Skip to main content

2011 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

3. Biomedical Integrated Instrumentation

verfasst von : Jordi Colomer-Farrarons, Pere Lluís Miribel-Català

Erschienen in: A CMOS Self-Powered Front-End Architecture for Subcutaneous Event-Detector Devices

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

Aktivieren Sie unsere intelligente Suche, um passende Fachinhalte oder Patente zu finden.

search-config
loading …

Abstract

This Chapter is focused on the development of an integrated instrumentation to work with three electrodes amperometric Biosensor. First of all, it is introduced the conception of three electrodes configuration and how it works. Moreover, some typical electrochemical techniques like Voltammetry, EIS and amperometry, are introduced to the reader. The instrumentation electronics is based on a potentiostat architecture, which is explained in detail and experimentally validated. The obtained results with the full-custom approach are compared with the ones obtained using a commercial potentiostat. In that way, the correct operation of the designed circuits is fully validated. Furthermore, this chapter explains the conception of a Lock-In amplifier circuit used to detect the real and imaginary components of the complex impedance measured from the Biosensor. This circuit is theoretically explained and some simulated results are shown. Finally, the conception of Biotelemetry or how to transmit information from the subcutaneous device to the external reader is introduced. Then, the implemented protocol in this work is detailed. In summary, this chapter presents the developed BioChip IC that is able to drive the sensor, process the measured data and transmit the data to the external side through an inductive link.

Sie haben noch keine Lizenz? Dann Informieren Sie sich jetzt über unsere Produkte:

Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 102.000 Bücher
  • über 537 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Finance + Banking
  • Management + Führung
  • Marketing + Vertrieb
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe
  • Versicherung + Risiko

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Springer Professional "Technik"

Online-Abonnement

Mit Springer Professional "Technik" erhalten Sie Zugriff auf:

  • über 67.000 Bücher
  • über 390 Zeitschriften

aus folgenden Fachgebieten:

  • Automobil + Motoren
  • Bauwesen + Immobilien
  • Business IT + Informatik
  • Elektrotechnik + Elektronik
  • Energie + Nachhaltigkeit
  • Maschinenbau + Werkstoffe




 

Jetzt Wissensvorsprung sichern!

