Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

STI Vaccines: Status of Development, Potential Impact, and Important Factors for Implementation

  • Chapter
Behavioral Interventions for Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases

  • 1493 Accesses

Primary prevention efforts for sexually transmitted infections (STIs) have historically focused on behavioral strategies, including encouraging abstinence, the delay of sexual initiation, careful partner selection, condom use, and partner management. Several potential emerging technologies, including microbicides and prophylactic vaccines, could add an additional focus to efforts to change individual sexual risk, at least in the case of certain STIs (1). One of the difficulties associated with traditional behavioral primary prevention efforts is that they seek to modify contextually complex, socially imbedded behaviors, such as condom use. The requirement for sustained behavior change over time adds to the difficulty of achieving long-term success with these kinds of interventions. In contrast, vaccination typically involves no more than three discrete events, which may be amenable to brief targeted interventions. The contextual complexity of vaccination is substantially less than with condom use, and effective vaccines would have no requirement for sustained behavior change. Efforts to encourage vaccination may need to differentially target specific immunization behaviors, including original and follow-up dosages, and possible booster shots.

Although getting vaccinated against an STI is, in many ways, a simpler behavior than consistent use of condoms in a sexual relationship, vaccination certainly will be uniquely challenging, requiring different approaches than those used to encourage safer sexual behaviors. It has been suggested that to have maximal impact, STI vaccination should occur prior to initiation of sexual activity, which often occurs during young adulthood (1–4). This suggestion to vaccinate adolescents is based on several considerations, including vaccine safety and efficacy studies among adolescents, data on STI epidemiology and age of sexual initiation in the United States, cost effectiveness evaluations, and established and recommended adolescent health care visits. Based on such considerations, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices(ACIP) unanimously voted in June 2006 to recommend a newly licensed HPV vaccine for routine delivery to females 11–12 years of age and for females 13–26 years of age who have not previously been vaccinated.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Rupp RE, Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Vaccines for sexually transmitted infections. Pediatr Ann. 2005;34:818–814.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Kahn JA, Zimet GD, Bernstein DI, Riedesel JM, Lan D, Huang B, et al. Pediatricians' intention to administer human papillomavirus vaccine: the role of practice characteristics, knowledge, and attitudes. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:502–510.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Liddon N, Pulley L, Cockerham WC, Lueschen G, Vermund SH, Hook EW. Parents'/guardians' willingness to vaccinate their children against genital herpes. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:187–193.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Zimet GD. Improving adolescent health: focus on HPV vaccine acceptance. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:S17–S23.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Brunham RC, Zhang DJ, Yang X, McClarty GM. The potential for vaccine development against chlamydial infection and disease. J Infect Dis. 2000;181(Suppl 3):S538–S543.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Batteiger BE, Rank RG, Bavoil PM, Soderberg LS. Partial protection against genital reinfection by immunization of guinea-pigs with isolated outer-membrane proteins of the chlamydial agent of guinea-pig inclusion conjunctivitis. J Gen Microbiol. 1993;139:2965–2972.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Eko FO, He Q, Brown T, McMillan L, Ifere GO, Ananaba GA, et al. (). A novel recombinant multisubunit vaccine against Chlamydia. J Immunol. 2004;173: 3375–3382.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Starnbach MN, Loomis WP, Ovendale P, Regan D, Hess B, Alderson MR, et al. An inclusion membrane protein from Chlamydia trachomatis enters the MHC class I pathway and stimulates a CD8+ T cell response. J Immunol. 2003; 171:4742–4749.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Beagley KW, Timms P. Chlamydia trachomatis infection: incidence, health costs and prospects for vaccine development. J Reprod Immunol. 2000;48:47–68.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Turner MS, Giffard PM. Expression of Chlamydia psittaci- and human immunodeficiency virus-derived antigens on the cell surface of Lactobacillus fermentum BR11 as fusions to bspA. Infect Immun. 1999;67:5486–5489.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  11. McKnew DL, Lynn F, Zenilman JM, Bash, MC. Porin variation among clinical isolates of Neisseria gonorrhoeae over a 10-year period, as determined by Por variable region typing. J Infect Dis. 2003;187:1213–1222.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Rokbi B, Renauld-Mongenie G, Mignon M, Danve B, Poncet D, Chabanel C, et al. Allelic diversity of the two transferrin binding protein B gene isotypes among a collection of Neisseria meningitidis strains representative of serogroup B disease: implication for the composition of a recombinant TbpB-based vaccine. Infect Immun. 2000;68:4938–4947.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Jones CA, Cunningham AL. Development of prophylactic vaccines for genital and neonatal herpes. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2003;2:541–549.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Jones CA, Cunningham AL. Vaccination strategies to prevent genital herpes and neonatal herpes simplex virus (HSV) disease. Herpes. 2004;11:12–17.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Stanberry LR, Cunningham AL, Mindel A, Scott LL, Spruance SL, Aoki F Y, et al. Prospects for control of herpes simplex virus disease through immunization. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:549–566.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. McLean CS, Erturk M, Jennings R, Challanain DN, Minson AC, Duncan I, et al. Protective vaccination against primary and recurrent disease caused by herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 2 using a genetically disabled HSV-1. J Infect Dis. 1994;170:1100–1109.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Stanberry LR. Clinical trials of prophylactic and therapeutic herpes simplex virus vaccines. Herpes. 2004;11(Suppl 3):161A–169A.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Corey L, Langenberg AG, Ashley R, Sekulovich RE, Izu AE, Douglas JM Jr, et al. Recombinant glycoprotein vaccine for the prevention of genital HSV-2 infection: two randomized controlled trials. Chiron HSV Vaccine Study Group. JAMA. 1999;282:331–340.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Stanberry LR, Spruance SL, Cunningham AL, Bernstein DI, Mindel A, Sacks S, et al. Glycoprotein-D-adjuvant vaccine to prevent genital herpes. N Engl J Med. 2002;347:1652–1661.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. www.niaid.nih.gov website

