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Erschienen in: Qualitative Sociology 4/2013

01.12.2013

Beware of Allies!

Notes on Analytical Hygiene in Actor-Network Account-making

verfasst von: Jan-Hendrik Passoth, Nicholas J. Rowland

Erschienen in: Qualitative Sociology | Ausgabe 4/2013

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Abstract

In science and technology studies (STS), reflexivity is not the foremost political or ethical concern that it is for some postmodernists, feminists, anthropologists, or those earnest students of Bourdieu. For us, reflexivity is a practical methodological concern. When reflexivity is raised in our scholarly communications it is, without irony, about crafting scientific communications (i.e., scholarly accounts like articles or books) reflexively. This paper therefore is an actor-network account of making reflexive actor-network accounts, specifically, in the process of writing-up qualitative research findings. It is a paper about research. It is a paper about the research process. As our empirical contribution, we report on research we previously conducted and about the subsequent steps we took toward a (publishable) way of reporting it. We are trying to honestly disclose how the process of preparing a reflexive account is more than merely a matter of cleaning-up the messiness of data, but also, and perhaps foremost, a process of finding, aligning, and occasionally distancing our accounts from our allies — in our case, actor-network theory (ANT) and reflexivity.

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Fußnoten
1
Our guest editors suggested that we do this during the final round of reviews. Guest editors: “We encourage you to commence the paper with a punchier opening paragraph - perhaps with a particularly telling comment from a reviewer.” Reviewers themselves appeared cognizant of this possibility too, even in the first round; Reviewer #3 wrote: “Boy I hope I don’t say anything dumb enough to have my comments featured in the next version.”
 
2
We shift from present tense to talk about the paper you are reading now and past tense to talk about the papers we wrote in the past for sake of clarity.
 
3
See Law (2004) on the idea of re-inventing methods to deal with the fluidity and multiplicity of the social world.
 
4
That is not to say that there is not a literature on this topic worthy of consideration. For example, critic of peer review, medical doctor, and editor of The Lancet, a British medical journal, Richard Horton (2000, 148–9) writes, “We know that the system of peer review is biased, unjust, unaccountable, incomplete, easily fixed, often insulting, usually ignorant, occasionally foolish, and frequently wrong.” Or, consider Lee and Bero’s (2006) position, which they argue in their Nature article, “Peer review is not currently designed to detect deception, nor does it guarantee the validity of research findings.” Still, these considerations, while paramount to the scientific enterprise, are outside of the scope of this article.
 
5
There is a terrific literature about how to write social scientific accounts (see, e.g., Becker 1986; Emerson 2011; Silvia 2002; Weiss 1994), especially those dreaded dissertations (see, e.g., Bolker 1998; Krathwohl and Smith 2005; Single and Reis 2009), as well as a literature in the broader academic enterprise about how to write non-fiction well (Zinsser 2006). These are valuable resources, which we routinely utilized; however, commenting on them or their utility is outside of the scope of this article.
 
6
We have significantly expanded this section since the first round of reviews. In our letter back to the editor, we wrote: “We initially thought it would be irritating to have a section on the debate on reflexivity in qualitative research, science studies and ethnomethodology […] But after having the opportunity to position the paper in those debates we are convinced that this new section makes the point of the ‘practical problem of reflexivity’ even stronger and it helps pointing out that the paper is not a critical comment on the review process, but in fact an honest appraisal” (Letter to the editor, May 26, 2013). Maybe now the section is a little too long; however, we can let readers decide how much reflexivity is enough.
 
7
No doubt, the close reader will have just noticed that while only a few lines above we cite Latour and Woolgar’s original 1979 book, published by Sage, we now shift and instead utilize the reprint, published in 1986 by Princeton University Press. We do this purposefully. ANT buffs may already know this story, but the 1979 book was titled Laboratory Life: The Social Construction of Scientific Facts; however, the authors were later so dissatisfied with the subtitle that they renamed the subsequent 1986 reprint Laboratory Life: The Construction of Scientific Facts in defiance of the term “social” in STS, sociology, and conceivably elsewhere. We generally agree with this assessment and protest, and use the 1986 edition for the rest of the paper.
 
