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 2.

159

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 13 VO 1/2003 para 3.

160

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 3.

161

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 24 et seq.).

162

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 22 et seq.).

163

See above paras 2451 et seq.

164

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 2.

165

De Bronett (2012), Art. 14 para 3.

166

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 14 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.

167

De Bronett (2012), Art. 14 para 3.

168

See, e.g. De Bronett (2012), Art. 14 para 3.

169

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 14 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.

170

Regarding limits in the context of practical realisation, see Dalheimer et al. (2005), Art. 14 para 7.

171

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 14 VO 1/2003 para 3.

172

De Bronett (2012), Art. 14 para 12; see also Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 11 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 12.

173

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 24; cf. Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 62).

174

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 61).

175

Cf. above paras 356, 369 et seq.

176

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 63 et seq.).

177

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 2.

178

Jungheim (2013), 306.

179

Jungheim (2013), 307.

180

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 33.

181

Bischke, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 22 VO 1/2003 para 3.

182

Lampert et al. (2004), Art. 22 para 421.

183

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 22 VO 1/2003 para 24 with additional citations.

184

Dalheimer et al. (2005), Art. 22 para 5; Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.

185

Klees (2005), § 9 para 137.

186

Jungheim (2013), 307.

187

The national competition authorities also enforce EU competition law.

188

Bischke, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 22 VO 1/2003 para 3.

189

Austrian Supreme Court of Justice (OGH), Docket no. 160 k7/09; Jungheim (2013), 306 et seq.

190

Klees (2005), § 9 para 140.

191

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 5 et seq.).

192

See above para 2405.

193

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 19).

194

Jungheim (2013), 307.

195

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 8).

196

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 14 et seq.).

197

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (para 34); critical of this point, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 para 42.

198

Jungheim (2013), 308.

199

Jungheim (2013), 310.

200

The Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 provides additional considerations in this regard, cf. also Blake and Schnichels (2004), 554 et seq.

201

Commission Notice on cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 43 (paras 39 et seq.); critical of this point, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 9 paras 48 et seq.

202

Blake and Schnichels (2004), 553.

203

Notice on the cooperation between the Commission and the courts of the EU Member States in the application of Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 54 (para 26).

204

For additional discussion, see Frenz (2013a), 778.

205

Other view, Blake and Schnichels (2004), 554, who presume, without explanation and contrary to the text of Art. 11 (6) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, that competence to apply domestic competition law is also withdrawn from national authorities.

206

Commission Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004 of 7 April 2004 relating to the conduct of proceedings by the Commission pursuant to Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ L 123, p. 18.

207

Art. 2 Commission Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004; see below para 2503, however also 2510 et seq.

208

For a detailed treatment, Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (para 14).

209

Commission Notice on informal guidance relating to novel questions concerning Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty that arise in individual cases (guidance letters), OJ 2004 C 101, p. 78 (paras 7 et seq.). For additional discussion, see paras 2858 et seq.

210

Regarding the standard process for a complaint procedure, see below paras 3182 et seq.

211

De Bronett (2012), Art. 7 para 16.

212

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 3.

213

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 6; other view with regard to the expense of lodging suit before a national court, Klees (2005), § 6 para 33.

214

Describing this alternative, Klees (2005), § 6 para 33 fn. 94.

215

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 4, 32): general information, Klees (2005), § 6 para 33.

216

Klees (2005), § 6 para 31.

217

Contra, General Court, Case T-213/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:292—Österreichische Postsparkasse; Case T-214/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:293—Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft in response to an after-the-fact complaint from the Austrian Freedom Party (FPÖ).

218

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 4.

219

See, e.g. De Bronett (2012), Art. 7 para 18.

220

See Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 31); critical of this aspect, Klees (2005), § 6 para 35.

221

Klees (2005), § 6 para 32.

222

General Court, Cases T-133 and 204/95, ECLI:EU:T:1998:215 (para 79)—IECC; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 40).

223

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 36).

224

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 36).

225

De Bronett (2012), Art. 7 para 19.

226

See previously, Commission Decision 74/433/EEC, OJ 1974 L 237, p. 16—FRUBO.

227

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 36); Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 12.

228

General Court, Case T-114/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:11 (para 28)—BEMIM.

229

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 35 et seq.)—citing General Court, Case T-114/92, ECLI:EU:T:1995:11 (para 28)—BEMIM; Cases T-133 and 204/95, ECLI:EU:T:1998:215 (paras 79 et seq.)—IECC.

230

General Court, Case T-213 and 214/01, ECLI:EU:T:2006:151 (paras 113 et seq.)—Österreichische Postsparkasse und Bank für Arbeit und Wirtschaft; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 37).

231

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 38 et seq.).

232

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 13.

233

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 40).

234

ECJ, Case 125/78, ECLI:EU:C:1979:237—GEMA.

235

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 13 as well as Art. 8 VO Nr. 1/2003 paras 3 et seq.; see also ECJ, Case 792/79 R, ECLI:EU:C:1980:18—Camera Care.

236

See immediately following para 2503.

237

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 61).

238

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 23.

239

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 75).

240

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 79).

241

ECJ, Case C-282/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:159 (para 38)—Guérin automobiles.

242

ECJ, Cases 142 and 156/84, ECLI:EU:C:1987:490—BAT and Reynolds; General Court, Case T-64/89, ECLI:EU:T:1990:42 (para 57)—Automec I.

243

ECJ, Case C-282/95 P, ECLI:EU:C:1997:159 (para 36)—Guérin automobiles; from the literature Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 24.

244

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 25.

245

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 41).

246

ECJ, Case C-119/97 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:116 (para 87)—Ufex; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 42).

247

General Court, Case T-115/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:54 (para 34)—SEP.

248

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 25.

