nach oben

Erschienen in:

2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

14. Applications of Epoxy/Rubber Blends

verfasst von : B. T. Marouf, R. Bagheri

Erschienen in: Handbook of Epoxy Blends

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Einloggen

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config

KI-gestützte Suche

Aus

Abstract

Epoxy resins have been used in a very wide range of industrial applications for more than half a century. Paints, adhesives, coatings, and matrix material for many different kinds of composites are the main applications of epoxy resins. Excellent adhesion properties along with high mechanical strength and thermal stability are the major attractions of this family of engineering materials. However, epoxy resins suffer from the inherent brittleness which can potentially limit their applications. Among different approaches which have been employed to reduce this deficiency, rubber toughening has been practiced the most. Different types of rubber modifiers which are blended with epoxy resins for this purpose include reactive oligomers, preformed rubber particles, and di- or tri-block copolymers. This chapter tries to give a general overview of the whole concept of rubber-toughened epoxies to the reader. Delivering a more realistic sense of industrial applications of epoxy/rubber and epoxy/copolymer blends by means of practical examples is done in this chapter as well. The goal is that the reader can benefit from this chapter in expectations from epoxy blends in practice. Engineers interested in epoxy resins may find insights in this chapter for their developing industrial/research plans.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 102.000 Bücher
über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Finance + Banking
Management + Führung
Marketing + Vertrieb
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

über 67.000 Bücher
über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

Automobil + Motoren
Bauwesen + Immobilien
Business IT + Informatik
Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Jetzt informieren

Vorheriges Kapitel Particulate Composites Based on Epoxy/Rubber Blends

Nächstes Kapitel Introduction to Epoxy/Thermoplastic Blends

Al-Aqeeli N (2015) Fabrication and assessment of crumb-rubber-modified coatings with anticorrosive properties. Materials 8:181–192CrossRef

Bagheri R, Williams MA, Pearson RA (1997) Use of surface modified recycled rubber particles for toughening of epoxy polymers. Polym Eng Sci 37:245–251CrossRef

Bagheri R, Marouf BT, Pearson RA (2009) Rubber-toughened epoxies: a critical review. Polym Rev 49:201–225CrossRef

Barsotti R, Fine T, Inoubli R, Gerard P, Schmidt S, Macy N, Magnet S, Navarro C (2008) Nanostrength® block copolymers for epoxy toughening. The meeting of the thermoset resin formulators association, Chicago, 15–16 Sept

Barsotti RJ, Alu A, Bentzel G, Allen P, Macy N, Schmidt S, Wells MO (2010) Nanostrength^® block copolymers for wind energy. 2010 Wind Turbine Blade Workshop, Sandia National Labs, 20 July

Bascom WD, Cottington RL, Jones RL, Peyser P (1975) The fracture of epoxy- and elastomers modified epoxy polymers in bulk and as adhesives. J Appl Polym Sci 19:2545–2562CrossRef

Bowen RL (1982) Composite and sealant resins – past, present, and future. Pediatr Dent 4:10–15

Bray DJ, Dittanet P, Guild FJ, Kinloch AJ, Masania K, Pearson RA, Taylor AC (2013) The modelling of the toughening of epoxy polymers via silica nanoparticles: the effects of volume fraction and particle size. Polymer 54:7022–7032CrossRef

Bucknall CB, Yoshii T (1978) Relationship between structure and mechanical properties in rubber toughened epoxy resins. Br Polym J 10:53–59CrossRef

Chen Y, Pearson RA (2014) On the use of self-assembling block copolymers to toughen a model epoxy. The 2014 annual meeting of the Adhesion Society, San Diego, p 3

Chen J, Kinloch AJ, Sprenger S, Taylor AC (2013) The mechanical properties and toughening mechanisms of an epoxy polymer modified with polysiloxane-based core-shell particles. Polymer 54:4276–4289CrossRef

Chikhi N, Fellahi S, Bakar M (2002) Modification of epoxy resin using reactive liquid (ETBN) rubber. Eur Polym J 38:251–264CrossRef

Chong HM, Taylor AC (2013) The microstructure and fracture performance of styrene-butadiene-methylmethacrylate block copolymer-modified epoxy polymers. J Mater Sci 48:6762–6777CrossRef

