Cathodic titania nanotube arrays as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

The titanium dioxide nanotube arrays (TNAs) have been synthesized at cathode and anode via standard electrochemical method for their subsequent use as anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The TNAs fabricated at cathode have higher Ti³⁺ in comparison to TNAs at anode, which was confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Raman spectrometry. Moreover, the lattice parameters of cathodic TNAs are estimated via Rietveld refinement of X-ray diffraction, which also conform to Ti³⁺ doping and insertion of protons (H⁺). The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy hints an increment in the electronic conductivity of TNAs fabricated at cathode. As a result, high reversible areal–specific capacity (~385.5 µAh cm⁻² at 100 µA cm⁻²) with excellent rate capability is acquired by utilizing TNAs fabricated at cathode as anode material in LIBs.