249

General Court, Case T-24/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:97 (para 76)—Automec.

250

See ECJ, Case C-119/97 P, ECLI:EU:C:1999:116 (para 93)—Ufex.

251

See Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44).

252

See additional citations Klees (2005), § 6 para 40.

253

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44).

254

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44).

255

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 44 et seq.) citing applicable case law of the ECJ.

256

General Court, Case T-319/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:50 (para 43)—FENIN; Case T-575/93, ECLI:EU:T:1996:1 (para 40)—Koelman.

257

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 47).

258

General Court, Case T-24/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:97 (para 88)—Automec; Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (paras 27 et seq.); Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 25.

259

General Court, Case T-427/08, ECLI:EU:T:2010:517 (para 27)—CEAHR; Case T-62/99, ECLI:EU:T:2001:53 (para 36)—Sodima; Case T-5/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:12 (paras 59 et seq.)—Tremblay.

260

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44 2nd indent) do not comprise hardcore restrictions.

261

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44 2nd indent) do not comprise hardcore restrictions.

262

See above para 2505.

263

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 44 3rd indent) do not comprise hardcore restrictions.

264

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 45).

265

Frenz (2014), 367, regarding the preceding as well.

266

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 13.

267

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 2.

268

General Court, Case T-9/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:70 (para 367)—HFB.

269

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 2.

270

See ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 14)—Orkem.

271

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 14)—Orkem.

272

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 21.

273

Commission Notice on the handling of complaints by the Commission under Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 65 (para 47) with further citations

274

See above para 1183.

275

Recital 5 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

276

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 4.

277

General Court, Case T-34/93, ECLI:EU:T:1995:46 (para 77)—Société Générale.

278

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 15.

279

Detailed discussion of the limits on investigative powers, Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8.

280

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8.

281

Art. 6 ECHR and Art. 47 CFR.

282

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8.

283

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 3)—Orkem.

284

Art. 27 (1) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

285

Art. 27 (2) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

286

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 8, which derives this right from the common legal systems of the Member States; Dalheimer et al. (2005), Vor Art. 17 para 30.

287

Art. 28 (2) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

288

Klees (2005), § 9 para 12; Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 14; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 5.

289

Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 7 for the following as well.

290

Commission Decision of 13 May 2005, COMP/B-1/39.172 (para 4)—Electricity and COMP/B-1/39.173 (para 4)—Natural gas.

291

Commission Decision of 13 May 2005, COMP/B-1/39.172 (para 3 and 4)—Electricity and COMP/B-1/39.173 (para 3 and 4)—Natural gas.

292

Commission Decision of 13 May 2005, COMP/B-1/39.172 (para 3 and 4)—Electricity and COMP/B-1/39.173 (para 3 and 4)—Natural gas.

293

Press release IP/04/134, Investigation of the sale of sports rights to Internet and mobile communications providers “for the protection of access to sports rights and the avoidance of discrimination”.

294

Commission Decision of 15 January 2008, COMP/D2/39.514 (para 4)—Pharmaceuticals; Press release IP/08/49 of 16 January 2008, accessible at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-08-49_de.htm.

295

Commission Decision of 13/06/2005, COMP/D-1/39.190—Retail banking business.

296

Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 7.

297

Critical in this regard, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 5.

298

Lorsque l’évolution des échanges entre États membres, la rigidité des prix ou dʼautres circonstances font présumer que la concurrence peut être restreinte ou faussée à l’intérieur du marché commun, la Commission peut mener son enquête sur un secteur particulier de l’économie ou un type particulier d’accords dans différents secteurs.

299

Where the trend of trade between Member States, the rigidity of prices or other circumstances suggest that competition may be restricted or distorted within the common market, the Commission may conduct its inquiry into a particular sector of the economy or into a particular type of agreements across various sectors.

300

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 3.

301

Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO paras 13 et seq.; contrary view, see e.g. Bischke, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 7.

302

See ECJ, Case 85/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:379 (paras 17 et seq.)—Dow Benelux.

303

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 3; Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 19.

304

Commission’s Final Report on the Business Insurance Sector Inquiry pursuant to Article 17 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, COM (2007) 556 final.

305

Executive Summary of the Pharmaceutical Sector Inquiry Report, COM (2009), 351 final version; Commission Decision of 15 January 2008 initiating an inquiry into the pharmaceutical sector pursuant to Article 17 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, COMP/D2/39.514.

306

Commission’s Final Report on the Retail Banking Sector Inquiry pursuant to Article 17 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, COM (2007) 33 final.

307

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 3.

308

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 19.

309

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 4.

310

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 24.

311

Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 8.

312

Prevailing opinion, Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009) Art. 17 VerfVO para 9; Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 26; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 6; Klees (2005), § 9 para 10.

313

Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 9.

314

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 27.

315

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 27.

316

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 27.

317

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 21 with additional citations.

318

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 21.

319

Critical here as well, Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 7 end.

320

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Vor Art. 17–22 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 3.

321

Cf. paras 2667 et seq.

322

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 48.

323

Cf. Recital 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

324

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 9.

325

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Vor Art. 17–22 VO 1/2003 para 66.

326

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 17 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 7; see also De Bronett (2012), Art. 28 para 3.

327

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 46.

328

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 17 VO 1/2003 para 46 with additional citations.

329

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 28 VO 1/2003 para 5.

330

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 28 VO 1/2003 para 5.

331

Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 9.

332

Nettesheim, In: Grabitz et al. (2014), Art. 288 AEUV para 199.

333

Barthelmeß and Rudolf, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 17 VerfVO para 9; Klees (2005), § 9 para 11.

334

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 paras 8 et seq.

335

See also immediately following para 2555 end.

336

See below paras 2565 et seq.

337

Klees (2005), § 9 para 32.

