Skip to main content

2020 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

Biology, Uses and Conservation of Trillium govanianum

verfasst von : Harsh K. Chauhan, Indra D. Bhatt, Anil K. Bisht

Erschienen in: Socio-economic and Eco-biological Dimensions in Resource use and Conservation

Verlag: Springer International Publishing

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

Trillium govanianum is an endemic medicinal herb of the Himalayan region. Recently explored active constituents and their pharmacological activities from the species are of prime importance. Its range of distribution is highly specific in Indian Himalayas. Collection of its rhizome has become one of the significant commercial activity in the Indian Himalayas. However, the  collection of the species is unsustainable. Understanding the socio-ecological dynamics of a species and carving out the prospects for its sustainable use is a difficult task in the Himalayas. Effective conservation strategies are needed to conserve the species while maintaining community incomes. The present chapter provides an overview of the biology, uses and conservation approaches that can be followed for the sustainable utilization of T. govanianum in Indian Himalayas.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
Zurück zum Zitat Bhatt A, Joshi SK, Gairola S (2005) Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo—a west Himalayan orchid in peril. Curr Sci 89(4):610–612 Bhatt A, Joshi SK, Gairola S (2005) Dactylorhiza hatagirea (D. Don) Soo—a west Himalayan orchid in peril. Curr Sci 89(4):610–612
Zurück zum Zitat Booker A, Johnston D, Heinrich M (2012) Value chains of herbal medicines—research needs and key challenges in the context of ethnopharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 140(3):624–633CrossRef Booker A, Johnston D, Heinrich M (2012) Value chains of herbal medicines—research needs and key challenges in the context of ethnopharmacology. J Ethnopharmacol 140(3):624–633CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Case FW Jr, Case RB (1997) Trilliums. Timber Press, Oregon Case FW Jr, Case RB (1997) Trilliums. Timber Press, Oregon
Zurück zum Zitat Chaudhary S, Chikara SK, Sharma MC, Chaudhary A, Alam Syed B, Chaudhary PS, Mehta A, Patel M, Ghosh A, Iriti M (2015) Elicitation of diosgenin production in Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) seedlings by methyl jasmonate. Int J Mol Sci 16(12):29889–29899CrossRef Chaudhary S, Chikara SK, Sharma MC, Chaudhary A, Alam Syed B, Chaudhary PS, Mehta A, Patel M, Ghosh A, Iriti M (2015) Elicitation of diosgenin production in Trigonella foenum-graecum (Fenugreek) seedlings by methyl jasmonate. Int J Mol Sci 16(12):29889–29899CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chauhan HK, Bisht AK, Bhatt ID, Bhatt A, Gallacher D, Santo A (2018) Population change of Trillium govanianum (Melanthiaceae) amid altered indigenous harvesting practices in the Indian Himalayas. J Ethnopharmacol 213:302–310CrossRef Chauhan HK, Bisht AK, Bhatt ID, Bhatt A, Gallacher D, Santo A (2018) Population change of Trillium govanianum (Melanthiaceae) amid altered indigenous harvesting practices in the Indian Himalayas. J Ethnopharmacol 213:302–310CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Chauhan HK, Bisht AK, Bhatt ID, Bhatt A, Gallacher D (2019) Trillium—toward sustainable utilization of a biologically distinct genus valued for traditional medicine. Bot Rev 1–21 Chauhan HK, Bisht AK, Bhatt ID, Bhatt A, Gallacher D (2019) Trillium—toward sustainable utilization of a biologically distinct genus valued for traditional medicine. Bot Rev 1–21
Zurück zum Zitat Chevallier A (1996) Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley Pty Limited, St Leonards, New South Wales Chevallier A (1996) Encyclopedia of medicinal plants. Dorling Kindersley Pty Limited, St Leonards, New South Wales