Literatur
1.
Zurück zum Zitat P.H. King, R.C. Fries, Design of Biomedical Devices and Systems, 2nd edn. (CRC Press, Florida, USA, 2009), ISBN: 978-1-4200-6179-6 P.H. King, R.C. Fries, Design of Biomedical Devices and Systems, 2nd edn. (CRC Press, Florida, USA, 2009), ISBN: 978-1-4200-6179-6
2.
Zurück zum Zitat J.G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New York, USA, 1998), ISBN: 0-471-15368-0 J.G. Webster, Medical Instrumentation Application and Design, 3rd edn. (Wiley, New York, USA, 1998), ISBN: 0-471-15368-0
3.
Zurück zum Zitat R.P. Areny, Sensores y Acondicionadores de Señal. 3ª Edición, (Marcombo, Barcelona, Spain, 1998), ISBN 84-267-1171-5 R.P. Areny, Sensores y Acondicionadores de Señal. 3ª Edición, (Marcombo, Barcelona, Spain, 1998), ISBN 84-267-1171-5
4.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Wen-Yaw, P. Arnold, W. Ying-Hsiang, T. Tseng, A 600 μW Readout Circuit with Potentiostat for Amperometric Chemical Sensors and Glucose Meter Applications, IEEE Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits, EDSSC 2007, 20–22 (2007) C. Wen-Yaw, P. Arnold, W. Ying-Hsiang, T. Tseng, A 600 μW Readout Circuit with Potentiostat for Amperometric Chemical Sensors and Glucose Meter Applications, IEEE Conference on Electron Devices and Solid-State Circuits, EDSSC 2007, 20–22 (2007)
5.
Zurück zum Zitat F.Z. Padmadinata, J.J. Veerhoek, G.J.A. van Dijk, J.H. Huijsing, Microelectronic skin electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 1(1–6), 491–494 (1990)CrossRef F.Z. Padmadinata, J.J. Veerhoek, G.J.A. van Dijk, J.H. Huijsing, Microelectronic skin electrode. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 1(1–6), 491–494 (1990)CrossRef
7.
Zurück zum Zitat S.K. Kailasa, S.H. Kang, Microchip-based capillary electrophoresis for DNA analysis in modern biotechnology: A review, Taylor. Francis. Sep. Purif. Rev. 38, 242–288 (2009)CrossRef S.K. Kailasa, S.H. Kang, Microchip-based capillary electrophoresis for DNA analysis in modern biotechnology: A review, Taylor. Francis. Sep. Purif. Rev. 38, 242–288 (2009)CrossRef
8.
Zurück zum Zitat V.M. Ivama, S.H.P. Serrano, Rhodium – Prussian Blue modified carbon paste electrode (Rh – PBMCPE) for amperometric detection of0020hydrogen peroxide. J. Brazilin. Chem. Soc. 14(4), (Aug 2003). ISSN: 0103–5053 V.M. Ivama, S.H.P. Serrano, Rhodium – Prussian Blue modified carbon paste electrode (Rh – PBMCPE) for amperometric detection of0020hydrogen peroxide. J. Brazilin. Chem. Soc. 14(4), (Aug 2003). ISSN: 0103–5053
9.
Zurück zum Zitat X. Ji, C.E. Banks, A. Crossley, R.G. Compton, Oxygenated edge plane sites slow the electron transfer of the ferro-/ferricyanide redox couple at graphite electrodes. Chem. Phys. Chem. 7, 1337–1344 (2006)CrossRef X. Ji, C.E. Banks, A. Crossley, R.G. Compton, Oxygenated edge plane sites slow the electron transfer of the ferro-/ferricyanide redox couple at graphite electrodes. Chem. Phys. Chem. 7, 1337–1344 (2006)CrossRef
10.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Heer et al., CMOS microelectrode array for the monitoring of electrogenic cells. Biosens. Bioelecron 20, 358–366 (2004)CrossRef F. Heer et al., CMOS microelectrode array for the monitoring of electrogenic cells. Biosens. Bioelecron 20, 358–366 (2004)CrossRef
11.
Zurück zum Zitat S.M. Radke, E.C. Alocilja, A microfabricated biosensor for detecting foodborne bioterrorism agents. IEEE Sens. J. 5(4), 744–750 (2005)CrossRef S.M. Radke, E.C. Alocilja, A microfabricated biosensor for detecting foodborne bioterrorism agents. IEEE Sens. J. 5(4), 744–750 (2005)CrossRef
12.
Zurück zum Zitat D.L. McCulloch, G.B. Boemel, M.S. Borchert, Comparison of contact lens, foil, fiber, and skin electrodes for patterns electroretinograms. Doc. Ophtalmol 94, 4 (1997)CrossRef D.L. McCulloch, G.B. Boemel, M.S. Borchert, Comparison of contact lens, foil, fiber, and skin electrodes for patterns electroretinograms. Doc. Ophtalmol 94, 4 (1997)CrossRef
13.
Zurück zum Zitat O. Chailapakul, J. Promnil, M. Somasundrum, M. Tanticharoen, Immobilized K3Fe(CN)6 and glucose oxidase in polypyrrole on a gold micro-electrode and the it application as a glucose sensor. J. Sci. Res. Chula. Unit. 25, 1 (2006) O. Chailapakul, J. Promnil, M. Somasundrum, M. Tanticharoen, Immobilized K3Fe(CN)6 and glucose oxidase in polypyrrole on a gold micro-electrode and the it application as a glucose sensor. J. Sci. Res. Chula. Unit. 25, 1 (2006)