338

See below paras 2565 et seq.

339

See above para 2554.

340

See above para 2555.

341

Recital 5 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

342

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 8.

343

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 8.

344

See above para 2524.

345

ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157—AM & S; Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 15 et seq.)—Orkem.

346

ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157—AM & S; Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 15 et seq.)—Orkem.

347

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 6, more clearly Bechtold et al. (2014) Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 2.

348

General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (paras 59 et seq.)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke; for additional discussion, see General Court, Case T-236 inter alia/01, ECLI:EU:T:2004:118 (paras 402 et seq.)—Tokai Carbon with numerous additional citations.

349

E.g. Thomas and Putzo (2013), § 284 para 3; Zöller (2014), Vor § 284 para 5.

350

Similar position in general, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 5 paras 32 et seq.

351

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 32 et seq.)—Orkem; General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (para 65)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke. See however, below paras 2565 et seq.

352

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 paras 55 et seq.

353

See below para 2567.

354

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 32 et seq.)—Orkem.

355

With additional citations AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 41)—Schenker.

356

ECHR of 25 February 1993, Series A No. 256-A, para 44—Funke/France.

357

ECHR of 8 February 1996, EuGRZ 1996, 587 (para 45)—John Murray/United Kingdom; of 17 December 1996, Rec. 1996-IV (para 68)—Saunders/United Kingdom.

358

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 12 end, no longer in Bechtold et al. (2014).

359

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 18 VO 1/2003 para 12 citing General Court, Case T-112/98, ECLI:EU:T:2001:61 (para 76)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke, no longer in Bechtold et al. (2014).

360

ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (paras 207 et seq.)—Aalborg Portland.

361

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 5 para 31.

362

ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157 (paras 18 et seq.)—AM & S Europe.

363

General Court, Case T-30/89, ECLI:EU:T:1991:70 (paras 8, 18)—Hilti.

364

ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 43 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.

365

ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 57 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.

366

Seitz (2004), 233, 235.

367

See above para 2569.

368

Previously cited by Bechtold (1992), 51 et seq.

369

In favour of such a privilege Seitz (2004), 234 et seq. Also emphasising the required degree of independence, General Court (President), Cases T-125 and 253/03 R, ECLI:EU:T:2003:287 (paras 126 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.

370

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:126 (para 64)—Schenker.

371

Klees (2005), § 9 para 36 with additional citations.

372

Cf. above at para 2554.

373

Recital 25 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

374

Recital 25 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

375

Klees (2005), § 9 para 41.

376

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 19 VO 1/2003 para 4.

377

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 19 VO 1/2003 para 4.

378

Klees (2005), § 9 para 38.

379

Klees (2005), § 9 para 39.

380

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 16)—Hoechst.

381

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 16)—Hoechst.

382

ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 57 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.

383

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 9 et seq.

384

Recital 25 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

385

Comprehensive discussion of this topic, see below paras 2667 et seq.

386

ECJ, Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157 (para 16)—AM & S; Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 45)—Roquette Frères.

387

ECJ, Case C-550/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:512 (paras 40 et seq.)—Akzo Nobel.

388

See above para 2587 with regard to interviews.

389

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 35)—Orkem.

390

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 39 et seq.)—Orkem.

391

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (paras 34 et seq.)—Orkem citing Regulation No. 17: First Regulation implementing Articles 85 and 86 of the Treaty, OJ 1962 No. 13, p. 204 (paras 1 et seq.); now Commission Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004 of 7 April 2004 relating to the conduct of proceedings by the Commission pursuant to Articles 81 and 82 of the EC Treaty, OJ L 123, p. 18, last amended by Commission Regulation 622/2008, OJ 2008 L 171, p. 3.

392

ECJ, Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169 (paras 26 et seq.)—National Panasonic.

393

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 7.

394

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 4, no longer in Bechtold et al. (2014).

395

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 7.

396

Recital 24 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

397

Nowak, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 20 VerfVO para 5.

398

For further discussion, see Frenz (2012b), para 18 et seq.

399

Nowak, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009) Art. 20 VerfVO para 6.

400

ECJ, Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 35)—Orkem.

401

Regarding the expansion of Art. 7 CFR, or its parallel under Art. 8 ECHR, to business premises as well as their reduced degree of protection, ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 29)—Roquette Frères and for further discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 1234 et seq., 1239 et seq.

402

Nowak, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 20 VerfVO para 10.

403

For a detailed discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 4988 et seq.

404

ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 (para 18)—Johnston; General Court, Case T-279/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:103 (para 421)—Degussa.

405

ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 (para 19)—Johnston.

406

ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 (para 19)—Johnston.

407

ECJ, Case 222/84, ECLI:EU:C:1986:206 (para 18)—Johnston; Case C-424/99, ECLI:EU:C:2001:642 (para 45)—Commission/Austria; Case C-50/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2002:462 (para 39)—Unión de Pequeños Agricultores; General Court, Case T-279/02, ECLI:EU:T:2006:103 (para 421)—Degussa.

408

Frenz (2009), para 5005.

409

See below paras 2652 et seq. regarding necessity in national law.

410

Also with regard to prior General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (paras 108, 111)—Deutsche Bahn.

411

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 112)—Deutsche Bahn.

412

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 111)—Deutsche Bahn.

413

See below paras 2664 et seq.

414

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 15)—Hoechst; with additional citations Hossenfelder, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 20 VerfVO para 15.

415

Frenz (2009), paras 5033 et seq. with further citations.

416

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 14)—Hoechst, citing Case 322/81, ECLI:EU:C:1983:313 (para 7)—Michelin.

417

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 15)—Hoechst.

418

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 16)—Hoechst.

