1 Introduction
2 Related work and contributions
2.1 Related work
2.2 Contributions
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This is the first proposed method to concentrate fully on recognizing car make and model under limited lighting conditions at night.
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This study presents the robust salient features at night to recognize car models.
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This study proposes the new use of a one-class classifier ensemble method of three traditional classifiers to recognize the target car model from any other models, which can improve classification accuracy.
3 Methodology
3.1 Feature extraction
3.1.1 License plate detection
3.1.2 Taillight detection
3.1.3 Feature extraction
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Aspect ratio of left TL
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Aspect ratio of right TL
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Aspect ratio of left TL width and LP width
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Aspect ratio of left TL height and LP height
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Aspect ratio of right TL width and LP width
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Aspect ratio of right TL height and LP height
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Angle of left TL and LP
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Angle of right TL and LP
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Aspect ratio of distance of TLs and LP width
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Aspect ratio of distance left TL to LP and LP height
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Aspect ratio of distance right TL to LP and LP height
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Aspect ratio of distance of TLs and average of TL width
3.1.4 Feature set
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First set (full features detected)
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Second set (one TL and LP detected)
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Third set (TLs detected)
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Fourth set (only one TL detected)
3.1.5 Feature selection
3.2 Classification
4 Experimental results
Car make | # model/# image | Car make | # model/# image |
---|---|---|---|
Vauxhall | 14/93 | Peugeot | 4/16 |
Ford | 11/46 | Renault | 5/21 |
Volkswagen | 14/57 | Seat | 4/16 |
Audi | 10/40 | Land Rover | 1/4 |
Toyota | 7/28 | Honda | 4/16 |
Fiat | 3/12 | Mini | 1/4 |
Nissan | 4/16 | Skoda | 2/8 |
BMW | 5/20 | Colt | 1/4 |
Mercedes | 5/20 | Alfa Romeo | 1/4 |
Citroen | 4/17 | Other model | 321/324 |
Total | 421/766 |
Car make and models | Accuracy (%) | Car make and models | Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Vauxhall astra mk4 | 91.8 | Volkswagen passat b6 | 93.0 |
Vauxhall astra mk5 | 92.3 | Volkswagen golf mk4 | 93.6 |
Vauxhall astra mk6 | 93.0 | Volkswagen golf mk5 | 93.8 |
Vauxhall corsa c | 92.3 | Volkswagen golf mk6 | 93.6 |
Vauxhall corsa d | 93.3 | Volkswagen new beetle | 93.4 |
Vauxhall adam | 95.2 | Volkswagen passat b5 | 95.4 |
Vauxhall zafira | 93.2 | Volkswagen passat b7 | 92.5 |
Vauxhall vectra | 93.4 | Volkswagen passat cc | 93.1 |
Vauxhall astra gtc | 94.4 | Volkswagen polo gti mk4 | 93.0 |
Vauxhall corsa b | 95.4 | Volkswagen polo gti mk6 | 94.2 |
Vauxhall insignia | 91.8 | Volkswagen polo mk4 | 94.3 |
Vauxhall mokka | 91.9 | Volkswagen touran | 93.4 |
Vauxahll tigra | 92.2 | Volkswagen up | 93.5 |
Vauxhall cascada | 93.5 | Volkswagen transport t5 | 93.6 |
Ford fiesta mk6 | 93.5 | Audi a3 8v | 94.3 |
Ford focus mk2 | 93.3 | Audi a4 b7 | 94.1 |
Ford c-max mk1 | 91.8 | Audi a1 | 95.5 |
Ford fiesta st | 93.8 | Audi a3 8p | 95.3 |
Ford fiesta mk5 | 94.1 | Audi q7 | 94.9 |
Ford focus mk1 | 93.1 | Audi s5 | 93.0 |
Ford focus st | 93.5 | Audi a4 b6 | 93.5 |
Ford ka | 93.0 | Audi s6 | 92.9 |
Ford mondeo mk3 | 93.2 | Audi a3 3rd gen | 95.3 |
Ford transit connect | 92.8 | Audi a2 | 93.7 |
Ford galaxy | 94.4 | Citroen c3 1st gen | 93.9 |
Alfa romeo mito qv | 93.9 | Citroen c5 dc | 94.5 |
Nissan micra k12 | 92.2 | Peugeot 206 | 96.5 |
Nissan qashqai j10 | 93.5 | Peugeot 206 gti | 96.4 |
Nissan juke | 94.5 | Peugeot 207 gt | 95.6 |
Nissan micra tempest | 96.8 | Peugeot 207 | 94.2 |
Toyota avensis t250 | 93.6 | Renault scenic conquest | 95.5 |
Toyota echo 1st gen | 91.9 | Renault clio2 | 95.2 |
Toyota prius 3rd gen xp30 | 90.6 | Renault clio4 | 95.5 |
Toyota yaris xp90 | 92.2 | Renault megane coupe cabrio | 97.0 |
Toyota yaris xp130 | 92.7 | Renault megane mk2 | 97.1 |
Toyota corolla 9th gen | 94.0 | Seat ibiza mk2 | 96.8 |
Toyota venza v6 | 94.3 | Seat ibiza mk3 | 96.8 |
Bmw 1s e87 | 94.9 | Seat ibiza mk4 | 91.4 |
Bmw 3s e92 | 93.4 | Seat ibiza mk4 st | 89.9 |
Bmw 5s f10 | 94.3 | Land rover range rover | 91.9 |
Bmw m5 f10 | 94.5 | Honda crv rd4 | 93.1 |
Bmw 5s e60 | 94.4 | Honda crv rm1 | 93.8 |
Fiat grande punto | 95.0 | Honda jazz 1st gen | 94.6 |
Fiat 500 | 94.9 | Honda civic mk8 | 91.9 |
Fiat punto | 94.2 | Skoda octavia combi | 91.2 |
Mercedes a140 | 90.8 | Skoda octavia 1u | 93.3 |
Mercedes c-class w202 | 91.8 | Colt tx4 | 94.9 |
Mercedes c-class w203 | 93.3 | Mini countryman | 97.2 |
Mercedes c-class w204 | 93.5 | Citroen xsara picasso | 93.5 |
Mercedes e-class coupe | 92.8 | Citroen c3 picasso | 95.6 |
Average accuracy (%) | 93.8 |
References | One class | View | # model | Environment | Accuracy (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pearce et al. [2] | No | Front | 77 | Day | 96.0 |
Zhang [11] | No | Front | 21 | Day | 98.7 |
Baran et al. [13] | No | Front | 17 | Day | 97.2 |
Zafar et al. [38] | No | Front | 25 | Day | 96.0 |
Hsieh et al. [39] | No | Front | 29 | Day | 99.1 |
Emami et al. [40] | No | Rear | N/A | Day | 96.3 |
Llorca et al. [41] | No | Rear | 28 | Day | 93.8 |
Proposed method (No applied GA) | Yes | Rear | 421 | Night | 93.4 |
Proposed method (applied GA) | Yes | Rear | 421 | Night | 93.8 |