14.
Zurück zum Zitat S.V. Dzyadevych et al., Electrochem. Enzyme. Biosens. (2006). ISBN: 966-02-4200-X S.V. Dzyadevych et al., Electrochem. Enzyme. Biosens. (2006). ISBN: 966-02-4200-X
15.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Mizutani, E. Yamanaka, Y. Tanabe, K. Tsuda, An enzyme electrode for L-lactate with chemically amplified electrode. Anal. Chem. Acta. 117, 153–166 (1985)CrossRef F. Mizutani, E. Yamanaka, Y. Tanabe, K. Tsuda, An enzyme electrode for L-lactate with chemically amplified electrode. Anal. Chem. Acta. 117, 153–166 (1985)CrossRef
16.
Zurück zum Zitat P.N. Bartlett, R.G. Whitaker, Strategies for the development of amperometric enzyme electrodes. Biosensors 3, 359–379 (1987)CrossRef P.N. Bartlett, R.G. Whitaker, Strategies for the development of amperometric enzyme electrodes. Biosensors 3, 359–379 (1987)CrossRef
17.
Zurück zum Zitat L.E. Morrison, Time resolved detection of energy transfer: Theory and application to immunoassays. Anal. Biochem. 174, 101–120 (1988)CrossRef L.E. Morrison, Time resolved detection of energy transfer: Theory and application to immunoassays. Anal. Biochem. 174, 101–120 (1988)CrossRef
18.
Zurück zum Zitat H.A. Lee, M.R.A. Morgan, Food immunoassay: Application of polyclonal, monoclonal and remobinant antibodies. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 3, 129–134 (1993) H.A. Lee, M.R.A. Morgan, Food immunoassay: Application of polyclonal, monoclonal and remobinant antibodies. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 3, 129–134 (1993)
19.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Dumschat et al., Pesticide-sensitive ISFET based on enzyme inhibition. Anal. Chim. Acta. 252, 7–9 (1991)CrossRef C. Dumschat et al., Pesticide-sensitive ISFET based on enzyme inhibition. Anal. Chim. Acta. 252, 7–9 (1991)CrossRef
20.
Zurück zum Zitat P. Bergveld, Thirty years of ISFETOLOGY. What happened in the past 30 years and what may happen in the next 30 years. Sens. Actuators B 88, 1–20 (2003)CrossRef P. Bergveld, Thirty years of ISFETOLOGY. What happened in the past 30 years and what may happen in the next 30 years. Sens. Actuators B 88, 1–20 (2003)CrossRef
21.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Lorenzo et al., Analytical strategies for amperometric biosensors based on chemically modified electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron 13, 319–332 (1998)CrossRef E. Lorenzo et al., Analytical strategies for amperometric biosensors based on chemically modified electrodes. Biosens. Bioelectron 13, 319–332 (1998)CrossRef
22.
Zurück zum Zitat D.B. Kell, C.L. Dave, Conductimetric and Impediometric Devices in Biosensors. A Practical Approach, (IRL Press, Oxford, 1990) D.B. Kell, C.L. Dave, Conductimetric and Impediometric Devices in Biosensors. A Practical Approach, (IRL Press, Oxford, 1990)
23.
Zurück zum Zitat D.C. Cullen et al., Multi-analyte miniature conductance biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta. 231, 33–40 (1990)CrossRef D.C. Cullen et al., Multi-analyte miniature conductance biosensor. Anal. Chim. Acta. 231, 33–40 (1990)CrossRef
24.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Colomer-Farrarons, P. Miribel-Català, A. Saiz-Vela, J. Samitier, in Proceeding of the 16th IEEE International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration VLSI – SOC, A 50 μW low-voltage CMOS Biopotentiostat for low frequency Capacitive Biosensor, 2008 J. Colomer-Farrarons, P. Miribel-Català, A. Saiz-Vela, J. Samitier, in Proceeding of the 16th IEEE International Conference on Very Large Scale Integration VLSI – SOC, A 50 μW low-voltage CMOS Biopotentiostat for low frequency Capacitive Biosensor, 2008
25.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Gore, S. Chakrabartty, S. Pal, E. Alocilja, A multi-channel femtoampere-sensitivity conductometric array for biosensing applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 53(11), 2357–2363 (2006) A. Gore, S. Chakrabartty, S. Pal, E. Alocilja, A multi-channel femtoampere-sensitivity conductometric array for biosensing applications. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, 53(11), 2357–2363 (2006)