419

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and C-227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 16)—Hoechst, citing Case 155/79, ECLI:EU:C:1982:157—AM & S; Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 46)—Roquette Frères; Case 85/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:379 (para 27)—Dow Benelux.

420

De Bronett (2012), Art. 20 para 1.

421

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 77)—Roquette Frères.

422

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 77)—Roquette Frères; Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169 (paras 28 et seq.)—National Panasonic.

423

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 77)—Roquette Frères; Case 374/87, ECLI:EU:C:1989:387 (para 15)—Orkem; Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169 (paras 28 et seq.)—National Panasonic.

424

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 20.

425

See above para 2609.

426

Cf. above at para 2554 regarding requests for information.

427

Sanctions pursuant to Art. 23 (1) alt. c) and d) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

428

See above para 2610.

429

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 34 et seq.)—Roquette Frères.

430

See General Court, Case T-56 inter alia/99, ECLI:EU:T:2003:333—Marlines.

431

See above paras 584 et seq.

432

Cf. below at para 2570.

433

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 12.

434

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 12.

435

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 12 end.

436

ECJ, Case 136/79, ECLI:EU:C:1980:169 (para 15)—National Panasonic.

437

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 14.

438

For example, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 14; Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 72.

439

See above paras 2552 et seq.

440

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 71.

441

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 73.

442

For additional discussion, see above paras 2565 et seq.

443

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 74.

444

Art. 4 Commission Regulation (EC) No. 773/2004.

445

Subject to dispute, see above paras 2622 et seq.

446

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 15.

447

ECJ, Case C-681/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:404—Schenker further discussion and criticism Frenz (2013f), 272.

448

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 18.

449

ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 34)—Hoechst.

450

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 21. For additional discussion, see paras 2642 et seq.

451

See below paras 3139 et seq.

452

See above para 2603.

453

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 34 and 37)—Roquette Frères.

454

Regarding the role of national courts in an inspection conducted by the Commission, cf. also Notice on cooperation between national courts and the Commission in applying Articles 81 and 82 of the EEC Treaty, OJ 2004 C 101, p. 54 (paras 38 et seq.).

455

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 19 para 16.

456

For additional discussion, see paras 2652 et seq., likewise with regard to the following.

457

Critical in this regard, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 24.

458

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603—Roquette Frères.

459

Critical of the resulting deficit in the right to pursue effective legal remedy, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 23 with additional citations.

460

ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 34)—Hoechst; ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 49)—Roquette Frères.

461

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 81.

462

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 35 with additional citations.

463

See ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 30 et seq.)—Roquette Frères.

464

Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 35.

465

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 20 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 36.

466

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 34)—Roquette Frères; ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (paras 33 et seq.)—Hoechst.

467

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 10.

468

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 10.

469

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 20 VO 1/2003 para 10.

470

ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 32)—Hoechst.

471

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 74)—Roquette Frères.

472

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 20 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 40.

473

ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 35)—Hoechst.

474

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 39)—Roquette Frères.

475

Also with regard to the previous case, ECJ (President), Case 46/87 R, ECLI:EU:C:1987:167 (para 35)—Hoechst.

476

General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 51)—France Télécom SA with additional citations.

477

General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 52)—France Télécom SA.

478

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 54 et seq.)—Roquette Frères.

479

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 54)—Roquette Frères.

480

General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 60)—France Télécom SA; see also previously, ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 55, 61, 99)—Roquette Frères.

481

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 62)—Roquette Frères.

482

Also with regard to prior ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (paras 65 et seq.)—Roquette Frères.

483

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 para 24.

484

General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 52)—France Télécom SA.

485

Most recently General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 193)—Deutsche Bahn, previously ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 76)—Roquette Frères; General Court, Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 118)—France Télécom SA.

486

Most recently likewise with regard to prior General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 193, 216)—Deutsche Bahn; Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 118)—France Télécom SA; see also previously, ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 77 with additional citations)—Roquette Frères.

487

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 194)—Deutsche Bahn; Case T-339/04, ECLI:EU:T:2007:80 (para 118)—France Télécom SA; ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 78 with additional citations)—Roquette Frères.

488

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 65)—Deutsche Bahn.

489

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 50)—Deutsche Bahn.

490

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (paras 65 et seq.)—Deutsche Bahn, approved by ECJ, Case C-583/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2015:404—Deutsche Bahn.

491

ECHR of 15 February 2011, No. 56716/09 (paras 40, 44)—Harju/Finland; of 15 February 2011, No. 56715/09 (paras 40, 44)—Heino/Finland; of 1 April 2008, No. 73957/01 (para 70)—Varga/Romania; of 21 December 2010, No. 29408/08 (para 54)—Société Canal Plus inter alia/France.

492

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 73)—Deutsche Bahn.

493

General Court, Case T-289 inter alia/11, ECLI:EU:T:2013:404 (para 74)—Deutsche Bahn.

494

ECJ, Case C-583/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2015:404—Deutsche Bahn.

495

ECJ, Case C-72/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:712 (paras 53 et seq.)—Altrip.

496

ECJ, Case C-72/12, ECLI:EU:C:2013:712 (paras 24 et seq.)—Altrip.

497

ECJ, Case C-583/13 P, ECLI:EU:C:2015:404 (para 64)—Deutsche Bahn.

498

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 27)—Roquette Frères; Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 19)—Hoechst.

499

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 1.

500

See also Recital 26 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

501

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 17)—Hoechst.

502

ECJ, Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 29)—Roquette Frères; for further discussion, see Frenz (2009), paras 1234 et seq. and paras 1239 et seq.

503

Accord Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 19 para 19; critical view, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 4 paras 26 et seq.

504

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 2, related to a motor vehicle. Nonetheless, the documents will be located in the private residence prior to the start.

505

Cf. regarding Art. 13 GG BVerfGE 115, 166 (196); 103, 142 (150 et seq.).

