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1996 | Buch

Challenging the Orthodoxies Kapitel lesen Erstes Kapitel lesen

Challenging the Orthodoxies

herausgegeben von: Richard M. Auty, John Toye

Verlag: Palgrave Macmillan UK

Buchreihe : Palgrave Development Studies Series

Enthalten in: Professional Book Archive

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Über dieses Buch

This book provides an up-to-date interdisciplinary critique of the new economic orthodoxy as represented by the Washington Consensus. The originator of the term, John Williamson, updates his original thesis which is then discussed by an interdisciplinary group of scholars that includes economists, environmentalists, political scientists, institutionalists, sociologists and a philosopher. The papers span a range of viewpoints which includes sympathetic modifications to the consensus as well as strong rejections of it.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Frontmatter

Introduction: Challenging the Orthodoxies

1. Challenging the Orthodoxies
Abstract
Orthodoxy originally meant simply ‘true opinion’ or ‘right judgement’. If this were still its meaning, our title Challenging the Orthodoxies might seem a little foolish, or even perverse. Who in their senses would want to challenge true opinions and right judgements? This is not our purpose, however, or that of the contributors to this book. Orthodoxy has since taken on an extended meaning. Today it carries the implication of imposing an opinion or judgement as if it were true and right. It also implies dissuading dissenters, by emphasising the established or accepted character of the orthodox opinions or judgements. It encourages the use of the social sanctions of scorn or ridicule to deter those who might be inclined to think themselves a little wiser than the rest of humankind from saying so. Orthodoxies are no longer just sets of beliefs. They are beliefs to assent to which one feels some kind of social and psychological pressure.
Richard Auty, John Toye

Economic Responses

Frontmatter
2. Lowest Common Denominator or Neoliberal Manifesto? The Polemics of the Washington Consensus
Abstract
When Dr Auty invited me to address the annual conference of the Development Studies Association in 1994, he told me that the intent of the conference organisers was to challenge orthodoxy. He also told me that he would like me to talk about what I somewhat unfortunately dubbed the ‘Washington consensus’ when I first attempted to assemble a list of the reforms that mainstream opinion in Washington believed the Latin American countries needed to make in order to emerge from the debt crisis and join East Asia on the path of catch-up growth. I protested that these were mutually contradictory specifications since the Washington consensus was a lowest common denominator of orthodoxy. He replied that deriding orthodoxy was such a common practice in the Development Studies Association that defending it would be a true challenge to orthodoxy, thus leaving me with no option but to accept his invitation.
John Williamson
3. Is the Debt Crisis Largely Over? A Critical Look at the Data of International Financial Institutions
Abstract
While the 1980s became known as the decade of the debt crisis, the 1990s have been heralded as the years of hope and recovery, if not for all debtors then at least for those having adopted ‘prudent’ economic policies. In other words, the present situation of Latin America is used – with cautious caveats regarding sustainability – as the practical vindication of Bretton Woods-type adjustment policies.
Kunibert Raffer
4. The Environment for Entrepreneurship
Abstract
In his Theory of Economic Development (TED) (1961), Schumpeter defined development as a distinct phenomenon involving discontinuous change in the channels of flow which forever altered the equilibrium state previously existing (TED, p. 64). According to Schumpeter, such change was a rule initiated by producers rather than consumers of final products. It involved such things as the introduction of a new good or new method of production, the opening of a new market, the conquest of new sources of supply or the fundamental reorganisation of a particular industry (TED, p. 66). Schumpeter labelled the carrying out of these changes or new combinations as enterprise and the individuals who carried them out as entrepreneurs.
Renee Prendergast
5. Flexibility and Economic Progress
Abstract
We start with a paradox: that while its value – and the penalties imposed by its absence – are casually acknowledged in discussions of economic development, there is a near-total absence of explicit, analytical treatment of the flexibility of economies in the academic literature. At the same time, there appears a strong prima facie expectation that the flexibility of an economy will strongly influence its long-term economic performance, and that this attribute is of increasing importance.
Tony Killick