8
Emphasis is the author’s.
 
9
Emphasis is the author’s. Also, this distinction shares, as Adkins (2002, 336) notes, similarities with May’s (1988) distinction between endogenous and referential reflexivity.
 
10
Why do this at all? If we examine this conundrum, then we might finally make good on Latour’s (1988, 173) lauded and laughed-at claim:
Let us go back to the world, still unknown and despised. If you sneer at this claim and say “this is going back to realism,” yes it is. A little relativism takes one away from realism; a lot brings one back.
Additionally, this approach is positioned to confirm or challenge Lynch’s (2000, 46) position that “[t]here is no one way to be, or not be, reflexive,” and, perhaps, help determine if Latour’s implicit insight was right: that self-exemplifying accounts must be, in some respects, meta-reflexive before being infra-reflexive stories, which do not add to, but accompany, in irreductionist terms, the account at hand.
 
11
Available at: http://​www.​ehealthinitiativ​e.​org/​ Accessed: November 10, 2012.
 
12
When we reformulated our data analysis for presentation at ASA in 2011, we followed the same process of returning to our data. Open coding was followed by axial coding until we arrived at a basic set of themes. The only difference being that when we initiated analysis the second time, we had in mind that rather than search for recurrent themes, we searched for evidence that supported a more cartographical account of our findings such that we searched for the “traces” left behind by health data from its origins in self-care into the broader socio-technical data scaffolding proposed by the eHealth Initiative.
 
13
An admittedly simple but telling way to illustrate the changes over time is found in word count. Thus, for interested readers, we report word counts as well as percentage change between drafts presented in a table format (Table 1).
Table 1
Word count and change (as a percentage) between drafts
 
Methods (word count)
Change (as percentage)
Analysis (word count)
Change (as percentage)
2009 4S
0,352
2,119
2011 ASA
2,065
+586.65 %
3,046
+143.75 %
2012 under review
0,726
−380.39 %
2,993
−002.50 %
Total Change
0,374
+206.26 %
0,876
+141.25 %
 
14
Of course, we are left only with appearances, for we know not what really happened; we do not know if the foreword was a joke, the truth wrapped in a joke, or the truth – not that it matters for the present argument.
 
15
Woolgar’s penchant for scare quotes here speaks to how special this move was to be. To stress this, we decided to include his quotation marks within our quotation marks so that readers can see firsthand his instructive scare quotes.
 
16
In 1837, Robert Southey, an English poet, published the original story, “The Story of the Three Bears,” which contained three bears, which were friendly, who lived in the woods. One day, an old, nasty woman happens upon their home while the bears are away. They were away while their hot porridge cooled, at which point Goldilocks breaks into their home and proceeds to eat the smallest bear’s porridge, and then after breaking the bear’s chair, settles into his bed for a nap. When the bears return from their walk, they discover Goldilocks who, upon being found, dashes out the window. In 1849, the story is transformed into the story that is commonly associated with the tale.
 
17
This passage is borrowed from an on-line source graciously hosted by the University of Pittsburgh. Available at: http://​www.​pitt.​edu/​~dash/​grimm020.​html Accessed 05 May 2013.
 
18
This reminds us of Dave Wallace’s (1996, 389) excellent advice: “The truth will set you free. But not until it is finished with you.”
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Beware of Allies!
Notes on Analytical Hygiene in Actor-Network Account-making
verfasst von
Jan-Hendrik Passoth
Nicholas J. Rowland
Publikationsdatum
01.12.2013
Verlag
Springer US
Erschienen in
Qualitative Sociology / Ausgabe 4/2013
Print ISSN: 0162-0436
Elektronische ISSN: 1573-7837
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-013-9256-6

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