Zurück zum Zitat Christenhusz MJ, Byng JW (2016) The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261(3):201–217CrossRef Christenhusz MJ, Byng JW (2016) The number of known plants species in the world and its annual increase. Phytotaxa 261(3):201–217CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Dhar U, Rawal RS, Upreti J (2000) Setting priorities for conservation of medicinal plants—a case study in the Indian Himalaya. Biol Conserv 95(1):57–65CrossRef Dhar U, Rawal RS, Upreti J (2000) Setting priorities for conservation of medicinal plants—a case study in the Indian Himalaya. Biol Conserv 95(1):57–65CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Fu LK, Chin CM (1992) Plant red book of China: rare threatened plant. Science Publishing House Press, Beijing Fu LK, Chin CM (1992) Plant red book of China: rare threatened plant. Science Publishing House Press, Beijing
Zurück zum Zitat Gonzales E, Hamrick JL, Smouse PE (2008) Comparison of clonal diversity in mountain and piedmont populations of Trillium cuneatum (Melanthiaceae-Trilliaceae), a forest understory species. Am J Bot 95(10):1254–1261CrossRef Gonzales E, Hamrick JL, Smouse PE (2008) Comparison of clonal diversity in mountain and piedmont populations of Trillium cuneatum (Melanthiaceae-Trilliaceae), a forest understory species. Am J Bot 95(10):1254–1261CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Goraya GS, Ved DK, Ravikumar K, Rawat RS (2017) Domestic trade of herbal raw drugs. In: Goraya GS, Ved DK (eds) Medicinal plants in India: an assessment of their demand and supply. National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi and Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, India Goraya GS, Ved DK, Ravikumar K, Rawat RS (2017) Domestic trade of herbal raw drugs. In: Goraya GS, Ved DK (eds) Medicinal plants in India: an assessment of their demand and supply. National Medicinal Plants Board, Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India, New Delhi and Indian Council of Forestry Research & Education, Dehradun, India
Zurück zum Zitat Hanzawa FM, Kalisz S (1993) The relationship between age, size, and reproduction in Trillium grandiflorum (Liliaceae). Am J Bot 405–410 Hanzawa FM, Kalisz S (1993) The relationship between age, size, and reproduction in Trillium grandiflorum (Liliaceae). Am J Bot 405–410
Zurück zum Zitat Hayes PY, Lehmann R, Penman K, Kitching W, De Voss JJ (2009) Steroidal saponins from the roots of Trillium erectum (Beth root). Phytochemistry 70(1):105–113CrossRef Hayes PY, Lehmann R, Penman K, Kitching W, De Voss JJ (2009) Steroidal saponins from the roots of Trillium erectum (Beth root). Phytochemistry 70(1):105–113CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Hooker JD (1894) Flora of British India, Published under the authority of the secretary of state for India in Council, vol 3. Reeve and Co., Ltd., The Oast House, Brook, Ashford, Kent, p 553 Hooker JD (1894) Flora of British India, Published under the authority of the secretary of state for India in Council, vol 3. Reeve and Co., Ltd., The Oast House, Brook, Ashford, Kent, p 553
Zurück zum Zitat Jules ES (1997) History and biological consequences of forest fragmentation: a study of Trillium ovatum in southwestern Oregon. Doctoral dissertation Jules ES (1997) History and biological consequences of forest fragmentation: a study of Trillium ovatum in southwestern Oregon. Doctoral dissertation
