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## Über dieses Buch

More than a decade has passed since IBM’s Deep Blue computer stunned the world by defeating Garry Kasparov, the world chess champion at that time. Beyond Deep Blue tells the continuing story of the chess engine and its steady improvement. The book provides analysis of the games alongside a detailed examination of the remarkable technological progress made by the engines – asking which one is best, how good is it, and how much better can it get. Features: presents a total of 118 games, played by 17 different chess engines, collected together for the first time in a single reference; details the processor speeds, memory sizes, and the number of processors used by each chess engine; includes games from 10 World Computer Chess Championships, and three computer chess tournaments of the Internet Chess Club; covers the man-machine matches between Fritz and Kramnik, and Kasparov and Deep Junior; describes three historical matches between leading engines – Hydra vs. Shredder, Junior vs. Fritz, and Zappa vs. Rybka.

## Inhaltsverzeichnis

### 1. Deep Blue Establishes Historic Landmark

On May 11, 1997, IBM’s Deep Blue stunned the world when it defeated the best human chess player – possibly the best human chess player ever! – on planet Earth, Garry Kasparov, in the final game of their six-game Rematch, thereby winning the match by a 3.5–2.5 score. The victory gave Deep Blue the right to call itself the world’s best chess player. But was the claim legitimate? Was Deep Blue really better than Kasparov? Was the victory a one-time fluke? Would Kasparov – or one of his kind – set the record straight in the coming months or years? We’ll see in the following chapters. But first, let’s review Deep Blue’s two matches with Kasparov beginning with its victory in the Rematch.
Monty Newborn

### 2. The Dawn of the Post-Deep Blue Era

With Deep Blue retired, the new monarch of the computer chess world was up for grabs. In 1995 and leading up to the first Deep Blue versus Kasparov match, the 8th World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) was held in Hong Kong. IBM planned to use this event to showcase the new Deep Blue and to establish formal recognition of its position at the top of the computer chess world. Deep Blue’s earlier version called Deep Thought had won the 6th WCCC in 1989 in Edmonton, winning all five of its games and dominating the competition. Then in 1992, the Deep Blue team skipped participating in the 7th WCCC. The team preferred to dedicate itself to honing Deep Blue’s talents against human grandmasters while aiming for the ultimate target, Garry Kasparov.
Monty Newborn

### 3. 2002: Shredder Bows to Deep Junior at the 10th WCCC

The twenty-first century began with Shredder as world champion. Between its coronation at the 9th WCCC in 1999 and its defense of the title at the 10th WCCC in 2002, Shredder and its main rivals battled each other a number of times in various competitions. All were in Europe where computer chess engines and tournaments for them were proliferating. Before considering the 2002 world championship, an examination of these other events is in order.
Monty Newborn

Monty Newborn

### 15. 2008: Rybka, Naum Top Field at Internet Chess Club CCT 10

The Internet Chess Club has held annual computer competitions dating back to 1999; this marked the tenth such gathering. The seven-round tournament was held over 2 days, January 26–27, 2008, with four games on the first day and three on the second. The time control was all moves in 50 minutes plus three seconds extra per move.
Monty Newborn

### 16. 2008: Rybka Retains Title at the 16th WCCC

The 16th World Computer Chess Championship was held in Beijing, China at the Beijing Golden Century Golf Club from September 28, 2008 through October 5, 2008. Beijing had hosted the 29th Olympic Games only a few weeks before, dazzling the world with its opening and closing ceremonies and everything in between. Now, the greatest electronic brains would demonstrate their awesome talent there playing mankind’s ultimate mental game. The Beijing Longlife Group provided support for the event, as did the Northeastern University, the Beijing Institute of Technology, the Beijing University of Post and Telecommunications, the ICGA, the University of Maastricht’s ICT Competence Centre, and Tilberg University’s Centre for Cognition and Communication. Ten chess engines participated in the 9-round round-robin event, including three from Germany, two from Israel, and single entries from the USA, China, The Netherlands, Great Britain, and Belgium. The rate of play was 60 moves in two hours, followed by the remaining moves in 30 minutes. Deep Blue’s Feng-Hsiung Hsu attended the competition and gave a speech at the opening ceremony.
Monty Newborn

### 17. 2009: Rybka Tops at Internet Chess Club CCT 11

The Internet Chess Club held its 11th Computer Chess Tournament, January 26–27, 2009. Five rounds were played on the first day and four on the second. The time control was the same as it had been previously: all moves in 50 minutes plus three seconds extra per move. Rybka, the two-time world champion, returned to see if she could do better than tie for first place as she had done in the previous year’s tournament. Thirty-two other entries would try to take a shot at her. However, some of her strongest rivals were missing including, in particular, Junior, Zappa, and Shredder.
Monty Newborn

### 18. 2009: Rybka Rolls Through Opposition at 17th WCCC

The 17th World Computer Chess Championship was held in the Palacio del Condestable in Pamplona, Spain, May 11–18, 2009. Ten chess engines participated in the nine-round round-robin event, including two from Germany, two from The Netherlands, and single entries from the USA, Israel, Great Britain, Hungary, Italy, and Belgium. Rybka, the defending champ and the winner for the last two years, was there to defend her title. Her main competition was expected to come from former world champions Junior and Shredder, and from Hiarcs.
Monty Newborn

### 19. 2010: Sjeng Wins Internet Chess Club CCT 12

The most recent Internet Chess Club Computer Chess Tournament, CCT 12, was held as the previous year over two days, February 20–21, 2010; again five games were played on the first day and four on the second. As previously, the time control was all moves in 50 minutes plus three seconds extra per move.
Monty Newborn

### 20. 2010: Rybka Romps Again at 18th WCCC

The 18th World Computer Chess Championship was held in the Shiinoki Cultural Center in Kanazawa, Japan, September 24–October 1, 2010. It was hosted by the Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (JAIST). Ten chess engines participated in the nine-round round-robin event, including three from the USA, three from Germany, two from Hungary, and single entries from Israel and Hungary. Rybka was there to defend her title, now 3 years running. Rondo, a derivative of Zappa, Deep Junior, and Shredder figured to be the main threats. Rondo was the work of Zach Wegner, a student of Anthony Cozzie. Missing was Deep Sjeng.
Monty Newborn

### 21. And Beyond Rybka?

As the first decade of the twenty-first century and this book come to an end, Rybka’s reign at the top of the world of chess-playing entities is now four years old. History has shown that staying there for much longer is a tough task. A number of chess engines have risen to the top including Chess 4.0, Kaissa, Belle, Cray Blitz, Hitech, Deep Blue, Fritz, Shredder, Junior, Hydra, Zappa, and now Rybka. All but Hitech and Hydra established their positions at world championships. None but Cray Blitz held the title for more than four years. Cray Blitz did so for six years. However, though champion for the longest time, it was best by the narrowest of margins. Fritz won the title in 1995 and held it for four years until Shredder took it away in 1999. Junior, the comeback kid, captured the title three times, in 2002, 2004, and 2006, each time only to be relieved of it the following year.
Monty Newborn

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