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2018 | Supplement | Buchkapitel

Between Secrecy and Silent Cooperation: The Dissemination of Knowledge About the Republic of Dubrovnik in the Context of the Ottoman–Venetian and Napoleonic Wars

verfasst von : Mirela Altić

Erschienen in: Dissemination of Cartographic Knowledge

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

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Abstract

Despite its exceptional political, commercial and naval strength, the Republic of Dubrovnik was remarkably restrained regarding the public availability of its maps. Only two original maps of the Republic of Dubrovnik are preserved to this date—one created between 1718 and 1746, and the other from the earliest nineteenth century. What links them is that both remained in manuscript form, and both were expressly banned by the Republic’s authorities from being either copied, published or shown to foreign nationals. The turning point in this regard was “Stato di Ragusi”, the first commercial map of the Republic compiled by Vincenzo Maria Coronelli in 1688, according to the information provided by Dubrovnik authorities. Created under the most unusual circumstances, the map remained the only printed detailed map of the Republic of Dubrovnik up until its fall in 1808. The paper analyzes how the Republic of Dubrovnik was represented on maps made by Dubrovnik authorities and how the same space was seen by foreign cartographers. Furthermore, the paper evaluates the impact of the Republic’s diplomats on the dissemination of knowledge about the Republic in the context of the Ottoman-Venetian and Napoleonic wars.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Invariable Image of Cyprus: Reproduction of Siege Maps of Nicosia and Famagusta

Nächstes Kapitel Cartographic Exchange and Territorial Creation: Rewriting Northern Japan in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries

Medieval Dubrovnik originated from a late antiquity settlement. From the early Middle Ages until 1205 Dubrovnik recognized the Byzantine rule and it developed as the centre of the bishopric and administrative centre of a Byzantine theme. From 1205 until 1358 the city recognized the Venetian rule. From 1358 until 1526 the city developed under the rule of Croatian-Hungarian kings and from an autonomous town community it turned into an aristocratic republic. This period was the most prosperous in Dubrovnik’s development (Foretić 1980).

In 1433, Dubrovnik won the exclusive right to trade with countries ruled by Islamic rulers, and after that they began paying an annual tribute to the Sultan.

Consulates of Dubrovnik among others were located in London, Antwerp, Brussels, Cadiz, Mallorca, Rome, Naples, Messina, Corfu and Goa (Mitić 1973).

For the same reason, the Republic of Dubrovnik avoided building modern roads so as to, in the event of war of some European power against the Ottoman Empire or Dubrovnik itself, aggravate the enemy raids by land, that is, limit potential attacks exclusively from the sea side which was well defended.

Orbini himself probably also tried to draw maps. Namely, in one manuscript copy of his work, four hand-drawn maps of the Adriatic coast were attached. These were rough sketches that were created by copying from some Venetian template.

State Archives of Dubrovnik, Zemljišnik Dubrovačke Republike, XII seria, Cathastricum No. 2a.

The exception in this regard are the only map of Istria made based on the template by Petar Kopić and the map of Zadar and Šibenik Counties made based on the map by Martin Rota Kolunić.

Candia was the name of Crete when it was under Venetian from 1205 to 1669.

The Biblioteca Nazionale Marciana, Carte manoscritti, IT.VII.200(10050), Tav. 19bis [Carta della Dalmazia], c. 1645.

Les Confins des Chrestiens et des Turcs en Terre Ferme. Pierre du Val, Paris: 1663. Copperplate in color; 37 × 50.5 cm.

The representation of the land border of the Republic might suggest that Du Val was familiar with the fact that, in 1431, Dubrovnik managed to annex Trebinje, Vrm and Klobuk, but as already next year, the Ottoman rule overturned that decision, the controversial settlements remained part of the Ottoman Empire (Stulli 1989: 53).

Estat de la Republique de Raguse, Pierre du Val, [ca 1:1,400,000], Paris: Pierre Du Val, 1663. Copperplate; 12 × 10 cm. Published in: Le monde Ou La Geographie Universelle contenant les descriptions, les cartes, & le blason des principaux pays du monde (Paris, 1663), vol. II, pp. 364–367.