26.
Zurück zum Zitat L.Y. Woo, L.P. Martin, R. Glass, R.J. Gorte. Impedance characterization of a model Au/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia/Au electrochemical cell in variying oxygen and NOx concentrations. J. Electrochem. Soc. 154(4), 129–135 (2007)CrossRef L.Y. Woo, L.P. Martin, R. Glass, R.J. Gorte. Impedance characterization of a model Au/Yttria-Stabilized Zirconia/Au electrochemical cell in variying oxygen and NOx concentrations. J. Electrochem. Soc. 154(4), 129–135 (2007)CrossRef
27.
Zurück zum Zitat J.M. Flores, R.D. Romero, J.G. Llongueras, Espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica en corrosión, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, UNAM, Available at: depa.pquim.unam.mx/labcorr/libro/Manual-EIS-IMP-UNAM.PDF J.M. Flores, R.D. Romero, J.G. Llongueras, Espectroscopía de impedancia electroquímica en corrosión, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, UNAM, Available at: depa.pquim.unam.mx/labcorr/libro/Manual-EIS-IMP-UNAM.PDF
28.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Lasia. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol. 32. (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publisher, New York, USA, 1999), Chapter 2, p. 143 A. Lasia. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Its Applications. Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry, vol. 32. (Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publisher, New York, USA, 1999), Chapter 2, p. 143
29.
Zurück zum Zitat R.J. Reay, S.P. Kounaves, G.T.A. Kovacs, An integrated CMOS potentiostat for miniaturized electroanalytical instrumentation, IEEE International 41st ISSCC Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 162–163 (1994) R.J. Reay, S.P. Kounaves, G.T.A. Kovacs, An integrated CMOS potentiostat for miniaturized electroanalytical instrumentation, IEEE International 41st ISSCC Solid-State Circuits Conference, pp. 162–163 (1994)
30.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Berggren, B. Bjarnason, G. Johansson, Capacitive biosensors, Electroanalysis 13(3), 173–180 (2001)CrossRef C. Berggren, B. Bjarnason, G. Johansson, Capacitive biosensors, Electroanalysis 13(3), 173–180 (2001)CrossRef
31.
Zurück zum Zitat S. Grimnes, O.G. Martinsen, Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics, 2nd edn. (Academic Press, Elseiver, London, UK, 2008). ISBN: 0-12-303260-1 S. Grimnes, O.G. Martinsen, Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics, 2nd edn. (Academic Press, Elseiver, London, UK, 2008). ISBN: 0-12-303260-1
34.
Zurück zum Zitat C.G. Zoski, Handbook of Electrochemistery, (Elsevier, The Netherlands, 2007), ISBN: 0-444-51958-0 C.G. Zoski, Handbook of Electrochemistery, (Elsevier, The Netherlands, 2007), ISBN: 0-444-51958-0
37.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Braz, Rhodium–prussian blue modified carbon paste electrode (Rh-PBMCPE) for amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. J. Brazilian Chem. Soc. 14, 4 (2003). ISSN 0103–5053 J. Braz, Rhodium–prussian blue modified carbon paste electrode (Rh-PBMCPE) for amperometric detection of hydrogen peroxide. J. Brazilian Chem. Soc. 14, 4 (2003). ISSN 0103–5053
38.
Zurück zum Zitat A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York, NY, 2001). ISBN 0-471-04372-9 A.J. Bard, L.R. Faulkner, Electrochemical Methods. Fundamentals and Applications, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York, NY, 2001). ISBN 0-471-04372-9
39.
Zurück zum Zitat S.M. Martin, F.H. Gebara, T.D. Strong, R.B. Brown, A low.voltage, chemical sensor interface for system-on-chip: The fully-differential potentiostat, Proceeding of the 2004 International Symposium on Circuits and Systeems ISCAS’02, vol. 4, pp. IV–892–895, (2004) S.M. Martin, F.H. Gebara, T.D. Strong, R.B. Brown, A low.voltage, chemical sensor interface for system-on-chip: The fully-differential potentiostat, Proceeding of the 2004 International Symposium on Circuits and Systeems ISCAS’02, vol. 4, pp. IV–892–895, (2004)
