Introduction
Materials and methods
Materials
Synthesis of the ethyl derivative of moringa (BEM) and cooking oil waste (BEF)
Preparation of the blends
Thermal and kinetic analysis of the biodiesels and the blends
Storage tests
Results and discussion
1.0% of catalyst | 1.5% of catalyst | |
---|---|---|
Conversion of BEF (%) | 63.44 ± 1.4 | 82.20 ± 1.1 |
Conversion of BEM (%) | Saponification has occurred | 79.30 ± 0.6 |
BEF | BEM | BFM10 | BFM20 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
T
onset (°C) |
T
peak (°C) |
T
onset (°C) |
T
peak (°C) |
T
onset (°C) |
T
peak (°C) |
T
onset (°C) |
T
peak (°C) | |
10 °C min−1
| 115.00 | 213.35 | 236.60 | 326.35 | 127.76 | 236.69 | 134.10 | 240.69 |
20 °C min−1
| 117.00 | 213.25 | 246.97 | 356.20 | 121.40 | 230.33 | 129.88 | 240.94 |
30 °C min−1
| 117.00 | 210.99 | 257.69 | 366.57 | 123.32 | 232.05 | 129.26 | 240.50 |
Coats–Redfern |
A (s−1) |
R
2
| Madhusudanan |
A (s−1) |
R
2
| ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E
a (kJ mol−1) |
E
a (kJ mol−1) | ||||||
BEF | 10 °C min−1
| 71.98 | 5.68 × 10−2
| 0.9994 | 72.28 | 4.96 × 106
| 0.9994 |
20 °C min−1
| 66.03 | 6.49 × 10−3
| 0.9995 | 66.34 | 2.79 × 106
| 0.9995 | |
30 °C min−1
| 71.64 | 1.88 × 10−2
| 0.9995 | 71.65 | 1.63 × 106
| 0.9995 | |
BEM | 10 °C min−1
| 45.30 | 2.42 × 10−6
| 0.9618 | 45.70 | 2.37 × 103
| 0.9626 |
20 °C min−1
| 55.17 | 8.38 × 10−6
| 0.985 | 55.57 | 4.50 × 102
| 0.9853 | |
30 °C min−1
| 60.32 | 1.80 × 10−5
| 0.9883 | 60.73 | 1.15 × 103
| 0.9985 | |
BFM10 | 10 °C min−1
| 75.08 | 0.11 | 0.9997 | 75.38 | 1.05 × 107
| 0.9997 |
20 °C min−1
| 74.09 | 4.5 × 10−2
| 0.9997 | 74.40 | 4.16 × 106
| 0.9996 | |
30 °C min−1
| 71.88 | 1.9 × 10−2
| 0.9996 | 72.20 | 1.7 × 106
| 0.9996 | |
BFM20 | 10 °C min−1
| 74.42 | 4.4 × 10−2
| 0.9986 | 71.73 | 3.14 × 105
| 0.9986 |
20 °C min−1
| 64.30 | 4.09 × 10−3
| 0.998 | 64.61 | 2.88 × 105
| 0.998 | |
30 °C min−1
| 62.13 | 1.94 × 10−3
| 0.9971 | 62.45 | 1.28 × 105
| 0.9971 |