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2017 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

30. Aviation Applications

verfasst von : Richard Farnworth

Erschienen in: Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Zusammenfassung

The Global Positioning System (GPS) has been available for civilian use for the past three decades and is now extensively used in aviation to support multiple applications.

This chapter describes how GNSS is used in aviation, the performance requirements that are being applied and the operational applications that have been enabled. It describes how conventional navigation has been gradually replaced by area navigation, the global introduction of Performance Based Navigation (PBN) and how the availability of GNSS has played a significant role in that evolution. The performance requirements for the different phases of flight are presented including the different methods by which the navigation integrity is ensured.

The goal of this chapter is to provide the reader with an overview of how GNSS has been adopted in aviation and explain how it has been integrated onto the aircraft alongside other navigation systems. The regulatory and certification process is also described to introduce the mechanisms by which aircraft operators can get approval to use GNSS in their daily operations.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Land and Maritime Applications

Nächstes Kapitel Ground Based Augmentation Systems

30.1

Performance Based Navigation (PBN) Manual, ICAO Doc. 9613 Ser., 4th edn. (ICAO, 2013)

30.2

P.B. Ober, D.-J. Moelker, E. Theunissen, R.C. Meijer, D. van Willigen, R. Rawlings, M. Perry: The suitability of GPS for basic area navigation, Proc. ION GPS, Kansas City (1997) pp. 1007–1018

30.3

K.L. Van Dyke: The world after SA: Benefits to GPS integrity, Proc. IEEE PLANS, San Diego (2000) pp. 387–394

30.4

K. Doucet, Y. Georgiadou: The issue of selective availability, GPS World 1(5), 53–56 (1990)

30.5

K.D. McDonald: GPS in civil aviation, GPS World 2(8), 52–59 (1991)

30.6

Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using Global Positioning System (GPS), RTCA DO-208, 07/12/1991 (RTCA, Washington DC 1991)

30.7

Airborne Supplemental Navigation Equipment Using the Global Positioning System (GPS), TSO-C129a (FAA, Washington DC 1996)

30.8

Guidance Material on Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for the use of Navigation Systems in European Airspace Designed for Basic RNAV Operations, JAA Temporary Guidance Leaflet No. 2 (JAA, Hoofddorp 1996)

30.9

G.E. Michael: Legal issues including liability associated with the acquisition, use, and failure of GPS/GNSS, J. Navig. 52(2), 246–251 (1999)CrossRef

30.10

S. Malys, J. Slater: Maintenance and enhancement of the World Geodetic System 1984, Proc. ION GPS, Salt Lake City (1994) pp. 17–24

30.11

C. Boucher, Z. Altamimi: ITRS, PZ-90 and WGS 84: Current realizations and the related transformation parameters, J. Geod. 75(11), 613–619 (2001)CrossRef

30.12

ICAO: Annex 10 to the Convention on Civil Aviation, Aeronautical Telecommunications, Radio Navigation Aids, Vol. 1, 6th edn. (ICAO, Montreal 2006)

30.13

GPS Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard, 4th edn. (US Department of Defense, Washington DC 2008)

30.14

V. Iatsouk: Development of standards for aeronautical satellite navigation system, Acta Astronaut. 54(11), 961–963 (2004)CrossRef

30.15

W.Y. Ochieng, K. Sauer, D. Walsh, G. Brodin, S. Griffin, M. Denney: GPS integrity and potential impact on aviation safety, J. Navig. 56(1), 51–65 (2003)CrossRef

30.16

D. Lawrence, D. Bunce, N.G. Mathur, C.E. Sigler: Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), Program Status, ION GNSS, Fort Worth (2007) pp. 892–899

30.17

P. Feuillet: EGNOS program status, ION GNSS, Nashville (2012) pp. 1017–1033

30.18

T. Sakai, H. Tashiro: MSAS status, ION GNSS, Nashville (2013) pp. 2343–2360

30.19

K.N.S. Rao: GAGAN – The Indian satellite based augmentation system, Indian J. Radio Space Phys. 36(4), 293 (2007)