Dean JM, Lipic PM, Grubbs RB, Cook RF, Bates FS (2001) Micellar structure and mechanical properties of block copolymer-modified epoxies. J Polym Sci Pol Phys 39:2996–3010CrossRef

Dean JM, Grubbs RB, Saad W, Cook RF, Bates FS (2003) Mechanical properties of block copolymer vesicle and micelle modified epoxies. J Polym Sci Pol Phys 41:2444–2456CrossRef

Declet-Perez C, Francis LF, Bates FS (2015) Deformation process in block copolymer toughened epoxies. Macromolecules 48:3672–3684CrossRef

Dunn DJ (2003) Adhesives and sealants: technology, applications and markets. Rapra Technology, Shrewsbury, pp 27–30

Evonik (2008) Adhesive applications: product portfolio, May

Fakhar A, Aabeadiaan M, Keivani M, Langari M (2012) Use of reactive oligomer to improve fracture resistance of epoxy used in medical applications and GRP pipelines. World Appl Sci J 20:259–263

Forte MS, Whitney JM, Schoeppner GA (2000) The influence of adhesive reinforcement on the mode-I fracture toughness of a bonded joint. Comp Sci Technol 60:2389–2405CrossRef

Gao J, Li J, Benicewicz BC, Zhao S, Hillborg H, Schadler LS (2012) The mechanical properties of epoxy composites filled with rubbery copolymer grafted SiO₂. Polymers 4:187–210CrossRef

Garg AC, Mai Y-W (1988) Failure mechanisms in toughened epoxy resins – a review. Compos Sci Technol 31:179–223CrossRef

Grubbs RB, Dean JM, Broz ME, Bates FS (2000) Reactive block copolymers for modification of thermosetting epoxy. Macromolecules 33:9522–9534CrossRef

Gupta P, Bajpai M (2011) Development of siliconized epoxy resins and their applications as anticorrosive coatings. Adv Chem Eng Sci 2:1333–139

He J, Raghavan D, Hoffman D, Hunston D (1999) The influence of elastomer concentration on toughness in dispersions containing acrylic elastomeric particles in an epoxy matrix. Polymer 40:1923–1933CrossRef

Ho TH, Wang CS (1994) Dispersed acrylate rubber-modified epoxy resins for electronic encapsulation. J Polym Res 1:103–108CrossRef

Humphreys S (2011) Impact, weight and anti-corrosion coatings for pipelines. Applied Market Information, UK (available on https://www.amiplastics.com/pressreleases/newsitem.aspx?item=1000140)

Hydro RM, Pearson RA (2007) Epoxies toughened with triblock copolymers. J Polym Sci Part B Polym Phys 45:1470–1481CrossRef

Jacob GC, Hoevel B, Pham HQ, Dettlof ML, Verghese NE, Turakhia RH, Hunter G (2007) Technical advances in epoxy technology for wind turbine blade composite fabrication. SAMPE, Baltimore, 15 pp

Jansen BJP, Tamminga KY, Meijer HEH, Lemstra PJ (1999) Preparation of thermoset rubbery epoxy particles as novel toughening modifiers for glassy epoxy resins. Polymer 40:5601–5607CrossRef

Karger-Kocsis J, Meszaros L, Barany T (2012) Ground tyre rubber (GTR) in thermoplastics, thermosets and rubbers. J Mater Sci 48:1–38CrossRef

Kehr JA (2012) How fusion-bonded epoxies protect pipeline: single- and double-layer systems. Protecting and maintaining transmission pipeline. Technology Publishing, Pittsburgh, pp 13–22

Kim HS, Ma P (1996) Correlation between stress-whitening and fracture toughness in rubber-modified epoxies. J Appl Polym Sci 61:659–662CrossRef

Kinloch AJ (2003) Toughening epoxy adhesives to meet today’s challenges. MRS Bull 28 445–448

Kinloch AJ, Finch CA, Hashemi S (1987) Effect of segmental molecular mass between cross-links of the matrix phase on the toughness of rubber-modifies epoxies. Polym Commun 28:322–325

Kinloch AJ, Korenberg CF, Tan KT, Watts JF (2007) Crack growth in structural adhesive joints in aqueous environments. J Mater Sci 42:6353–6370CrossRef

