Chapter 1 Introduction

FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture’ (Rome 2012) 11; FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture’ (Rome 2014) 7.

On the cod disaster, see C. Clover, The end of the line (Ebury Press 2005) chapter 8 ‘After the gold rush’.

B. K. Sovacool, ‘A Game of Cat and Fish: How to Restore the Balance in Sustainable Fisheries Management’ (2009) 40 Ocean Development and International Law 97, 98.

In 2008, 44.9 million people’s livelihood directly depended upon fishing and 180 million people did so if the secondary – post-harvest – jobs are counted (FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture’ (Rome 2010) 6, 26). In 2010, 54.8 million people were engaged directly in fish production while it was estimated that the livelihoods of 660 to 820 million people depended upon it indirectly (FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012’ (n 1) 10, 41). In 2012, 58.3 million people were engaged directly in capture fisheries and aquaculture and 10 to 12 percent of the world’s population depended on those sectors for their livelihood (FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014’ (n 1) 27, 31–32).

FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012’ (n 1) 5; FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014’ (n 1) 66, 105.

Bostock and Walmsley (n 5) 107; FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014’ (n 1) 7.

N. Matz, Wege zur Koordinierung völkerrechtlicher Verträge: Völkervertragsrechtliche und institutionelle Ansätze (Springer 2005) 136. A well-known example is that of sea otters (see infra Chapter 4 A. II. 2.). Depletion can also lead to changes in the ecosystem balance (C. Mullon, P. Fréon and P. Curry ‘The dynamics of collapse in world fisheries’ (2006) 6 Fish and Fisheries 111, 112; J. B. C. Jackson and others, ‘Historical overfishing and the recent collapse of coastal ecosystems’ (2001) 293 Science 629; WWF, ‘On the Brink – Mediterranean Bluefin Tuna – The Consequences of Collapse’ http://​assets.​panda.​org/​downloads/​onthebrinktunaco​llapse.​pdf accessed 4 July 2015, 3–4). The heavily fished seas also become mostly populated by smaller fishes, jellyfish and microbes (K. M. Gjerde, ‘High Seas Fisheries Governance: Prospects and Challenges in the 21^st Century’ in D. Vidas and P. J. Schei (eds), The World Ocean in Globalisation: Climate Change, Sustainable Fisheries, Biodiversity, Shipping, Regional Issues (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 2011) 224; P. A. Larkin, ‘Concepts and issues in marine ecosystem management’ (1996) 6 Reviews of Fish Biology and Fisheries 139, 152).

Nearly 46 % in 2008 as reported in FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2010’ (n 4) 3, 18; 47 % in 2010 as reported in FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2012’ (n 1) 26. Percentage reviewed down to 42.2 % for 2012 (FAO, ‘The State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2014’ (n 1) 19).

Sovacool (n 3) 98.