506

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 4.

507

Opposed to fixed limits, Burrichter and Hennig, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 11, 13.

508

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 7.

509

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 5.

510

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 5.

511

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 10.

512

ECJ, Cases 46/87 and 227/88, ECLI:EU:C:1989:337 (para 19)—Hoechst; Case C-94/00, ECLI:EU:C:2002:603 (para 27)—Roquette Frères.

513

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 8.

514

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 9.

515

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 21 VO 1/2003 para 9.

516

Cf. above at paras 2653 et seq.

517

Accordingly, see above paras 2565 et seq., 2570 et seq.

518

In general, and likewise extensive discussion of the following topic, Heidenreich (2004), p. 31 et seq.

519

ECJ, Case 60/81, ECLI:EU:C:1981:264 (paras 20 et seq.)—IBM.

520

ECJ, Case 89 inter alia/85, ECLI:EU:C:1993:120 (para 42)—Ahlström.

521

See ECJ, Case 41/69, ECLI:EU:C:1970:71 (paras 91 et seq.)—Chemiefarma; Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 13.

522

ECJ, Case 107/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:293 (para 30)—AEG.

523

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 13.

524

De Bronett (2012), Art. 27 para 17; Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 12.

525

ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (para 60)—Aalborg Portland; ECJ, Case C-176/99 P, ECLI:EU:C:2003:524 (para 21)—ARBED; with additional citations.

526

ECJ, Cases C-395 and 396/96 P, ECLI:EU:C:2000:132 (paras 145 et seq.)—Compagnie maritime belge transports.

527

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 10 with reference to the exception in settlement proceedings.

528

General Court, Case T-31/99, ECLI:EU:T:2002:77 (paras 85 et seq.)—ABB; Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 11.

529

General Court, Case T-48/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219 (para 146)—Corus.

530

General Court, Case T-48/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219 (para 151)—Corus still with reference to a serious or very serious, respectively, infringement within the meaning of the Commission Guidelines, which have since been amended on this point. Severity is based on all relevant circumstances, Guidelines for setting fines pursuant to Article 23 (2) (a) of Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2006 C 210, p. 2 (para 20).

531

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 11.

532

For further discussion, see General Court, Case T-120/04, ECLI:EU:T:2006:350 (para 50)—Peróxidos Orgánicos.

533

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 10.

534

Regarding the right to access files, General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 156)—Cimenteries CBR.

535

General Court, Case T-48/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219 (paras 154 et seq.)—Corus.

536

General Court, Case T-44/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:219 (para 65)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke.

537

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 19.

538

ECJ, Case 27/76, ECLI:EU:C:1978:22 (para 270/273)—United Brands; Case 40 inter alia/73, ECLI:EU:C:1975:174 (para 96/97)—Suiker Unie.

539

General Court, Case T-44/00, ECLI:EU:T:2004:218 (paras 62 et seq.)—Mannesmannröhren-Werke.

540

De Bronett (2012), Art. 27 para 38.

541

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 21.

542

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 27 VO 1/2003 para 23.

543

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 5 para 26.

544

General Court, Case T-353/94, ECLI:EU:T:1996:119 (para 87)—Postbank.

545

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 32)—Pfleiderer.

546

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 32)—Pfleiderer.

547

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 17)—Pfleiderer.

548

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 20)—Pfleiderer.

549

550

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 30)—Pfleiderer.

551

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 30)—Pfleiderer.

552

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 30)—Pfleiderer.

553

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 30)—Pfleiderer.

554

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-404/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:393 (paras 108 et seq.)—Éditions Odile Jacob; further discussion below para 2730.

555

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 34)—Donau Chemie citing Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (para 31)—Pfleiderer.

556

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (paras 40, 43)—Donau Chemie.

557

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 47)—Donau Chemie.

558

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 48)—Donau Chemie.

559

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 48)—Donau Chemie.

560

See ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 47)—Donau Chemie.

561

Gussone and Maritzen (2013), 293.

562

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (paras 30 et seq.)—Pfleiderer; refusing accessing following this decision, AG Bonn, 51 Gs 53/09; see Hauger and Palzer (2012), 126 et seq.

563

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 49)—Donau Chemie with comments Hempel (2013).

564

Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union, OJ L 349, p. 1; see previously Art. 6 of the Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union of 11 June 2013, COM (2013) 404 final. With regard to the prior efforts, Milde (2013), p. 242 et seq., 264 et seq. as well as p. 240 et seq. with proposals from the literature.

565

Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty, OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1.

566

Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and Commission documents, OJ 2001 L 145, p. 43.

567

See above, Nowak, fireu-Newsletter 14/2013, p. 6, accessible online at http://www.fireu.de (last accessed on 27 March 2014).

568

Regarding the following discussion, see Frenz (2013a), 778.

569

ECJ, Case C-506/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:496 (para 72)—MyTravel with additional citations; General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (para 32)—CDC.

570

See, e.g. General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 54 and 57)—EnBW.

571

See e.g. ECJ, Case C-28/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:378 (para 49)—Bavarian Lager.

572

Epiney, In: Fluck and Theuer (2012), D III 2.2 para 19.

573

ECJ, Case C-506/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:496 (paras 87 et seq.)—MyTravel.

574

In favour of a partial exclusionary effect, Kleine (2007), 307; additional citations pro et contra Westhoff (2007), p. 119 et seq.

575

Cf. Bueren (2011a), 74 et seq.

576

Milde (2013), p. 91 citing Schroll (2012), p. 189.

577

ECJ, Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:376 (paras 55 et seq.)—TGI.