Nicolas Sanson used Du Val’s map as source for his map of Dalmatia and the Republic of Dubrovnik (Sindik 1931: 281–288).

State Archives of Dubrovnik, Consilium Rogatorum, 127, 1684–1685, 138–139.

After the Venetians joined the Christian Holy League in 1684, the Dubrovnik Republic reacted with a decisive change in its foreign policy orientation by leaning toward the Habsburgs. An agreement was signed under which the obligation to protect the Republic was transferred to the Habsburgs, for which the Republic would pay a tribute. Because of the threatening Ottoman danger, the agreement was supposed to remain secret, and the tribute payment to begin only after the Ottoman defeat and the liberation of Bosnia, Herzegovina, Slavonia and Hungary. However, after the French declaration of war to Austria in 1690, it became clear that the Ottoman Empire was to survive, and Dubrovnik’s rapprochement to the Ottomans was resumed. They paid the total residual amounts of tribute to the Ottomans in 1695, and continued to pursue a policy of neutrality.

Stato di Ragusi, Bocca di Fiume Narenta, Isole di Lesina e Curzola nella Damatia possedute dalla Serenissima Republica di Venetia. Vincenzo Maria Coronelli, [1:305,000], Venice: [1688]. Copperplate in color; 58 × 43 cm.

Coronelli’s map of the Dubrovnik Republic does not have the original dating, but we learn from a note on the adjacent map sheet titled “Corso delli Fiumi Drino e Boiana …” that the map of the Republic was compiled in March 1688. In fact, Coronelli wrote on the aforementioned map “Dello Stato di Ragusi il P. Coronelli ne publicara una carta particolare nel Mese di Marzo 1688”.

On the island of Šipan, for example, he stated that there were 100 houses in Luka Šipanska, whereas 40 houses in the neighboring Suđurađ. On the Pelješac peninsula (Sabioncello o Penisola di Stagno), he stated that there were 30 houses in Kučište, 30 houses in Orebić, 12 houses in Borje, 10 houses in Obuće, 10 houses in Dingač, 8 houses in Trstenica, and 60 houses in Žuljana. For Dubrovnik, there was a note that it was destroyed in an earthquake in 1667, but that it was later restored. For the port of Dubrovnik, he noted that it closed by means of big chains, and that it could accommodate large ships, whereas for the port of Gruž, that it could accommodate 100 galleons.

The area below the title cartouche, apparently intended for the coat of arms of the Republic, remained empty on all preserved copies of the map.

Hanc Legum Ragusinarum Collectionem/Venerabili Congregationi Presbyterorum/Sancti Petri in Cathedra/Michael Pessich eorundem Socius, & Consors/ln perenne Sui amoris, & obsequij testimonium/Libens donavit Anno Sal; [utis] MDCCXLVI, Miho Pešić. Manuscript in color; 37 × 114.5 cm.

Since the Venetians conquered the immediate Dubrovnik hinterland, which hitherto had been under Ottoman rule, that would have meant that, for the first time, Dubrovnik would have a direct land border with Venice, which would seal Dubrovnik’s fate. There was a swift diplomatic action in which Dubrovnik persuaded the Ottomans and the Austrians to force the Venetians to return part of the conquered area along Dubrovnik’s border to the Ottomans. A narrow corridor of Ottoman territory was thus created between the Dubrovnik Republic and the Republic of Venice, on Sutorina and Klek, that served as a buffer zone. That ad hoc created corridor survived all political changes on the Balkans in the next three centuries to provide the todays Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina its narrow access to the Mediterranean in the areas of Klek and Sutorina.

Descrizione topografica della Dalmazia, [ca 1:200,000], 1732. Manuscript in color; 140 × 53 cm.

Carta geografica della Dalmazia/Giovanni Thomas Salmon. Venecija: Albrizzi, 1753. Copperplate; 33.5 × 43.5 cm. Published in Salmon’s work “Lo stato presente di tutti i paesi e popoli del Mondo” (Venetia, Giambattista Albrizzi, 1753).

Decription Géographique du Golf de Venise et de la Morée. Avec des remarques pour la Navigation et des Cartes et Plans des Côtes, Villes, Ports et Mouillages, Paris, Didot, M.DCC.LXXI.