40.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Lauwers, J. Suls, W. Gumbrecht, D. Maes, G. Gielen, W. Sansen, A CMOS multiparameter biochemical microsensor with temperature control and signal interfacing. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 36, 12 (2001)CrossRef E. Lauwers, J. Suls, W. Gumbrecht, D. Maes, G. Gielen, W. Sansen, A CMOS multiparameter biochemical microsensor with temperature control and signal interfacing. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 36, 12 (2001)CrossRef
41.
Zurück zum Zitat S.M.R. Hasan, Stability analysis and novel compensation of a CMOS current-feedback potentiostat circuit for electrochemical sensors. Sens. J. IEEE. 7(5), 814–824 (May 2007)CrossRef S.M.R. Hasan, Stability analysis and novel compensation of a CMOS current-feedback potentiostat circuit for electrochemical sensors. Sens. J. IEEE. 7(5), 814–824 (May 2007)CrossRef
42.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Colomer-Farrarons, P. Miribel-Català, A. Saiz-Vela, I. Rodriguez, J. Samitier, in Proceedings of the IEEE MWSCAS Conference, A low power CMOS Biopotentiostat in a Low-Voltage 0.13 μm Digital technology, Cancún, Mexico, 2009 J. Colomer-Farrarons, P. Miribel-Català, A. Saiz-Vela, I. Rodriguez, J. Samitier, in Proceedings of the IEEE MWSCAS Conference, A low power CMOS Biopotentiostat in a Low-Voltage 0.13 μm Digital technology, Cancún, Mexico, 2009
43.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Colomer-Farrarons, P. Miribel-Català, I. Rodriguez, J. Samitier, in Proceedings of the XX IECON Conference, CMOS Front-end Architecture for In-Vivo Biomedical Implantable devices, Porto, Portugal, 2009 J. Colomer-Farrarons, P. Miribel-Català, I. Rodriguez, J. Samitier, in Proceedings of the XX IECON Conference, CMOS Front-end Architecture for In-Vivo Biomedical Implantable devices, Porto, Portugal, 2009
44.
Zurück zum Zitat J. Colomer-Farrarons, P. Miribel-Català, A. Saiz-Vela, M. Puig, J. Samitier, A. Errachid, A 50 μW low-voltage CMOS Biopotentiostat for low-frequenciy Capacitive Biosensor, Proceedings of the XX IEEE VLSI Conference, Rhodes, Greece, 2008 J. Colomer-Farrarons, P. Miribel-Català, A. Saiz-Vela, M. Puig, J. Samitier, A. Errachid, A 50 μW low-voltage CMOS Biopotentiostat for low-frequenciy Capacitive Biosensor, Proceedings of the XX IEEE VLSI Conference, Rhodes, Greece, 2008
45.
Zurück zum Zitat S.M. Martin, F.H. Gebara, B.J. Larivee, R.B. Brown, A CMOS-integrated microinstrument for trace detection of heavy metals. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 40(12), 2777–2786 (2005)CrossRef S.M. Martin, F.H. Gebara, B.J. Larivee, R.B. Brown, A CMOS-integrated microinstrument for trace detection of heavy metals. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 40(12), 2777–2786 (2005)CrossRef
46.
Zurück zum Zitat T.D. Strong, S.M. Martin, R.F. Franklin, R.B. Brown, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Integrated electrochemical neurosensors, 2006, pp. 4110–4113 T.D. Strong, S.M. Martin, R.F. Franklin, R.B. Brown, in Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Integrated electrochemical neurosensors, 2006, pp. 4110–4113
47.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Jacob Baker, CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, Revised 2nd edn. (Wiley – Interscience, NJ, USA, 2008). ISBN 978–0-470-22941-5 R. Jacob Baker, CMOS: Circuit Design, Layout, and Simulation, Revised 2nd edn. (Wiley – Interscience, NJ, USA, 2008). ISBN 978–0-470-22941-5
48.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Gregorian, Introduction to CMOS Op-Amps and Comparators, (Wiley, New York, USA, 1999). ISBN 0-471-31778-0 R. Gregorian, Introduction to CMOS Op-Amps and Comparators, (Wiley, New York, USA, 1999). ISBN 0-471-31778-0
49.
Zurück zum Zitat J.H. Huijsing, Operational Amplifiers, Theory and Design, (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2001). ISBN: 0-7923-7284-0 J.H. Huijsing, Operational Amplifiers, Theory and Design, (Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2001). ISBN: 0-7923-7284-0
50.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Maloberti, Analog Design for CMOS VLSI Systems, (Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 2001). ISBN: 0-7923-7550-5 F. Maloberti, Analog Design for CMOS VLSI Systems, (Kluwer Academic Publishers, The Netherlands, 2001). ISBN: 0-7923-7550-5
51.
