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Biosensors as Analytical Tools for the 21st Century

Principles and Applications

  • 2025
  • Buch
Verfasst von
Aleksandr Simonian
Mary Anitha Arugula
Paolo Bollella
Verlag
Springer Nature Switzerland
Enthalten in
Springer Professional "Wirtschaft+Technik"
Springer Professional "Technik"
insite
SUCHEN

Über dieses Buch

This book provides a clear and contemporary understanding of the fundamental concepts, principles, and applications of biosensors. It serves as a cutting-edge resource for readers to gain both theoretical knowledge and practical skills in science and technology. Designed for researchers, students at all levels, and professionals in research and education, it offers valuable introductory material while also exploring the future prospects of the field. Written by experienced authors, the book systematically covers the principles, techniques, and applications of biosensors, addressing a gap in existing literature that often overlooks practical applications and results-oriented experimental protocols. It delves into current and future trends in applied techniques that are rarely found elsewhere and combines theoretical content with laboratory protocols (accompanied by videos), experimental procedures, and problem sets with solutions. Additionally, it incorporates the latest advancements in biotechnology for a practical, application-driven approach.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter
1. Introduction
Abstract
The evolution of biosensors stems from the broader field of chemical sensors, which are designed to convert chemical information—such as the concentration of a specific component or the presence of a chemical species—into an analytically useful signal. Among chemical sensors, biosensors represent a distinct category that incorporates a biological recognition element tightly coupled with a transducer system. This combination enables specific, sensitive, and often real-time detection of analytes across diverse fields, including medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, food safety, and biotechnology.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
2. Biosensors Characteristics: Definitions and Concepts
Abstract
The performance of a biosensor is largely determined by its transducer. In an ideal system, composed of perfect materials and flawless interfaces, the transducer would produce an absolute and reproducible output in direct response to an applied stimulus. However, practical limitations—such as material imperfections, noise, interference, and environmental variability—affect real-world sensor responses. Therefore, understanding and defining biosensor performance metrics is essential to evaluate their accuracy, reliability, and suitability for analytical applications.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
3. Biorecognition Elements
Abstract
A central challenge in biosensor development is creating robust affinity-based methods that ensure both selectivity and sensitivity—the two essential pillars of analytical detection. Traditional biosensing platforms rely on highly specific biorecognition elements capable of detecting and identifying target analytes. High-affinity antibodies and nucleic acids have played foundational roles in immunoassays and immunosensors, particularly when integrated with electrochemical, optical, or mass-sensitive detection strategies. To meet diverse application needs, a variety of enhancements have been introduced, including labeling and label-free formats, nanomaterials, multifunctional matrices, and advanced structures such as carbon nanotubes.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
4. Immobilization and Surface Chemistry
Abstract
The immobilization of proteins onto solid supports is essential for achieving high surface density, enabling the use of small sample volumes and minimizing non-specific protein adsorption—thus improving detection performance. However, preserving the protein’s native conformation and biological activity during immobilization remains a major challenge.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
5. Novel Materials for Biosensing
Abstract
Over the past two decades, the incorporation of novel nanomaterials in biosensor development has opened new research frontiers. These materials offer unique properties—such as substrate-specific responsiveness, nanoscale dimensions, and tailored chemical functionality—which enable them to mimic or even replace traditional biorecognition elements like redox enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids. Such materials are often termed “biomimetic” due to their ability to integrate the functional roles of nanomaterials and bioreceptors.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
6. Biofunctionalization and Surface Chemistry
Abstract
Biofunctionalization refers to a specialized form of surface modification involving the immobilization of biomolecules—such as proteins, peptides, polysaccharides, or bioactive drugs—onto solid supports. A variety of immobilization strategies exist, and the selected method significantly influences the biological activity and stability of the resulting functionalized material. Effective biofunctionalization of surfaces and nanomaterials requires a thorough understanding of the chemical reactions and interfacial phenomena occurring between the solid support and the modification medium.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
7. Transducers: Theory and Applications
Abstract
Biosensors couple an active bioreceptor with a signal transducer and an electronic amplifier. They utilize biological systems at various levels of integration to specifically recognize analytes. Beyond the biorecognition element, the transducer plays a key role by converting the physicochemical changes induced by the biorecognition reaction into a measurable signal—such as variations in voltage, current, temperature, or optical properties—which is ultimately transformed into a digital output for processing.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
8. Biosensor Technology: Structure, Design, and Fabrication
Abstract
In recent years, the healthcare industry has seen significant integration of biosensors for diagnostic purposes. These electronic devices measure biological signals and convert them into electrical outputs. A typical biosensor includes a bioreceptor, transducer, analyte, and display unit. The bioreceptor specifically interacts with the analyte, triggering a response that the transducer converts into an electrical signal suitable for digital display and interpretation.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
9. Milestones in Biosensor Applications
Abstract
In the previous sections, we have discussed the attributes of biosensors, including their types and basic principles. Now, let’s focus on their broad implications, which are highly valued not only by industrialists, academicians, and the general public but also by environmentalists, physicians, and medical consultants. The smartness of biosensors arises from their high specificity and sensitivity, reusability, affordability, ease of use, and reliance on fundamental parameters.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
10. Problems and Perspectives: Catalytic Versus Affinity Biosensing, Sensitivity, Selectivity and Specificity, Reproducibility, Calibration and Uncertainty, Regeneration, Signal Enhancement
Abstract
Analyzing the published data and the novel methods for monitoring compounds such as drugs, hormones, toxins, small molecules, proteins, and pathogens, it is evident that there is a considerable effort directed toward various detection principles. These include the use of labels and label-free methods, switching and displacement strategies, signal turn-on and turn-off moieties, as well as signal enhancement and amplification techniques. Sensors, whether based on antibodies, aptamers, or phages, are often tailored to operate under specific conditions. In the following section, we will focus our discussion on the challenges associated with sensing platforms.
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
11. Laboratory Protocols
Abstract
Cyclic voltammetry is the most versatile electroanalytical technique used for investigating the mechanisms of electroactive species. In this laboratory experiment, we utilize the FeIII(CN)63-/FeII(CN)64 couple as an example of an electrochemically reversible redox system to introduce some fundamental concepts of cyclic voltammetry. Through this experiment, students will become familiar with the basic principles of voltammetry and should be able to determine the following parameters: the formal reduction potential (Eo′); the number of electrons transferred in the redox process (n); the diffusion coefficient (D); electrochemical reversibility; and the effects of varying concentration (C) and scan rate (ν).
Aleksandr Simonian, Mary Anitha Arugula, Paolo Bollella
Backmatter
Titel
Biosensors as Analytical Tools for the 21st Century
Verfasst von
Aleksandr Simonian
Mary Anitha Arugula
Paolo Bollella
Copyright-Jahr
2025
Electronic ISBN
978-3-032-01726-0
Print ISBN
978-3-032-01725-3
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-032-01726-0

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