Kinloch AJ, Lee SH, Taylor AC (2014) Improving the fracture toughness and cyclic-fatigue resistance of epoxy-polymer blends. Polymer 55:6325–6334CrossRef

Kishi H, Kunimitsu Y, Imade J, Oshita S, Morishita Y, Asada M (2011) Nano-phase structures and mechanical properties of epoxy/acryl triblock copolymer alloys. Polymer 52:760–768CrossRef

Kishi H, Kunimitsu Y, Nakashima Y, Abe T, Imade J, Oshita S, Morishita Y, Asada M (2015) Control of nanostructures generated in epoxy matrices blended with PMMA-b-PnBA-b-PMMA triblock copolymers. Express Polym Lett 9:23–35CrossRef

Kozii VV, Rozenberg BA (1992) Mechanisms of energy dissipation in elastomer-modified thermosetting polymer matrices and composites based on such polymers. Polym Sci 34:919–951

Kunal K, Sprenger S (2014) optimized epoxy resins for automotive composites: tough, stiff and fatigue resistant. Automotive, composites conference and exhibition, Society of Plastic Engineers (SPE) 9–11 Sept, 5 pp

Kunz-Douglass S, Beamont PWR, Ashby MF (1980) A model for toughness of epoxy-rubber particulate composites. J Mater Sci 15:1109–1123CrossRef

Lataillade J, Grapotte D, Cayssisals F (1994) The impact resistance of CTBN-modified epoxy adhesive joints. J Phys IV C8:771–776

Liang YL, Pearson RA (2010) The toughening mechanism in hybrid epoxy-silica-rubber nanocomposites. Polymer 51:4880–4890CrossRef

Liu J, Sue HJ, Thompson ZJ, Bates FS, Dettloff M, Jacob G, Verghese N, Pham H (2008) Nanocavitation in self-assembled amphiphilic block copolymer-modified epoxy. Macromolecules 41:7616–7624CrossRef

Liu J, Thompson ZJ, Sue HJ, Bates FS, Hillmyer MA, Dettloff MV, Jacob G, Verghese N, Pham H (2010) Toughening of epoxies with block copolymer micelles of wormlike morphology. Macromolecules 43:7238–7243CrossRef

Loos MR, Yang J, Feke DL, Manas-Zloczower I (2012a) Effect of block-copolymer dispersants on properties of carbon nanotube/epoxy systems. Comp Sci Technol 72:482–488CrossRef

Loos M, Yang J, Feke D, Manas-Zloczower I (2012b) Carbon nanotube-reinforced epoxy composites for wind turbine blades. Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE), Plastics Research Online 10.1002/spepro.004276: 3 pp

Lorena RP, Royston GJ, Fairclough PA, Ryan AJ (2008) Toughening by nanostructures. Polymer 49:4475–4488CrossRef

Lovell PA, McDonald J, Saunders DEJ, Young RJ (1993) Studies of rubber-toughened poly(methyl methacrylate): 1. Preparation and thermal properties of blends of poly(methyl methacrylate) with multiple-layer toughening particles. Polymer 34:61–69CrossRef

Lu C, Mai Y-W (2005) Influence of the aspect ratio on barrier properties of polymer-clay nanocomposites. Phys Rev Lett 95:088303CrossRef

Mallozzi ML, Attaguile SM, Baratto DJ (2014) Damage resistant epoxy compounds. Patent No # CA2630583 C

Marouf BT, Bagheri R (2010) Physical properties and applications of clay nanofiller/epoxy nanocomposites. In: Tjong SC, Mai Y-W (eds) Physical properties and applications of polymer nanocomposites. Woodhead, Cambridge, UK, pp 743–772CrossRef

Marouf BT, Bagheri R, Mahmudi R (2004) Effects of number of layers and adhesive ductility on impact behavior of laminates. Mater Lett 58:2721–2724CrossRef

Marouf BT, Bagheri R, Mahmudi R (2008) Role of interfacial fracture energy and laminate architecture on impact performance of aluminum laminates. Compos Part A 39:1685–1693CrossRef

Marouf BT, Pearson RA, Bagheri R (2009) Anomalous fracture behavior in an epoxy-based hybrid composite. Mater Sci Eng A 515:49–58CrossRef