Zurück zum Zitat Jules ES, Rathcke BJ (1999) Mechanisms of reduced Trillium recruitment along edges of old-growth forest fragments. Conserv Biol 13(4):784–793CrossRef Jules ES, Rathcke BJ (1999) Mechanisms of reduced Trillium recruitment along edges of old-growth forest fragments. Conserv Biol 13(4):784–793CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kahmen A, Jules ES (2005) Assessing the recovery of a long-lived herb following logging: Trillium ovatum across a 424-year chronosequence. For Ecol Manag 210(1):107–116CrossRef Kahmen A, Jules ES (2005) Assessing the recovery of a long-lived herb following logging: Trillium ovatum across a 424-year chronosequence. For Ecol Manag 210(1):107–116CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kala CP (2000) Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Biol Conserv 93(3):371–379CrossRef Kala CP (2000) Status and conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plants in the Indian trans-Himalaya. Biol Conserv 93(3):371–379CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kala CP (2005) Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conserv Biol 19(2):368–378CrossRef Kala CP (2005) Indigenous uses, population density, and conservation of threatened medicinal plants in protected areas of the Indian Himalayas. Conserv Biol 19(2):368–378CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kala CP, Dhyani PP, Sajwan BS (2006) Developing the medicinal plants sector in northern India: challenges and opportunities. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2(1):32CrossRef Kala CP, Dhyani PP, Sajwan BS (2006) Developing the medicinal plants sector in northern India: challenges and opportunities. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 2(1):32CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kawano S (1994) World Trillium: life history and evolution. World Plant Monogr Ser 1:1–96 Kawano S (1994) World Trillium: life history and evolution. World Plant Monogr Ser 1:1–96
Zurück zum Zitat Khan SM, Page S, Ahmad H, Shaheen H, Ullah Z, Ahmad M, Harper DM (2013) Medicinal flora and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western Himalaya, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9(1):4CrossRef Khan SM, Page S, Ahmad H, Shaheen H, Ullah Z, Ahmad M, Harper DM (2013) Medicinal flora and ethnoecological knowledge in the Naran Valley, Western Himalaya, Pakistan. J Ethnobiol Ethnomed 9(1):4CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Khan KM, Nahar L, Al-Groshi A, Zavoianu AG, Evans A, Dempster NM, Wansi JD, Ismail F, Mannan A, Sarker SD (2016) Cytotoxicity of the roots of Trillium govanianum against breast (MCF7), liver (HepG2), lung (A549) and urinary bladder (EJ138) carcinoma cells. Phytother Res 30(10):1716–1720CrossRef Khan KM, Nahar L, Al-Groshi A, Zavoianu AG, Evans A, Dempster NM, Wansi JD, Ismail F, Mannan A, Sarker SD (2016) Cytotoxicity of the roots of Trillium govanianum against breast (MCF7), liver (HepG2), lung (A549) and urinary bladder (EJ138) carcinoma cells. Phytother Res 30(10):1716–1720CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Khan KM, Nahar L, Mannan A, Haq IU, Arfan M, Khan GA, Hussain I, Sarker SD (2017) Cytotoxicity, in vitro anti-Leishmanial and fingerprint HPLC-photodiode array analysis of the roots of Trillium govanianum. Nat Prod Res 5:1–19 Khan KM, Nahar L, Mannan A, Haq IU, Arfan M, Khan GA, Hussain I, Sarker SD (2017) Cytotoxicity, in vitro anti-Leishmanial and fingerprint HPLC-photodiode array analysis of the roots of Trillium govanianum. Nat Prod Res 5:1–19
Zurück zum Zitat Kubota S, Kameyama Y, Ohara M (2006) A reconsideration of relationships among Japanese Trillium species based on karyology and AFLP data. Plant Syst Evol 261(1):129–137CrossRef Kubota S, Kameyama Y, Ohara M (2006) A reconsideration of relationships among Japanese Trillium species based on karyology and AFLP data. Plant Syst Evol 261(1):129–137CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Kubota S, Kameyama Y, Hirao AS, Ohara M (2008) Adaptive significance of self-fertilization in a hermaphroditic perennial, Trillium camschatcense (Melanthiaceae). Am J Bot 95(4):482–489CrossRef Kubota S, Kameyama Y, Hirao AS, Ohara M (2008) Adaptive significance of self-fertilization