Zurück zum Zitat A.C. Patil, F. Xiao, M. Mehregany, S.L. Garverick, Fully-monolithic, 600°C differential amplifier in 6H-SiC JFET IC technology, Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, CICC’09, pp. 73–76, (2009) A.C. Patil, F. Xiao, M. Mehregany, S.L. Garverick, Fully-monolithic, 600°C differential amplifier in 6H-SiC JFET IC technology, Custom Integrated Circuits Conference, CICC’09, pp. 73–76, (2009)
52.
Zurück zum Zitat J.P. Close, F. Santos, in Proceeding of the Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting. A JFET input single supply operational amplifier with rail-to-rail output, pp. 149–152, (1993) J.P. Close, F. Santos, in Proceeding of the Bipolar/BiCMOS Circuits and Technology Meeting. A JFET input single supply operational amplifier with rail-to-rail output, pp. 149–152, (1993)
53.
Zurück zum Zitat F. Serra-Graells, A. Rueda, J.L. Huertas, Low-Voltage CMOS Log Companding Analog Design, (Springer, Netherlands, 2003). ISBN: 978-1-4020-7445-5 F. Serra-Graells, A. Rueda, J.L. Huertas, Low-Voltage CMOS Log Companding Analog Design, (Springer, Netherlands, 2003). ISBN: 978-1-4020-7445-5
54.
Zurück zum Zitat R.J. Baker, CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design, 2nd edn. (Wiley – IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems, NJ, USA, 2008). ISBN: 978-0-470-29026-2 R.J. Baker, CMOS: Mixed-Signal Circuit Design, 2nd edn. (Wiley – IEEE Press Series on Microelectronic Systems, NJ, USA, 2008). ISBN: 978-0-470-29026-2
56.
Zurück zum Zitat X. Gan, Y. Wu, L. Liu, W. Hu, Effects of K4Fe(CN)6 on electroless copper plating using hypophospite as reducing agent. J. Appl. Electrochem. 37, 899–904 (Springer, Apr 2007) X. Gan, Y. Wu, L. Liu, W. Hu, Effects of K4Fe(CN)6 on electroless copper plating using hypophospite as reducing agent. J. Appl. Electrochem. 37, 899–904 (Springer, Apr 2007)
59.
Zurück zum Zitat N.I. Bojorge Ramírez, M.Fortes, A.M. Salgado, B. Valdman, Construction of an Amperometric Immunosensor Using Solanum Tuberosum Potato Apyrase for the Detection of Schistosomiasis. Información Tecnológica 20, 3 (2009). ISSN: 0718–0764 N.I. Bojorge Ramírez, M.Fortes, A.M. Salgado, B. Valdman, Construction of an Amperometric Immunosensor Using Solanum Tuberosum Potato Apyrase for the Detection of Schistosomiasis. Información Tecnológica 20, 3 (2009). ISSN: 0718–0764
60.
Zurück zum Zitat K.K. Kasem, S. Jones, Platinum as a reference electrode in electrochemical measurements, Platinum Metal Rev. 52, 100–106 (Apr 2008)CrossRef K.K. Kasem, S. Jones, Platinum as a reference electrode in electrochemical measurements, Platinum Metal Rev. 52, 100–106 (Apr 2008)CrossRef
61.
Zurück zum Zitat H.E.A. Ferreira, D. Daniel, M. Bertotti, E.M. Richter, A novel disposable electrochemical microcell construction and characterization, J. Brazilian Chem. Soc. 19, 8 (2008)CrossRef H.E.A. Ferreira, D. Daniel, M. Bertotti, E.M. Richter, A novel disposable electrochemical microcell construction and characterization, J. Brazilian Chem. Soc. 19, 8 (2008)CrossRef
62.
Zurück zum Zitat I. Bontidean, C. Berggren, G. Johansson, E. Csöregi, B. Mattiasson, J.R. Lloyd, K.J. Jakeman, N.L. Brown, Detection of heavy metal ions at femtomolar levels using protein-based biosensors. Anal. Chem. 70(19), 4162–4169 (1998)CrossRef I. Bontidean, C. Berggren, G. Johansson, E. Csöregi, B. Mattiasson, J.R. Lloyd, K.J. Jakeman, N.L. Brown, Detection of heavy metal ions at femtomolar levels using protein-based biosensors. Anal. Chem. 70(19), 4162–4169 (1998)CrossRef
63.
Zurück zum Zitat E. Katz, I. Willner, Probing biomolecular interactions at conductive and semiconductive surfaces by impedance spectroscopy:Routes to impedimetric immunosensors, DNA-sensors, and enzyme biosensors, Electroanalysis 15(11), 913–947 (2003) E. Katz, I. Willner, Probing biomolecular interactions at conductive and semiconductive surfaces by impedance spectroscopy:Routes to impedimetric immunosensors, DNA-sensors, and enzyme biosensors, Electroanalysis 15(11), 913–947 (2003)
64.
Zurück zum Zitat L. Yang, Y. Li, C.L. Griffis, M.G. Johnson, Interdigitated microelectrode (IME) impedance sensor for the detection of ciable Salmonella typhimurium, Biosens. Bioelectron 19, (10), 1139–1147 (2004)CrossRef L. Yang, Y. Li, C.L. Griffis, M.G. Johnson, Interdigitated microelectrode (IME) impedance sensor for the detection of ciable Salmonella typhimurium, Biosens. Bioelectron 19, (10), 1139–1147 (2004)CrossRef