Marouf BT, Mai Y-W, Bagheri R, Pearson RA (2016) Toughening of epoxy nanocomposites: nano and hybrid effects. Polym Rev Published online 8 January

May CA (1988) Introduction to epoxy resins, chemistry and technology. Marcel Dekker, New York, pp 1–6

Meeks AC (1974) Fracture and mechanical properties of epoxy resin and rubber-modified epoxies. Polymer 15:675–681CrossRef

Miyatake N (2013) New advances in core-shell rubber toughening for epoxy resins. JEC Comps Mag, March (issue 79): p85

Njuguna J, Pielichowski K, Alcock JR (2007) Epoxy-based fibre reinforced nanocomposites. Adv Eng Mater 9:835–847CrossRef

Oldak RK, Hydro RM, Pearson RA (2007) On the use of triblock copolymers as toughening agents for epoxies. Adhesion Society, Tampa, 3 pp

Pearson RA, Yee AF (1989) Toughening mechanisms in elastomer modified epoxies: the effect of cross-link density. J Mater Sci 24:2571–2580CrossRef

Pearson RA, Yee AF (1991) Influence of particle size and particle size distribution on toughening mechanisms in rubber-modified epoxies. J Mater Sci 26:3828–3844CrossRef

Pham H, Aguirre F, Dettloff M, Verghese N (2007) Development of novel toughening technology for fusion-bonded-epoxy (FBE) powder coatings. Paint Coat Ind Mag, October: 4 pp

Plastics Europe’s PC/BPA Group (2011) Application of bisphenol A, 34 pp (Available on www.bisphenol-a-europe.org/uploads/EN_BPA%20applications%202.pdf)

Plastics Europe’s PC/PBA Group, Bisphenol A epoxy resins (Available on http://www.bisphenol-a-europe.org/en_GB/what-is-bisphenol-a/epoxy-resins)

Prolongo SG, Gude MR, Ureña A (2012a) Adhesive strength and toughness improvement of epoxy resin modified with polystyrene-b-polybutadiene-b-poly(methyl methacrylate) block copolymer. J Mater Sci Eng 1:109. doi:10.4172/2169-0022.1000109

Prolongo SG, Vadillo V, Gude MR, Sánchez L, Ureña A (2012b) Nanostructured epoxy adhesive modified with self-assembling block copolymers for joining fiber carbon epoxy composites. In: 15th European conference on composite materials (ECCM15), Venice, 24–28 June

Pulgisi JS, Chaudhari MA (1988) Epoxies, engineering plastics. ASM International, Metals Park, pp 240–245

Ratna D, Banthia AK (2004) Rubber toughened epoxy. Macromol Res 12:11–21CrossRef

Rebizant V, Venet AS, Tournilhac F, Girard-Reydet E, Navarro C, Pascault JP, Leibler L (2004) Chemistry and mechanical properties of epoxy-based thermosets reinforced by reactive and nonreactive SBMX block copolymers. Macromolecules 37:8017–8027CrossRef

Ritzenthaler S, Court F, David L, Girard-Reydet E, Leibler L, Pascault JP (2002) ABC triblock copolymers/epoxy – diamine blends. 1. Keys to achieve nanostructured thermosets. Macromolecules 35:6245–6254CrossRef

Ruzette AV, Leibler L (2005) Block copolymers in tomorrow’s plastics. Nat Mater 4:19–31CrossRef

Schoberleitner C, Archodoulaki VC, Koch T, Lüftl S, Werderitsch M, Kuschnig G (2013) Developing a sealing material: effect of epoxy modification on specific physical and mechanical properties. Materials 6:5490–5501CrossRef

Sprenger S, Eger C, Kinloch AJ, Lee JH, Taylor AC, Egan D (2003) Toughening structural adhesives via nano- and micro-phase inclusions. J Adhes 79:867–873CrossRef

Sprenger S, Eger C, Kinloch AJ, Lee JH, Taylor AC, Egan D (2004) Nanomodified ambient temperature curing epoxy adhesives. Adhäsion Kleben Dichten 3:17–21

Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC, Lee JH, Mohammed RD, Egan D (2006) Improving structural epoxy adhesives with SiO₂ nanoparticles. The 29th annual meeting of the Adhesion Society, Jacksonville, 19–22 Feb, 232–234