Social Responses

Frontmatter
6. Is the Idea of Development Eurocentric?
Abstract
One of the most remarkable books to have come out in the last few years on development is The Development Dictionary, edited by Wolfgang Sachs, remarkable both for the vigour with which all the authors attack the core concept of development, and also, given their attitude, for its being called a dictionary! ‘The idea of development stands like a ruin in the intellectual landscape’, says Sachs in the Introduction (Sachs 1992). In the name of development the rest of the world is undergoing submission to the global economy and a kind of homogenisation of cultures as the western model of development based on economic growth, science, technology and bureaucratic systems is taken to be the norm for everywhere. It is an immensely powerful ruin – indeed the Foucault-like subtitle of the book is A Guide to Knowledge as Power’ – but a ruin in the sense that its impact is ruinous for the peoples of the world. Whatever human flourishing is, modern development processes are generally not helping it to occur and indeed impeding and undermining it. This is both because the elementary necessities of life are not achieved and because the authentic and diverse ways of life are undermined.
Nigel Dower
7. Life Chances, Lifeworlds and a Rural Future
Abstract
This chapter presents a modest piece of field work (a survey among primary school leavers in the Mgeta division, Uluguru mountains, Tanzania) which raises important questions about rational behaviour. The assumption of rationality in actors’ behaviour may be a hidden orthodoxy in much development discourse. For example, in the past decade there has been a resurgence in belief in the market; participatory procedures and bottom-up approaches are advocated in development planning, and there is a shift of attention from ‘scientific’ knowledge to local knowledge. These influential keywords all assume that local actors act with insight in their own situation in terms of strategic interests or goals which they want to realise. Such rationality may be distorted or hidden, but crucial to these approaches is a belief in an inherent rationality. There is often an implication that the role of development studies is to uncover such rationality which may be distorted by, for example, intervention in markets, oppressive social structures or a top-down development discourse.
Jan Kees van Donge
8. Flexible Work and Female Labour: The Global Integration of Chilean Fruit Production
Abstract
Chile is often presented as a model of the economic success which can be achieved through neoliberal export-led growth, based on non-traditional primary produce. This is because of its high rates of economic growth since the late 1980s. A key element in this success has been the rapid expansion of fruit exports to the North, and today Chile is a major player in the global market for fresh fruit.2 A crucial prerequisite for this export success has been the annual mobilisation of a large temporary female labour force in fruit production within the central region of the country. At the base of Chile’s fruit exports, therefore, is the productive capacity and flexibility of women workers, yet their contribution to the Chilean export model has been given little attention in the literature.
Stephanie Barrientos
9. Diversifying Health Sector Finance in Botswana: The Impact of an Emergent Private Sector
Abstract
Equality of access to health care is one of the most deep-rooted beliefs and one which is found in most societies, developed and developing. Debates concerning health policy reform tend therefore to be conducted within this framework. Even among the most ardent advocates of ‘the market’ such beliefs find resonance. For example, Margaret Thatcher, speaking in 1983, argued that ‘the principle that adequate health care should be provided for all, regardless of their ability to pay, must be the foundation of all arrangements for financing health care’.
Jacqueline Charlton

Rural and Environmental Responses

Frontmatter
10. Green, Brown and Red Issues in a Black Economy: Thoughts on Sustainable Development in Low-income Countries
Abstract
The recognition that a society’s use of its natural environment may be a constraint to its long-term growth has given environmental economics a legitimate place at the table in development studies. The questions it raises, and the techniques it incorporates, have challenged all students of development. This is so despite the fact that the empirical relevance of some key concepts is untried, and the concept of sustainable development remains more of a talisman than a blueprint for policy makers.
James Winpenny
11. Rural Development Models in China and Taiwan Revisited
Abstract
For the purposes of this study, the following villages and townships in mainland China were visited in 1994: Xipu, Litai, Liuzhuang, Linzhou (the location of the Red Flag Canal), Dazhai and Daquizhuang. Each at different times has acted as a model for rural development and played a key role in the evolution of rural development policy, and its various changes in direction. In Taiwan, the visit was to Hsi-lo township which is the location of the Ying-hsi irrigation system, one of the first to participate in the government-promoted consolidation programme that began in the early 1960s and is still going on. Consolidation consists of the re-laying and reconstruction of irrigation canals and farm roads to improve efficiency and access to fields, and at the same time negotiating the exchange and merging of land holdings so that each farmer ended up with one or two larger plots in the consolidated fields instead of the large number of small, scattered plots originating from the final land reform of 1952 (Shen, 1964, pp. 114–17).
Jerry V. S. Jones
12. Conservation or Development in the Terai? The Political Ecology of Natural Resources in Nepal
Abstract
The reconciliation of competing demands for scarce natural resources often requires trade-offs between the needs for economic development and for environmental conservation. These trade-offs may be particularly acute in low income countries experiencing high rates of growth in human population. This is the case in Nepal, and this chapter examines the situation of the tall grasslands in the southern Terai region which comprise a rare habitat, home to a number of globally endangered species. However, these areas also provide other valuable resources, including grasses for thatch; cane for building, fuel and fodder; and wild foods for the local people. This chapter analyses the conflicts between different resource users, and identifies the interest groups and stakeholders within a political ecology framework. Various options for the conservation and development of the Terai, and the prospects for their successful implementation are suggested.
Katrina Brown
13. Private Markets for Wastes: The Case of Calcutta
Abstract
This chapter is an enquiry into the nature of the private markets in wastes in Calcutta, India, and is based on the author’s doctoral research carried out between November 1991 and January 1994.1 Wastes, for the purposes of this chapter, are defined as something which the current owner does not want. But almost everything that is thrown away, especially by affluent households, is useful to somebody, particularly in developing countries. Wastes are therefore a resource since they generate income for many thousands of marginalised households. In a scarcity-based2 economy, like India’s, there is always a high demand for low value products made from recuperated waste materials.
Anu Bose
Backmatter
Metadaten
Titel
Challenging the Orthodoxies
herausgegeben von
Richard M. Auty
John Toye
Copyright-Jahr
1996
Verlag
Palgrave Macmillan UK
Electronic ISBN
978-1-349-13992-7
Print ISBN
978-1-349-13994-1
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13992-7