578

ECJ, Case C-404/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:393 (paras 108 et seq.)—Éditions Odile Jacob; Case C-477/10 P, ECLI:EU:C:2012:394 (paras 50 et seq.)—Agrofert; Case C-28/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:378—Bavarian Lager; also Case C-514 inter alia/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:541 (para 100)—API citing Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:376 (para 58)—TGI.

579

ECJ, Case C-506/08 P, ECLI:EU:C:2011:496 (paras 72 et seq.)—MyTravel; following General Court, Case T-403/05, ECLI:EU:T:2008:316 (para 89)—MyTravel.

580

Milde (2013), p. 97 et seq. citing an exception in the law of civil servants, EuGÖD, Cases F-124/05 and 96/06, ECLI:EU:F:2010:2 (para 239)—A and G/Commission due to the special obligations to safeguard the right to mount a defence on the part of the respective person from Art. 26 of status as a civil servant. However, just as is the case with Art. 27 Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001 this does not protect against the access rights of third parties (p. 98 et seq.).

581

Extensively highlighting this necessity, ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (paras 83 et seq.)—EnBW.

582

See General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 56 et seq.)—EnBW (appealed to the ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112); with an entirely isolated examination, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (paras 33 et seq.)—CDC; detailed discussion, Palzer (2012), 583 et seq.; Frenz and Lülsdorf (2013), 170 et seq.

583

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:520 (paras 89 et seq.)—TGI.

584

AG Kokott, ECJ, Case C-139/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2009:520 (para 42)—TGI.

585

More detailed discussion, with additional citations Frenz (2009), paras 4625 et seq.; with regard to the latter, see also, e.g. Riemann (2004), p. 270 et seq.

586

ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (paras 26 et seq.)—Pfleiderer; see also Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 33)—Donau Chemie.

587

Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union, OJ L 349, p. 1. See previously Proposal for a directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union of 11 June 2013, COM (2013) 404 final, following Art. 7 (1) precisely without access to “leniency statements”.

588

ECJ, Case C-453/99, ECLI:EU:C:2001:465 (paras 26 et seq.)—Courage and Crehan.

589

Most recently, ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 63)—EnBW.

590

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 29, 45)—EnBW.

591

ECJ, Case C-39 and 52/05 P, ECLI:EU:C:2008:374 (para 49)—Turco; Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 65)—EnBW.

592

ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 67)—EnBW.

593

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 46)—EnBW; further discussion Frenz and Lülsdorf (2013), 170 et seq. with regard to the following as well.

594

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 47)—EnBW; Case T-2/03, ECLI:EU:T:2005:125 (paras 74 et seq.)—VKI.

595

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 50, 103)—EnBW.

596

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 105)—EnBW.

597

General Court, Case T-2/03, ECLI:EU:T:2005:125 (para 114)—VKI.

598

In favour of an individual assessment, General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 49, 62)—EnBW.

599

ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (paras 93, 101)—EnBW.

600

ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (paras 100 et seq.)—EnBW with additional citations.

601

ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 64)—EnBW; General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 78)—EnBW.

602

ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (para 82)—EnBW.

603

Directly also General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (paras 33 et seq.)—CDC.

604

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 40, 134 with additional citations)—EnBW.

605

ECJ, Case C-365/12 P, ECLI:EU:C:2014:112 (paras 94, 101 et seq.)—EnBW.

606

General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (para 45)—CDC.

607

General Court, Case T-437/08, ECLI:EU:T:2011:752 (para 47)—CDC.

608

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 70 et seq.)—EnBW.

609

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (paras 40, 43)—Donau Chemie.

610

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 57, 61)—EnBW. More refined, ECJ, Case C-365/12 P (paras 88 et seq.)—EnBW.

611

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 57, 116 et seq.)—EnBW.

612

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (paras 124 et seq.)—EnBW.

613

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 125)—EnBW.

614

General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 126 with additional citations)—EnBW.

615

See also General Court, Case T-344/08, ECLI:EU:T:2012:242 (para 128)—EnBW.

616

Contra, Milde (2013), p. 172; Kleine (2007), 309. Open and leaving consideration to the national courts, ECJ, Case C-360/09, ECLI:EU:C:2011:389 (paras 26 et seq.)—Pfleiderer in view of a parallel scenario.

617

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (paras 45 et seq.)—Donau Chemie.

618

Gussone and Maritzen (2013), 293.

619

See above paras 2721 et seq.

620

ECJ, Case C-536/11, ECLI:EU:C:2013:366 (para 48)—Donau Chemie: “not disclosing … can be justified”.

621

See above para 2729.

622

See above para 2736 end.

623

General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (paras 147 et seq.)—Cimenteries CBR.

624

General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (para 156)—Cimenteries CBR; cf. above paras 2685 et seq. on the right to a hearing before the court.

625

Detailed discussion in General Court, Case T-25 inter alia/95, ECLI:EU:T:2000:77 (paras 241 et seq.)—Cimenteries CBR; ECJ, Case C-204 inter alia/00 P, ECLI:EU:C:2004:6 (paras 75 et seq.)—Aalborg Portland.

626

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 1.

627

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 1.

628

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 19.

629

Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 27.

630

ECJ, Case 6 and 7/73, ECLI:EU:C:1974:18 (para 45)—Commercial Solvents.

631

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 20 para 34.

632

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 23.

633

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 20.

634

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 12 VO 1/2003 para 21.

635

Art. 3 alt. b) Commission Decision 76/353/EEC, OJ 1976 L 95, p. 1—United Brands; affirmed in ECJ, Case C-27/76, ECLI:EU:C:1978:22—United Brands.

636

Commission Decision 93/50/EEC, OJ 1993 L 20, p. 23—Astra.