Sprenger S, Kinloch AJ, Taylor AC (2009) Making industrial adhesives tougher. Eur Coatings J 3:9 pp

Sultan JN, McGarry FJ (1973) Effect of rubber particle size on deformation mechanisms in glassy epoxy. Polym Eng Sci 13:29–34CrossRef

Thio YS, Wu J, Bates FS (2006) Epoxy toughening using low molecular weight poly(hexylene oxide)-poly(ethylene oxide) di-block copolymers. Macromolecules 39:7187–7189CrossRef

Thompson ZJ, Hillmyer MA, Liu J, Sue HJ, Dettloff MV, Bates FS (2009) Block copolymer toughened epoxy: role of cross-link density. Macromolecules 42:2333–2335CrossRef

Thompson VP, Watson TF, Marshall GW, Blackman BRK, Stansbury JW, Schadler LS, Pearson RA, Libanori R (2013) Outside-the-(cavity-prep)-box thinking. Adv Dent Res 25:24–32CrossRef

Three Bond Technical News (1990) Curing agents for epoxy resins. 20 Dec, 10 pp

Transparency Market Research (2015) Epoxy resins market for paints & coatings, wind energy, composites, construction, electrical & electronics, adhesives and other applications – Global industry analysis, size, share, growth, trends and forecast 2014–2020, 28 Jan

Tripathi G, Srivastava D (2009) Studies on blends of cycloaliphatic epoxy resin with varying concentrations of carboxyl terminated butadiene acrylonitrile copolymer I: thermal and morphological properties. Bull Mater Sci 32:199–204CrossRef

Turakhia R, Pham H, Jacob G, Hunter G, Hoevel B (2009) Advances in epoxy technology for windmill blade composite fabrication. Thermoset Resin Formulators Association (TRFA), Pittsburgh

Utracki LA (2010) Rigid ballistic composites. NRC Publications Archive, Canada: 78 pp

Vaziri R, Quan X, Olson MD (1996) Impact analysis of laminated composite plates and shells by super finite elements. Int J Impact Eng 18:765–782CrossRef

Vitale A, Sangermano M, Bongiovanni R, Burtscher P, Moszner N (2014) Visible light curable restorative composites for dental applications based on epoxy monomer. Materials 7:554–562CrossRef

Wang H, Xu Y, Liu Y (2008) Novel modified epoxy adhesive for FCCL with high thermal resistance. IPC Printed Circuits Expo, APEX and the Designers Summit, Las Vegas, 1–3 Apr

Wu J, Thio YS, Bates FS (2005) Structure and properties of PBO-PEO diblock copolymer modified epoxy. J Polym Sci Pol Phys 43:1950–1965CrossRef

www.henkel.com

www.kukdo.com

www.prweb.com/releases/epoxy_resins/paints_coatings_laminates/prweb8343600.htm

www.hiseamarine.com/fnrh-610-rubber-modified-acid-base-resistant-anticorrosive-paint-4374.html, “Rubber-modified acid-base resistant anti-corrosive paint”

www.hiseamarine.com/popular-type-modified-epoxy-anticorrosive-paint-2534.html, “Popular type modified epoxy anticorrosive paint”

Xie R, Theophanous T, Aguirre F, Verghese N, Valette L, Pham H (2011) Advanced epoxy resins with enhanced toughness for demanding applications. TRFA 2011 annual meeting, Ontario, 11–13 Sept

Yee AF, Pearson RA (1986a) Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies: mechanical studies. J Mater Sci 21:2462–2474CrossRef

Yee AF, Pearson RA (1986b) Toughening mechanisms in elastomer-modified epoxies: microscopy studies. J Mater Sci 21:2475–2488CrossRef

Titel: Applications of Epoxy/Rubber Blends
verfasst von: B. T. Marouf
R. Bagheri
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Handbook of Epoxy Blends
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40041-9

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-40043-3

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40043-3_14

Premium Partner

Marktübersichten

Die im Laufe eines Jahres in der „adhäsion“ veröffentlichten Marktübersichten helfen Anwendern verschiedenster Branchen, sich einen gezielten Überblick über Lieferantenangebote zu verschaffen.

Zur Marktübersicht