65.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Robert, C. Northrop, in Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation, ed. by M.R. Neuman. The Biomedical Engineering Series (CRC Press, Florida, USA, 2004) B. Robert, C. Northrop, in Analysis and Application of Analog Electronic Circuits to Biomedical Instrumentation, ed. by M.R. Neuman. The Biomedical Engineering Series (CRC Press, Florida, USA, 2004)
66.
Zurück zum Zitat A. De Marcellis, G. Ferri, M. Patrizi, V. Stornelli, A.D’ Amico, C. Di Natale, E. Martinelli, A. Alimelli, R. Paolesse, An integrated analog lock-in amplifier for low-voltage low-frequency sensor interface, in Proceddings of the Interational Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interface, IWASI, pp. 1–5 June 2007 A. De Marcellis, G. Ferri, M. Patrizi, V. Stornelli, A.D’ Amico, C. Di Natale, E. Martinelli, A. Alimelli, R. Paolesse, An integrated analog lock-in amplifier for low-voltage low-frequency sensor interface, in Proceddings of the Interational Workshop on Advances in Sensors and Interface, IWASI, pp. 1–5 June 2007
67.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Rairigh, A. Mason, C. Yang, Analysis of on-chip impedance spectroscopy methodologies for sensor arrays. Sensor. Lett. 4(4), 398–402 (2006)CrossRef D. Rairigh, A. Mason, C. Yang, Analysis of on-chip impedance spectroscopy methodologies for sensor arrays. Sensor. Lett. 4(4), 398–402 (2006)CrossRef
68.
Zurück zum Zitat A.E. Moe, S.R. Marx, I. Bhinderwala, D.M. Wilson, A miniaturuzed lock-in amplifier design suitable for impedance measurements in cells. Proc. IEEE Sens. 1(24–27), 215–218 (AUTRICHE 2004) A.E. Moe, S.R. Marx, I. Bhinderwala, D.M. Wilson, A miniaturuzed lock-in amplifier design suitable for impedance measurements in cells. Proc. IEEE Sens. 1(24–27), 215–218 (AUTRICHE 2004)
69.
Zurück zum Zitat W. Xu, E.G. Friedman, Clock Feedthrough in CMOS analog transmission gate switches. Anal. Int. Circuits and Signal Process 44, 271–281 (2005)CrossRef W. Xu, E.G. Friedman, Clock Feedthrough in CMOS analog transmission gate switches. Anal. Int. Circuits and Signal Process 44, 271–281 (2005)CrossRef
70.
Zurück zum Zitat R. Hogervost, J.P. Tero, R.G.H. Eschauzier, J.H. Huijsin. A compact power-efficient 3 V CMOS rail-to-rail input/ouput omperational amplifier for VLSI cell libraries. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 29, 1505–1513 (1994)CrossRef R. Hogervost, J.P. Tero, R.G.H. Eschauzier, J.H. Huijsin. A compact power-efficient 3 V CMOS rail-to-rail input/ouput omperational amplifier for VLSI cell libraries. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 29, 1505–1513 (1994)CrossRef
71.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Veeravalli, E. Sánchez-Sinencio. J. Silva-Martínez, Transconductance amplifiers with very small transconductances: A comparative design approach. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 37(6), 770–775 (June 2002)CrossRef A. Veeravalli, E. Sánchez-Sinencio. J. Silva-Martínez, Transconductance amplifiers with very small transconductances: A comparative design approach. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 37(6), 770–775 (June 2002)CrossRef
72.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Arnaud, R. Fiorelli, C. Galup-Montoro, Nanowatt, sub-nS OTAs, with Sub-10-mV input offset, using series-parallel current mirrors. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 41(9), 2009–2018 (Sept 2006)CrossRef A. Arnaud, R. Fiorelli, C. Galup-Montoro, Nanowatt, sub-nS OTAs, with Sub-10-mV input offset, using series-parallel current mirrors. IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits 41(9), 2009–2018 (Sept 2006)CrossRef
73.
Zurück zum Zitat J.M. Fiore, in Amplificadores Operacionales y Circuitos Integrados Lineales, ed. by Thomson. (Mohawk Valley Community College, Ed. Paraninfo, Madrid, Spain, 2002) J.M. Fiore, in Amplificadores Operacionales y Circuitos Integrados Lineales, ed. by Thomson. (Mohawk Valley Community College, Ed. Paraninfo, Madrid, Spain, 2002)
74.
Zurück zum Zitat R.S. Machay, Bio–Medical Telemetry, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York, NY, 1970) R.S. Machay, Bio–Medical Telemetry, 2nd edn. (Wiley, New York, NY, 1970)