637

Commission Decision 76/353/EEC, OJ 1976 L 95, p. 1 (Art. 1 alt. b) and c), Art. 3 alt. a))—United Brands; 91/299/EEC, OJ 1991 L 152, p. 21 (Art. 1 alt. b), c), Art. 2)—Soda/Solvay; 92/163/EEC, OJ 1992 L 72, p. 1 (Art. 3 (3))—Tetra Pak II.

638

See, e.g. Commission Decision 92/163/EEC, OJ 1992 L 72, p. 1 (Art. 3 (1))—Tetra Pak II; 85/609/EEC, OJ 1985 L 374, p. 1 (Art. 3)—AKZO; ECJ, Case C-62/86, ECLI:EU:C:1991:286 (paras 155 et seq.)—AKZO Chemie.

639

Commission Decision 89/205/EEC, OJ 1989 L 78, p. 43 (Art. 2)—Magill; affirmed by ECJ, Case C-241 and 242/91 P, ECLI:EU:C:1995:98—Magill.

640

This may not itself be touched, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 19. Ultimately, it is not prohibited as such.

641

Commission Decision 72/457/EEC, OJ 1972 L 299, p. 51 (Art. 2)—Commercial Solvents.

642

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 18.

643

Further discussion, Klees and Hauser (2007), 600 et seq. regarding ownership unbundling in the energy sector to the extent one even affirms such a competence at all, see Baur et al. (2008), 483; Pielow and Ehlers (2007), 259; Frenz (2009), para 2943 end.

644

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 24; Haus (2001), 662 et seq.

645

Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 22.

646

Klees (2005), § 6 para 81; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 23.

647

Schmidt (2003), 1242; Klees (2005), § 6 para 81 end.

648

See however, above paras 1542 et seq. with regard to public accessibility.

649

Recital 12 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

650

See above para 2758.

651

This may not always be made easily, Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4 end.

652

With additional citations Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 48.

653

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 47.

654

See Dalheimer et al. (2005), Art. 7 para 14; Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.

655

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4 citing draft Commission Regulation, COM (2000) 582 final (statement of purpose IV, Chap. III re Art. 7).

656

See above paras 2761 et seq.

657

Sura, In: Langen and Bunte (2014), Art. 7 VO Nr. 1/2003 para 4.

658

ECJ, Case 7/82, ECLI:EU:C:1983:52 (paras 24 et seq.)—GVL.

659

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 52 with citations; see ECJ, Case C-39/93, ECLI:EU:C:1994:253 (paras 28 et seq.)—SFEI.

660

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 51.

661

OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1.

662

Hirsbrunner (2011), 13.

663

Graham (2013), p. 339; comprehensive treatment Bueren (2011b).

664

Further discussion, including the following point as well, Frenz and Bresges (2012), 72 et seq.

665

Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 5).

666

667

Hirsbrunner (2011), 13.

Commission Notice on the conduct of settlement procedures in view of the adoption of Decisions pursuant to Article 7 and Article 23 of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003, OJ 2008 C 167, p. 1 (para 17).

Hirsbrunner (2011), 15.

685

Hirsbrunner (2011), 16.

686

Frenz and Bresges (2012), 79.

687

Hirsbrunner (2011), 15.

688

Frenz and Bresges (2012), 79.

689

General Court, Case T-44/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5 (paras 28, 61 et seq.)—La Cinq.

690

General Court, Case T-44/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5 (paras 61 et seq.)—La Cinq; Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 4.

691

General Court, Case T-23/90, ECLI:EU:T:1991:45 (para 61)—Peugeot.

692

De Bronett (2012), Art. 8 para 2 end.

693

General Court, Case T-44/99, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5 (paras 61 et seq.)—La Cinq; Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 5.

694

General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259 (para 68)—IMS Health.

695

General Court, Case T-23/90, ECLI:EU:T:1991:45 (para 63)—Peugeot.

696

Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 5.

697

See, e.g. Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 20 paras 40 et seq.

698

Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 7.

699

Open to such an extent, Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 VerfVO para 14.

700

Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 7.

701

De Bronett (2012), Art. 8 para 3; Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 7.

702

Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 7.

703

Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 9.

704

See Commission decision on the port of Roscoff, Commission press release IP 95/492 dated 16 May 1995, reproduced by Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 VerfVO para 17.

705

See above paras 2208 et seq.

706

See, e.g. Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 10.

707

Bauer, In: Hirsch et al. (2007), Art. 8 VO 1/2003 para 8.

708

ECJ, Case 792/79 R, ECLI:EU:C:1980:18—Camera Care; General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259 (para 71)—IMS Health.

709

Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 6.

710

General Court, Case T-44/90, ECLI:EU:T:1992:5 (paras 79 et seq.)—La Cinq.

711

Commission Decision 93/405/EEC, OJ 1993 L 183, p. 1—Schöller as well as Commission Decision 93/406/EEC, OJ 1993 L 183, p. 19—Langnese/Iglo; covered by Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 VerfVO para 18.

712

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 56.

713

With additional citations Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 14.

714

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 6 para 42.

715

Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 9.

716

Earlier ECJ, Case 792/79 R, ECLI:EU:C:1980:18 (paras 18 et seq.)—Camera Care.

717

Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 9 end.

718

Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 11.

719

For further reference to the degree of probability in this connection, see Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 11.

720

General Court, Case T-184/01 R, ECLI:EU:T:2001:259 (para 120)—IMS Health.

721

However, in favour Jaeger, In: Jaeger et al. (2013), Art 8 VO 1/2003 para 11.

722

Referring to this also Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 8 VerfVO para 21.

723

Rules of Procedure of the Court of First Instance, OJ 2003 C 193, p. 41, last amended on 19 June 2013, OJ L 173, p. 66.

724

General Court (President), Case T-201/04 R, ECLI:EU:T:2004:372 (para 44)—Microsoft; Case T-217/03 R 2, ECLI:EU:T:2006:391 (para 68)—FNCBV.

