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Erschienen in:
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2018 | OriginalPaper | Buchkapitel

13. Biophysical Limits and Sustainable Management

verfasst von : Bryan R. Jenkins

Erschienen in: Water Management in New Zealand's Canterbury Region

Verlag: Springer Netherlands

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Abstract

Adoption of collaborative governance has broadened strategic thinking in Canterbury from increased water availability through storage on alpine rivers, to sustainable management of water for multiple uses of importance to the community. Furthermore, improved water use efficiency was found to be a more effective way of increasing water availability. Water availability matters still to be resolved include: adaptation to climate change, institutional arrangements for infrastructure provision, and, measurement and management for enhanced water use efficiency.
Failure pathway analysis highlighted effects of water abstraction on river flows and groundwater levels, as well as effects of land use intensification on freshwater quality on nutrient, bacterial and sediment contamination. Nested adaptive system analysis found current levels of management interventions are insufficient to achieve sustainable outcomes. Also, greater attention is needed to the interactions between surface and groundwater for managing water quantity and quality issues.
Climate change projections indicate higher temperatures increasing potential evapotranspiration rates thereby increasing irrigation demand. Also, water availability in irrigation seasons is expected to decline from reduced winter rainfall to recharge aquifers and maintain lowland streamflow, lower foothill river flow, and changing flow patterns in alpine rivers from reduced snowmelt and increased winter rainfall. Higher winter flows in alpine rivers could be used to recharge aquifers.
Use of a nested approach for the region has demonstrated that at finer spatial scales there are differences in community priorities, differences in failure pathways, and differences in sustainability strategies. Introducing resilience assessments, sustainability strategies and managing cumulative effects places a greater reliance on modelling and monitoring. Management of extremes of droughts and floods requires managing the consequences of failure rather than for specific return-period events.
The RMA focuses on defining environmental bottom lines, however, experience with managing-to-limits indicates challenges with numerical uncertainties, model inaccuracies, natural variability, multiple variables, enforcement difficulties, contributions from legacy issues, lag times in effects, cause-effect attribution, and the range of possible management interventions. While limits are useful, managing based on nested adaptive cycles and integrating actions at individual, tributary and catchment scales are needed to achieve sustainable outcomes.

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Vorheriges Kapitel Decision Making for Sustainability
Nächstes Kapitel Socio-economic Issues and Collaborative Governance
Fußnoten
1
Between 2010 and 2015 the area under border dyke irrigation reduced from 53,400 ha to 27,800 ha (a 48% reduction) (Brown 2016).
 
2
The Resource Management (Measurement and Reporting of Water Takes) Regulations 2010 came into effect on 10 November 2010. There is staged implementation of metering requirements for consents granted before 10 November 2010 with takes of 20 L/s or more to be compliant by 10 November 2012, 10–20 L/s by 10 November 2014, and 5–10 L/s by 10 November 2016 (Ministry for the Environment 2016).
 
3
This is comparable to the “field application efficiency” recommended by Land and Water Australia (Barrett Purcell & Associates 1999), and the “plant component” of “Farm Irrigation System Efficiency” recommended by Aqualinc (2012) for on-farm systems. Note the regional plan definition of “irrigation application efficiency” means “the volume of water stored in the plant root zone following irrigation, as a percentage of the total volume applied” (Environment Canterbury 2015a). However, Aqualinc (2012) recommend plant water use definitions rather than root-zone definitions because plant water use can be more readily estimated than water stored in the crop root zone.
 
4
The ten target areas were: ecosystem health/biodiversity; natural character of braided rivers; kaitiakitanga; drinking water; recreational and amenity opportunities, water-use efficiency, irrigated land area, energy security and efficiency, regional and national economies, and environmental limits.
 
5
In relation to human health for recreation attributes have been defined for bacterial and cyano-bacterial contamination; in relation to ecosystem health attributes have been defined for the trophic state of lakes (for total nitrogen, total phosphorus and phytoplankton), periphyton (as an indicator of algal blooms in rivers), nitrate toxicity in rivers, dissolved oxygen in rivers, and ammonia toxicity in lakes and rivers (New Zealand Government 2014).
 
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Metadaten
Titel
Biophysical Limits and Sustainable Management
verfasst von
Bryan R. Jenkins
Copyright-Jahr
2018
Verlag
Springer Netherlands
Buch
Water Management in New Zealand's Canterbury Region

Print ISBN: 978-94-024-1212-3

Electronic ISBN: 978-94-024-1213-0

Copyright-Jahr: 2018

DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1213-0_13