in a hermaphroditic perennial, Trillium camschatcense (Melanthiaceae). Am J Bot 95(4):482–489CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Nivot N, Olivier A, Lapointe L (2008) Vegetative propagation of five northern forest understory plant species from either rhizome or stem sections. HortScience 43(5):1531–1537CrossRef Nivot N, Olivier A, Lapointe L (2008) Vegetative propagation of five northern forest understory plant species from either rhizome or stem sections. HortScience 43(5):1531–1537CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ohara M (1989) Life history evolution in the genus Trillium. Plant Species Biol 4(1):1–28CrossRef Ohara M (1989) Life history evolution in the genus Trillium. Plant Species Biol 4(1):1–28CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Ohara M, Kawano S (1986) Life history studies on the genus Trillium (Liliaceae) I. Reproductive biology of four Japanese species. Plant Species Biol 1(1):35–45 Ohara M, Kawano S (1986) Life history studies on the genus Trillium (Liliaceae) I. Reproductive biology of four Japanese species. Plant Species Biol 1(1):35–45
Zurück zum Zitat Ohara M, Kawano S (2005) Life-history monographs of Japanese plants. 2: Trillium camschatcense Ker-Gawl. (Trilliaceae). Plant Species Biol 20(1):75–82 Ohara M, Kawano S (2005) Life-history monographs of Japanese plants. 2: Trillium camschatcense Ker-Gawl. (Trilliaceae). Plant Species Biol 20(1):75–82
Zurück zum Zitat Ohara M, Tomimatsu H, Takada T, Kawano S (2006) Importance of life-history studies for conservation of fragmented populations: a case study of the understory herb, Trillium camschatcense. Plant Species Biol 21(1):1–12 Ohara M, Tomimatsu H, Takada T, Kawano S (2006) Importance of life-history studies for conservation of fragmented populations: a case study of the understory herb, Trillium camschatcense. Plant Species Biol 21(1):1–12
Zurück zum Zitat Ordonez A, Williams JW, Svenning JC (2016) Mapping climatic mechanisms likely to favour the emergence of novel communities. Nat Clim Change 6:1104–1109CrossRef Ordonez A, Williams JW, Svenning JC (2016) Mapping climatic mechanisms likely to favour the emergence of novel communities. Nat Clim Change 6:1104–1109CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Osaloo SK, Utech FH, Ohara M, Kawano S (1999) Molecular systematics of Trilliaceae I. Phylogenetic analyses of Trillium using matK gene sequences. J Plant Res 112(1):35–49 Osaloo SK, Utech FH, Ohara M, Kawano S (1999) Molecular systematics of Trilliaceae I. Phylogenetic analyses of Trillium using matK gene sequences. J Plant Res 112(1):35–49
Zurück zum Zitat Pant S, Samant SS (2010) Ethnobotanical observations in the Mornaula reserve forest of Komoun, West Himalaya, India. Ethnobot Leafl 2010(2):8 Pant S, Samant SS (2010) Ethnobotanical observations in the Mornaula reserve forest of Komoun, West Himalaya, India. Ethnobot Leafl 2010(2):8
Zurück zum Zitat Polunin O, Stainton A (1984) Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press, New Delhi Polunin O, Stainton A (1984) Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press, New Delhi
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman SU, Ismail M, Shah MR, Iriti M, Shahid M (2015a) GC/MS analysis, free radical scavenging, anticancer and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activities of Trillium govanianum rhizome. