Distributed load-management is seen as a means to enhance the integration of fluctuating renewable energy sources into the energy system and address the increasing strain on the German electricity grid. However, the advantages and disadvantages of different service provision approaches for this application, in particular blockchain-based solutions in contrast to aggregators, have not yet been investigated, a research avenue important to inform policymakers in the early stages of market and technology development. The sustainability and feasibility of three approaches, public blockchain, consortium blockchain and an aggregator using a relational database, were evaluated for their suitability to provide grid redispatch services through prosumer engagement, according to seven criteria by applying a multi-criteria analysis (MCA). The three feasibility criteria considered were scalability, regulatory acceptance and implementation network capacity, while the four sustainability criteria considered were privacy, security, costs and energy consumption. The analysis showed that public blockchain is least suitable for this application, whilst consortium blockchain and an aggregator using a relational database perform similarly on sustainability criteria, with the consortium blockchain performing better on security and the aggregator model on energy consumption. From a feasibility perspective, an aggregator using a relational database clearly outperformed blockchain solutions, suggesting better suitability at this point in time, with a need for regulatory innovation to allow for the future adoption of blockchain models.
Zeitschrift für Energiewirtschaft (ZfE) ist eine unabhängige Fachzeitschrift mit aktuellen Themen zu Energiewirtschaft, Energiepolitik und Energierecht. JETZT BESTELLEN
Such as versioning information, the merkle-tree root, difficulty target, nonce, uncles, beneficiaries, logs bloom, block number, gas limit, gas used, mix hash, state root, transaction root, receipt root, stake root, vote bites, final state, voters, fresh stake, revocations, pool size, stake difficulty, height, size, stake version or other data, depending on the specific blockchain.
More specifically, it is the value determined by a (cryptographic) hash function, a mathematical one-way function that assigns data of arbitrary length a string of fixed length and that is designed to withstand cryptographic attacks, such as replacing or modifying the data without changing this number.
Private blockchains were not considered as they are implemented within one organisation or institution, and thus are not suitable for prosumers who require a separate institution to facilitate their engagement.
In the TenneT and Sonnen pilot project not all information was stored on the blockchain; and thus in practice was a combination of an aggregator and consortium blockchain model.
Only two of three fundamental blockchain properties can hold simultaneously; the properties mentioned differ between the literature and comprise scalability, decentralisation and security (Lyons et al. 2019; Schäffer et al. 2019) or scalability, interoperability and sustainability (Holotescu and Vasiu 2020) or decentralization, consistency and scalability (Zhang and Jacobsen 2018).
such as the applicability of the GoBD (Grundsätze zur ordnungsmäßigen Führung und Aufbewahrung von Büchern, Aufzeichnungen und Unterlagen in elektronischer Form sowie zum Datenzugriff).