Nuovelle carte de la Partie Occidentale et Orientale de Dalmatie dressee sur les lieux par P. Santini, 1:350,000, Venezia, 1780. Copperplate in color, two sheets.

Nuova carta topografica della provincia di Dalmazia, divisa ne suoi territorii delineata dalli Sig[no]ri Ingegneri Melchiori e Zavoreo e da Lodovico Furlanetto dedicati a sua eccellenza Angelo Emo…[1:350,000]. Venezia: Lodovico Furlanetto, 1787. Copperplate in color; 118 × 47 cm.

Plan von Ragusa 1:14,000, 1783. Manuscript in color; 33 × 23 cm.

Plan von Ragusa mit umliegender Gegend, letstere landschaftlich dargestelt, 1:5400. Manuscript in colour; 57 × 40 cm.

State Archives of Dubrovnik, Consilium Rogatorum 210, VI, 42.

Karte des Gebietes der Republik Ragusa. Nach dem Viertel-Mil. Maßstab aufgenommen durch die Oblte. Geppert und Catinelli des GQM Stabes und dem zugetheilten Lt. Sponville v. Hohenlohe Bartenstein Inf. Reg. Gez. durch Oblt. Geppert. 1:115,200.- Manuscript in color; 137 × 40 cm.

State Archives of Dubrovnik, Acta et diplomata, nineteenth century, 278.

State Archives of Dubrovnik, Consilum Rogatorum. 210, VII, 70.

Charte des nordwestl. u. südöstl. Theiles v. Dalmatien, mit dem österreichischen Anthaile von Albanien, nach den besten bisher bekannten Hülfsmitteln u. astronomischen Bestimungen entworfen. Scale 1: 535,000. Wien: 1804.

Under the terms of the Peace of Pressburg (1805) the French took over from the Austrians Dalmatia and the Bay of Kotor. During 1806 the French military occupied Dalmatia and the Russian the Bay. Despite their policy of neutrality, the Dubrovnik Senate found itself in a hopeless situation. Threatened by Russian occupation, Dubrovnik surrendered to the French troops without resistance on May 27, 1806.

Beautemps-Beaupré’s charts of the Northern and Central Adriatic Sea were bound into a single atlas, also known as the Napoleonic Atlas, in 1806 (only few copies exist).

As a result of the survey of 1808 and 1809 the following charts and maps were created: chart of southern Adriatic from Ston to Budva, chart of the Port of Gruž and the mouth of Ombla river, general map of Dubrovnik and the surrounding area, three charts of the Dubrovnik sea area, chart of the Bay of Kotor, map of Kotor and the surrounding area, chart of the harbor of Molunat, chart of the harbor of Slano, and chart of the harbor of Zaton. On 1 May 1810, in addition to the charts of southern Adriatic, Beautemps-Beaupré compiled a comprehensive military report.

Manuscript charts for southern Adriatic stayed unpublished till 1825, when the selected charts, eleven in total, were published in Neptune de la Méditerranée, the maritime atlas of the Mediterranean published in Paris.

Carte militaire et marine de la Dalmatie comprenant la Dalmatie ex-Venitienne la Republique de Raguse les bouches de Cattaro et les iles adjacentes...

Already in 1804 Maximilian de Traux compiled a manuscript atlas of Dalmatia and Austrian Albania in which, along with extensive textual description of the said provinces, he published 27 manuscript maps (4 regional maps and 23 detailed plans, mainly ports and forts). Significantly, the atlas did not contain the representation of the Dubrovnik Republic.

Carte von Dalmatien und dem Gebieth von Ragusa aus ächten Quellen. Maximilian de Traux, 1:180,000, Wien und Pest, Kunst und Industrie Comptoir, 1810. Copperplate in 8 sheets. 58 × 43.6 cm each.

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Titel: Between Secrecy and Silent Cooperation: The Dissemination of Knowledge About the Republic of Dubrovnik in the Context of the Ottoman–Venetian and Napoleonic Wars
verfasst von: Mirela Altić
Verlag: Springer International Publishing
Buch: Dissemination of Cartographic Knowledge
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61514-1

Electronic ISBN: 978-3-319-61515-8

Copyright-Jahr: 2018
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61515-8_5

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