75.
Zurück zum Zitat H.P. Kimmich, in Biotelemetry, eds. by J.G. Webster. Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, (Wiley, New York, NY, 1980) H.P. Kimmich, in Biotelemetry, eds. by J.G. Webster. Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, (Wiley, New York, NY, 1980)
76.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Santic, M.R. Neuman, A low-power infrared biotelemetry system, Biotelemetry VIII, (Kimmich/Klewe, Netherlands, 1984) A. Santic, M.R. Neuman, A low-power infrared biotelemetry system, Biotelemetry VIII, (Kimmich/Klewe, Netherlands, 1984)
77.
Zurück zum Zitat S.A.P. Haddad, W.A. Serdijn, Ultra low-power biomedical signal processing: An analog wavelet filter approach for pacemakers, Anal. Circuits and Signal Process. (Springer 2009). ISBN: 978-1-4020-9072-1 S.A.P. Haddad, W.A. Serdijn, Ultra low-power biomedical signal processing: An analog wavelet filter approach for pacemakers, Anal. Circuits and Signal Process. (Springer 2009). ISBN: 978-1-4020-9072-1
78.
Zurück zum Zitat M.R. Haider, S.K. Islam, M. Zhang, A low-power signal processing unit for in vivo monioring and transmission of sensor signals. Sens. Trans. J. 84(10), 1625–1632 (2007) M.R. Haider, S.K. Islam, M. Zhang, A low-power signal processing unit for in vivo monioring and transmission of sensor signals. Sens. Trans. J. 84(10), 1625–1632 (2007)
80.
Zurück zum Zitat K. Van Schuylengergh, R. Puers, Inductive Powering. Basic Theory and Application to Biomedical Systems, (Springer, The Netherlands, 2009). ISBN: 978-90-481-2411-4 K. Van Schuylengergh, R. Puers, Inductive Powering. Basic Theory and Application to Biomedical Systems, (Springer, The Netherlands, 2009). ISBN: 978-90-481-2411-4
81.
Zurück zum Zitat B. Lenaerts, R. Puers, Omnidirectional Inductive Powering for Biomedical Implants, (Springer, The Netherlands, 2009). ISBN: 978-1-4020-9074-5 B. Lenaerts, R. Puers, Omnidirectional Inductive Powering for Biomedical Implants, (Springer, The Netherlands, 2009). ISBN: 978-1-4020-9074-5
82.
Zurück zum Zitat W.C. Lin, S.K. Pillay, A micropower pulsewidht-modulation-pulse-position-modulation two-channel telemetry system for biomedical applications. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME – 21, 273–280 (1974)CrossRef W.C. Lin, S.K. Pillay, A micropower pulsewidht-modulation-pulse-position-modulation two-channel telemetry system for biomedical applications. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME – 21, 273–280 (1974)CrossRef
83.
Zurück zum Zitat C. Weller, Electrocardiography by infrared telemetry. J. Physiol. (London) 267, 11–12 (1977)ADS C. Weller, Electrocardiography by infrared telemetry. J. Physiol. (London) 267, 11–12 (1977)ADS
84.
Zurück zum Zitat Z. Tang, B. Smith, J.H. Schild, P.H. Peckham, Data transmission from an implantable biotelemeter by load-shift keying using circuit configuration modulator. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-42, 524–528 (1995)CrossRef Z. Tang, B. Smith, J.H. Schild, P.H. Peckham, Data transmission from an implantable biotelemeter by load-shift keying using circuit configuration modulator. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-42, 524–528 (1995)CrossRef
85.
Zurück zum Zitat A. Santic, M.R. Neuman, A low-power infrared biotelemetry system, Biotelemetry VIII, (Kimmich/Klewe, Netherlands, 1984) A. Santic, M.R. Neuman, A low-power infrared biotelemetry system, Biotelemetry VIII, (Kimmich/Klewe, Netherlands, 1984)
86.
Zurück zum Zitat H.P. Kimmich, Biotelemetry, Enciclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, (Willey, New York, USA, 1988), pp. 409–425 H.P. Kimmich, Biotelemetry, Enciclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation, (Willey, New York, USA, 1988), pp. 409–425
87.
88.
Zurück zum Zitat D. Gajski, Principios de Diseño Digital, (Prentice Hall, Madrid, España, 2000). ISBN: 84-8322-004-0 D. Gajski, Principios de Diseño Digital, (Prentice Hall, Madrid, España, 2000). ISBN: 84-8322-004-0
Metadaten
Titel
Biomedical Integrated Instrumentation
verfasst von
Jordi Colomer-Farrarons
Pere Lluís Miribel-Català
Copyright-Jahr
2011
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0686-6_3

Neuer Inhalt