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 10(3):577–583CrossRef Rahman SU, Ismail M, Shah MR, Iriti M, Shahid M (2015a) GC/MS analysis, free radical scavenging, anticancer and β-glucuronidase inhibitory activities of Trillium govanianum rhizome. Bangladesh J Pharmacol 10(3):577–583CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman SU, Ismail M, Shah MR, Adhikari A, Anis I, Ahmad MS, Khurram M (2015b) Govanoside A, a new steroidal saponin from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum. Steroids 104:270–275CrossRef Rahman SU, Ismail M, Shah MR, Adhikari A, Anis I, Ahmad MS, Khurram M (2015b) Govanoside A, a new steroidal saponin from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum. Steroids 104:270–275CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman SU, Adhikari A, Ismail M, Raza Shah M, Khurram M, Shahid M, Ali F, Haseeb A, Akbar F, Iriti M (2016) Beneficial effects of Trillium govanianum rhizomes in pain and inflammation. Molecules 21(8):1095CrossRef Rahman SU, Adhikari A, Ismail M, Raza Shah M, Khurram M, Shahid M, Ali F, Haseeb A, Akbar F, Iriti M (2016) Beneficial effects of Trillium govanianum rhizomes in pain and inflammation. Molecules 21(8):1095CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman SU, Ismail M, Khurram M, Ullah I, Rabbi F, Iriti M (2017a) Bioactive steroids and saponins of the genus Trillium. Molecules 22(12):2156CrossRef Rahman SU, Ismail M, Khurram M, Ullah I, Rabbi F, Iriti M (2017a) Bioactive steroids and saponins of the genus Trillium. Molecules 22(12):2156CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Rahman SU, Adhikari A, Ismail M, Shah MR, Khurram M, Anis I, Ali F (2017b) A new trihydroxylated fatty acid and phytoecdysteroids from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum. Rec Nat Prod 11(3):323–327 Rahman SU, Adhikari A, Ismail M, Shah MR, Khurram M, Anis I, Ali F (2017b) A new trihydroxylated fatty acid and phytoecdysteroids from rhizomes of Trillium govanianum. Rec Nat Prod 11(3):323–327
Zurück zum Zitat Rana MS, Samant SS (2009) Prioritization of habitats and communities for conservation in the Indian Himalayan Region: a state-of-the-art approach from Manali Wildlife Sanctuary. Curr Sci 97(3):326–335 Rana MS, Samant SS (2009) Prioritization of habitats and communities for conservation in the Indian Himalayan Region: a state-of-the-art approach from Manali Wildlife Sanctuary. Curr Sci 97(3):326–335
Zurück zum Zitat Rani S, Rana JC, Rana PK (2013) Ethnomedicinal plants of Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh, India. J Med Plants Res 7(42):3147–3157 Rani S, Rana JC, Rana PK (2013) Ethnomedicinal plants of Chamba district, Himachal Pradesh, India. J Med Plants Res 7(42):3147–3157
Zurück zum Zitat Ream T (2011) Life history and demography of Trillium ovatum Pursh. (Liliaceae) in western Montana Ream T (2011) Life history and demography of Trillium ovatum Pursh. (Liliaceae) in western Montana
Zurück zum Zitat Roskov Y, Abucay L, Orrell T, Nicolson D, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, DeWalt RE, Decock W, DeWever A, van Nieukerken E, Zarucchi J, Penev L, (eds) (2018) Species 2000 & ITIS catalogue of life, 28th March 2018. Digital resource at www.catalogueoflife.org/col. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands Roskov Y, Abucay L, Orrell T, Nicolson D, Bailly N, Kirk PM, Bourgoin T, DeWalt RE, Decock W, DeWever A, van Nieukerken E, Zarucchi J, Penev L, (eds) (2018) Species 2000 & ITIS catalogue of life, 28th March 2018. Digital resource at www.​catalogueoflife.​org/​col. Species 2000: Naturalis, Leiden, the Netherlands
Zurück zum Zitat Routhier MC, Lapointe L (2002) Impact of tree leaf phenology on growth rates and reproduction in the spring flowering species Trillium erectum (Liliaceae). Am J Bot 89(3):500–505CrossRef Routhier MC, Lapointe L (2002) Impact of tree leaf phenology on growth rates and reproduction in the spring flowering species Trillium erectum (Liliaceae). Am J Bot 89(3):500–505CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Sage TL, Griffin SR, Pontieri V, Drobac P, Cole WW, Barrett SC (2001) Stigmatic self-incompatibility and mating patterns in Trillium grandiflorum and Trillium erectum (Melanthiaceae). Ann Bot 88(5):829–841CrossRef Sage TL, Griffin SR, Pontieri V, Drobac P, Cole WW, Barrett SC (2001) Stigmatic self-incompatibility and mating patterns in Trillium grandiflorum and Trillium erectum (Melanthiaceae). Ann Bot 88(5):829–841CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Samant SS, Dhar U, Palni LMS (1998) Medicinal plants of Indian Himalaya. Gyanodaya Prakhasan, Nainital, India Samant SS, Dhar U, Palni LMS (1998) Medicinal plants of Indian Himalaya. Gyanodaya Prakhasan, Nainital, India