30.20

S. Karutin: SDCM program status, ION GNSS, Nashville (2012) pp. 1034–1044

30.21

A.A. Herndon, M. Cramer, K. Sprong: Analysis of advanced flight management systems (FMS), flight management computer (FMC) field observations trials, radius-to-fix path terminators, Proc. IEEE/AIAA 27th Digit. Avion. Syst. Conf., St. Paul (2008) pp. 2.A.5-1–2.A.5-15

30.22

ARINC 424-20, Navigation System Database Standard (Aeronautical Radio, Annapolis 2011)

30.23

RTCA DO 200A/Eurocae ED76: Standards for Processing Aeronautical Data (1998)

30.24

RTCA DO 201A/Eurocae ED77: Standards for Aeronautical Information (2000)

30.25

B. Haltli, P. Ewing, H. Williams: Global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and area navigation (RNAV) benefiting general aviation, Proc. 24th Digit. Avion. Syst. Conf., Crystal City (2005) pp. 13.A.5-1–13.A.5-8

30.26

Roadmap for Performance Based Navigation, Evolution for Area Navigation (RNAV) and Required Navigation Performance (RNP) Capabilities 2006-2025, Version 2.0 (FAA, Washington DC 2006)

30.27

European Airspace Concept Handbook for PBN Implementation, 3rd edn. (Eurocontrol, Brussels 2013)

30.28

K. Kovach: Continuity: The hardest GNSS requirement of all, Proc. ION GPS, Nashville (1998) pp. 2003–2020

30.29

I. Mallett, K. Van Dyke: GPS availability for aviation applications: How good does it need to be?, Proc. ION GPS, Salt Lake City (2000) pp. 705–712

30.30

R.G. Brown: A baseline GPS RAIM scheme and a note on the equivalence of three RAIM methods, Navigation 39(3), 301–316 (1992)CrossRef

30.31

J.P. Fernow, Y.C. Lee: Analysis supporting FAA decisions made during the development of TSO C-129, Proc. ION AM 1994, Colorado Springs (1994) pp. 219–228

30.32

P.B. Ober: RAIM Performance: How Algorithms Differ, ION GPS 1998, Nashville 15-18 Sep. 1998 (ION, Virginia 1998) pp. 2021–2030

30.33

A. Martineau, Ch. Macabiau, M. Mabilleau: GNSS RAIM assumptions for vertically guided approaches, ION GNSS 2009, Savannah Sep. 2009 (ION, Virginia 2009) pp. 2791–2803

30.34

Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Global Positioning System/Wide Area Augmentation System Airborne Equipment, RTCA DO229D, 13/12/2006 (RTCA, Washington DC 2006)

30.35

D.A.G. Harriman, J. Wilde, P.B. Ober: EUROCONTROL’s predictive RAIM tool for en-route aircraft navigation, IEEE Aerosp. Conf. 1999, Snowmass at Aspen 6-13 Mar. 1999 (IEEE, New York 1999) pp. 385–393

30.36

ADS-B Service Availability Prediction Tool Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring User Guide, v2.0, 30 Apr. 2014 (FAA, Washington DC 2014)

30.37

Massimini, V. McNeil, G. Scales, W.: Proposed Concept of Operation for a GNSS NOTAM and Aeronautical Information System (The MITRE Corporation, Bedford 2008)

30.38

Airborne Supplemental Navigation Sensors for Global Positioning System Equipment Using Aircraft Based Augmentation, TSO-C196 (FAA, Washington DC 2009)

30.39

Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Global Positioning System/Aircraft Base Augmentation System, RTCA DO-316 (RTCA, Washington DC 2009)

30.40

Airborne Navigation Sensors Using the Global Positioning System Augmented by the Satellite Based Augmentation System, TSO-C145c (FAA, Washington DC 2008)

30.41

Stand-alone Airborne Equipment Using the Global Positioning System Augmented by the Satellite Based Augmentation System, TSO-C146c (FAA, Washington DC 2008)