725

In general, see ECJ, Case C-195/90 R, ECLI:EU:C:1990:314 (paras 30 et seq.)—Commission/Germany.

726

General Court (President), Case T-201/04 R, ECLI:EU:T:2004:372 (paras 320, 476 et seq.)—Microsoft also due to damages that are not irreparable.

727

General Court (President), Case T-201/04 R, ECLI:EU:T:2004:372 (para 34)—Microsoft.

728

Schmidt (2003), 1242 with reference to the elements of commitment practice, of the prerequisite and the condition included in this instrument.

729

Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 62.

730

Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 62.

731

For general, former legal situation, see Schwarze (2002), 745.

732

Therefore assuming a legal duty, Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 7 VO 1/2003 para 7; “any kind of right of the undertakings” qtd. Klees (2005), § 6 para 120.

733

Schweitzer (2011), p. 645.

734

ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377 (para 47)—Alrosa.

735

For law, Schweitzer (2011), p. 648 et seq.

736

For latter, see Schweitzer (2011), p. 648 et seq. also to distinguish from earlier exemption decisions and negative clearances.

737

For further discussion, see paras 2839 et seq.

738

Recital 13 to the Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003, Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 72.

739

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 5.

740

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 6.

741

A formal submission of the statement of objections is not necessary contrary to Lang, ECLR 2003, 347 (347), see also Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 72; Art. 27 (1) Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003 e contrario, Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 63, with fn. 11; also Klees (2005), § 6 para 114; Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 3.

742

Bechtold et al. (2009), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 4.

743

For fusion control, see General Court, Case T-310/01, ECLI:EU:T:2002:254 (para 442)—Schneider Electric.

744

To distinguish from the preliminary investigation pursuant to Council Regulation (EC) No. 139/2004 (ECMR) marked by the pressure of deadlines—which is missing here—, see Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 64.

745

Klees (2005), § 6 para 115.

746

De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 8.

747

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 9 with reference to the CISAC proceedings, KOM IP 07/829 and IP 08/1168.

748

De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 14.

749

ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377 (paras 41, 61)—Alrosa.

750

In general, see Schütz, In: Busche and Röhling (2013), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 7 as well as para 2816.

751

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 10.

752

Klees (2005), § 6 para 122.

753

See above para 2821.

754

Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 62, 64.

755

ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377 (para 61)—Alrosa.

756

See below para 2839.

757

Bartosch (2001), 102; Lang (2003), 351.

758

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 83.

759

Bechtold et al. (2014), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 17: numerus clausus.

760

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 32; no practical significance seen by de Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 24.

761

Ritter, In: Immenga and Mestmäcker (2012), Art. 9 VO 1/2003 para 32.

762

Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 9 VerfVO para 37.

763

Anweiler, In: Loewenheim et al. (2009), Art. 9 VerfVO para 38.

764

De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 25.

765

Busse and Leopold (2005), 149.

766

De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 25.

767

Unanimous opinion in this regard, e.g. Hossenfelder and Lutz (2003), 122; Hirsch (2003), 252.

768

For other view referring to future infringements of competition law, see Montag and Rosenfeld (2003), 132.

769

Lang (2003), 349; in general, cf. ECJ, Case C-344/98, ECLI:EU:C:2000:689 (para 46)—Masterfoods.

770

Busse and Leopold (2005), 151.

771

Lang (2003), 348.

772

This case is not specifically covered by rules and is sanctioned as well, Busse and Leopold (2005), 152.

773

According to Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 79, this should only be effected after an attempt to enforce the commitment by means of penalty payments due to the principle of proportionality.

774

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 82.

775

Cf. Schmidt (2003), 1242.

776

In this respect, cf. Lampert et al. (2004), Art. 9 para 165; similar, Klees (2005), § 6 para 131; Schnelle et al. (2004), p. 121 et seq.

777

See above paras 2818 et seq., 2823.

778

Busse and Leopold (2005), 149 et seq.; see also Koenigs (2003), 756. Hirsbrunner and Rhomberg (2005), 64 et seq. rightly criticise.

779

Gruber (2005), 312 et seq.

780

De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 18; Gruber (2005), 313 et seq.

781

De Bronett (2012), Art. 9 para 18.

782

For predictions of the actual binding effect, see Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 95.

783

Mestmäcker and Schweitzer (2004), § 20 para 45, and para 47, which, in contrast, assumes that the Commission is obliged to revoke if a practice later turns out to be illegal (also by the finding of national authorities).

784

Völcker (2012), p. 172: 4–6 years before the ECJ.

785

For further discussion, see Völcker (2012), p. 172 et seq.; Frenz (2013c), 123 et seq.

786

ECJ, Case C-441/07 P, ECLI:EU:C:2010:377 (paras 41 et seq.)—Alrosa, contrary to General Court, Case T-170/06, ECLI:EU:T:2007:220—Alrosa; further discussion in Frenz and Ehlenz (2010a), 507 et seq.; Schweitzer (2011), p. 640 et seq.

787

Particularly with regard to charges of third parties like in the case Alrosa, Frenz and Ehlenz (2010b), 308. Their right to bring action already resulted from their participation in the proceedings and inclusion in the commitment so that no general indicators arise, Schweitzer (2011), p. 653.

788

See above para 2831.

789

Tending in this direction Völcker (2012), p. 182.

790

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 paras 90 et seq.

791

Schweitzer (2011), p. 653.

792

Recital 14 of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1/2003.

793

For inclusion of these, see Immenga (2012), p. 23.

794

Montag and Rosenfeld (2003), 115.

795

Schwarze and Weitbrecht (2004), § 6 para 125.

796

Critic. also in Geiger (2000), 168.

797

See above para 70 et seq.

798

See above paras 1547 et seq.

799

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