Zurück zum Zitat Samejima K, Samejima J (1987) Trillium genus. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo Samejima K, Samejima J (1987) Trillium genus. Hokkaido University Press, Sapporo
Zurück zum Zitat Schmidt B, Ribnicky DM, Poulev A, Logendra S, Cefalu WT, Raskin I (2008) A natural history of botanical therapeutics. Metabolism 57:S3–S9CrossRef Schmidt B, Ribnicky DM, Poulev A, Logendra S, Cefalu WT, Raskin I (2008) A natural history of botanical therapeutics. Metabolism 57:S3–S9CrossRef
Zurück zum Zitat Serota CA, Smith BW (1967) The cyto-ecology of four species of Trillium from western North Carolina. Am J Bot 169–181 Serota CA, Smith BW (1967) The cyto-ecology of four species of Trillium from western North Carolina. Am J Bot 169–181
Zurück zum Zitat Shah R (2006) Nature’s medicinal plant of Uttaranchal. Gyanodaya Prakhasan, Nainital, India Shah R (2006) Nature’s medicinal plant of Uttaranchal. Gyanodaya Prakhasan, Nainital, India
Zurück zum Zitat Singh P, Singh G, Bhandawat A, Singh G, Parmar R, Seth R, Sharma RK (2017) Spatial transcriptome analysis provides insights of key gene (s) involved in steroidal saponin biosynthesis in medicinally important herb Trillium govanianum. Sci Rep 7 Singh P, Singh G, Bhandawat A, Singh G, Parmar R, Seth R, Sharma RK (2017) Spatial transcriptome analysis provides insights of key gene (s) involved in steroidal saponin biosynthesis in medicinally important herb Trillium govanianum. Sci Rep 7
Zurück zum Zitat Vidyarthi S, Samant SS, Sharma P (2013) Dwindling status of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don—a case study from Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, India. J Med Plants Res 7(8):392–397 Vidyarthi S, Samant SS, Sharma P (2013) Dwindling status of Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don—a case study from Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh, India. J Med Plants Res 7(8):392–397
Zurück zum Zitat Wang FC, Tang J, Chen XQ, Zhang ZY, Dai LK, Liang SY, Tang YC, Liu L, Lang KY (1978) Flora of China 15(2). Science Press, Beijing Wang FC, Tang J, Chen XQ, Zhang ZY, Dai LK, Liang SY, Tang YC, Liu L, Lang KY (1978) Flora of China 15(2). Science Press, Beijing
Zurück zum Zitat Yu L, Zou K (2008) Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Trillium species. Chin Tradit Pat Med 30:1350–1354 Yu L, Zou K (2008) Chemical composition and pharmacological activities of Trillium species. Chin Tradit Pat Med 30:1350–1354
Zurück zum Zitat Zhan YH (1994) Resources of medicinal plants in Shennongjia of China. Hubei Scientific and Technologic Press, Wuhan, China Zhan YH (1994) Resources of medicinal plants in Shennongjia of China. Hubei Scientific and Technologic Press, Wuhan, China
Zurück zum Zitat Zomlefer WB, Williams NH, Whitten WM, Judd WS (2001) Generic circumscription and relationships in the tribe Melanthieae (Liliales, Melanthiaceae), with emphasis on Zigadenus: evidence from ITS and trnL-F sequence data. Am J Bot 88(9):1657–1669CrossRef Zomlefer WB, Williams NH, Whitten WM, Judd WS (2001) Generic circumscription and relationships in the tribe Melanthieae (Liliales, Melanthiaceae), with emphasis on Zigadenus: evidence from ITS and trnL-F sequence data. Am J Bot 88(9):1657–1669CrossRef
Metadaten
Titel
Biology, Uses and Conservation of Trillium govanianum
verfasst von
Harsh K. Chauhan
Indra D. Bhatt
Anil K. Bisht
Copyright-Jahr
2020
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32463-6_11