30.42

Airworthiness Approval of Positioning and Navigation systems, FAA Advisory Circular (AC), 20-138D, 28/03/2014 (FAA, Washington DC 2014)

30.43

European Aviation Safety Agency: Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for RNP Approach (RNP APCH) Operations Including APV Baro/VNAV Operations, AMC 20-27 (EASA, Cologne 2009)

30.44

European Aviation Safety Agency: Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for RNAV GNSS Approach Operation to LPV Minima Using SBAS, AMC 20-28 (EASA, Cologne 2012)

30.45

K.L. Gold, A.K. Brown: A hybrid integrity solution for precision landing and guidance, IEEE PLANS 2004 (IEEE, New York 2004) pp. 165–174

30.46

C. Rekkas, M. Rees: Towards ADS-B implementation in Europe, Proc. Tyrrhenian Int. Workshop Digit. Commun.-Enhanc. Surveill. Aircr. Veh. (TIWDC/ESAV), Capri (IEEE, New York 2008)

30.47

T. Delovski, K. Werner, T. Rawlik, J. Behrens, J. Bredemeyer, R. Wendel: ADS-B over satellite – The world's first ADS-B receiver in space, 4S Small Satell. Syst. Serv. Symp. 2014, ESA, Noordwijk (2014)

30.48

N. Xu, R. Cassell, C. Evers, S. Hauswald, W. Langhans: Performance assessment of Multilateration Systems – A solution to nextgen surveillance, Proc. Integr. Commun. Navig. Surveill. Conf. (ICNS’10), Herndon (IEEE, New York 2010), pp. D2-1–D2-8

30.49

C. Collings, J. Harwood: Data link messaging standards for NextGen data communications, Proc. Integr. Commun. Navig. Surveill. Conf. (ICNS’09), Arlington (IEEE, 2009)

30.50

Time and Standard Frequency Station DCF77 (Germany), http://www.eecis.udel.edu/~mills/ntp/dcf77.html

30.51

J.V. Carroll: Vulnerability assessment of the US transportation infrastructure that relies on the global positioning system, J. Navig. 56(2), 185–193 (2003)CrossRef

30.52

D. Last: GPS forensics, crime, and jamming, GPS World 20(10), 8–12 (2009)

30.53

C. Dixon, S. Smith, A. Hart, R. Keast, S. Lithgow, A. Grant, J. Šafář, G. Shaw, C. Hill, S. Hill, C. Betty: Specification and testing of GNSS vulnerabilities, Proc. ENC-GNSS 2013, Vienna (ENC, Vienna 2013) pp. 1–12

30.54

E. Kim: Investigation of APNT optimized DME/DME network using current state-of-the-art DMEs: Ground station network, accuracy, and capacity, IEEE/ION PLANS 2012, Myrtle Beach (IEEE, New York 2012) pp. 146–157

30.55

Concept of Operations for NextGen Alternative Positioning, Navigation and Timing (APNT) (FAA, Washington DC 2012)

30.56

C.J. Hegarty, E. Chatre: Evolution of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Proc. IEEE 96(12), 1902–1917 (2008)CrossRef

30.57

J. Blanch, T. Walter, P. Enge: Satellite navigation for aviation in 2025, Proc. IEEE 100, 1821–1830 (2012)CrossRef

30.58

F. Salabert: Operational benefits of multi-constellation dual frequency GNSS for aviation, Coordinates 11(3), 43–45 (2015)

30.59

B. Bonet, I. Alcantarilla, D. Flament, C. Rodriguez, N. Zarraoa: The Benefits of Multi-constellation GNSS: Reaching up Even to Single Constellation GNSS Users, ION GNSS 2009, 22-25 Savannah (ION, Virginia 2009) pp. 1268–1280

Titel: Aviation Applications
verfasst von: Richard Farnworth
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Springer Handbook of Global Navigation Satellite Systems
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-42926-7

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-42928-1

Copyright-Jahr: 2017
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42928-1_30

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