  21. Stern AM, Markel H. The history of vaccines and immunization: familiar patterns, new challenges. Health Aff (Millwood). 2005;24:611–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Hallez S, Simon P, Maudoux F, Doyen J, Noel JC, Beliard A, et al. Phase I/II trial of immunogenicity of a human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 E7 protein-based vaccine in women with oncogenic HPV-positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2004;53:642–650.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Davidson EJ, Sehr P, Faulkner RL, Parish JL, Gaston K, Moore RA, et al. Human papillomavirus type 16 E2- and L1-specific serological and T-cell responses in women with vulval intraepithelial neoplasia. J Gen Virol. 2003;84:2089–2097.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Baldwin PJ, van der Burg SH, Boswell CM, Offringa R, Hickling JK, Dobson J, et al. Vaccinia-expressed human papillomavirus 16 and 18 e6 and e7 as a therapeutic vaccination for vulval and vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia. Clin Cancer Res. 2003;9:5205–5213.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Ferrara A, Nonn M, Sehr P, Schreckenberger C, Pawlita M, Durst M, et al. Dendritic cell-based tumor vaccine for cervical cancer II: results of a clinical pilot study in 15 individual patients. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 2003;129:521–530.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Schreckenberger C, Kaufmann AM. Vaccination strategies for the treatment and prevention of cervical cancer. Curr Opin Oncol. 2004;16:485–491.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Lacey CJ, Thompson HS, Monteiro EF, O'Neill T, Davies ML, Holding FP, et al. Phase IIa safety and immunogenicity of a therapeutic vaccine, TA-GW, in persons with genital warts. J Infect Dis. 1999;179:612–618.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Vandepapeliere P, Barrasso R, Meijer CJ, Walboomers JM, Wettendorff M, Stanberry LR, et al. Randomized controlled trial of an adjuvanted human papillo-mavirus (HPV) type 6 L2E7 vaccine: infection of external anogenital warts with multiple HPV types and failure of therapeutic vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2005; 192:2099–2107.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Koutsky LA, Ault KA, Wheeler CM, Brown DR, Barr E, Alvarez FB, et al. A controlled trial of a human papillomavirus type 16 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2002; 347:1645–1651.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Skjeldestad FE. Prophylactic Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV (Types 6,11,16,18) L1 Virus Like Particle (VLP) vaccine (Gardisil™) Reduces Cervical Intraepilthelial Neoplasia (CIN) 2/3 Risk. Presentation to the Infectious Disease Society of America meeting. October 2005; San Francisco.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Harper DM, Franco EL, Wheeler C, Ferris DG, Jenkins D, Schuind A, et al. Efficacy of a bivalent L1 virus-like particle vaccine in prevention of infection with human papillomavirus types 16 and 18 in young women: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004;364:1757–1765.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Harro CD, Pang YY, Roden RB, Hildesheim A, Wang Z, Reynolds MJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity trial in adult volunteers of a human papillomavirus 16 L1 virus-like particle vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:284–292.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Pinto LA, Edwards J, Castle PE, Harro CD, Lowy DR, Schiller JT, et al. Cellular immune responses to human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 L1 in healthy volunteers immunized with recombinant HPV-16 L1 virus-like particles. J Infect Dis. 2003; 188:327–338.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. Garnett G P, Dubin G, Slaoui M, Darcis T. The potential epidemiological impact of a genital herpes vaccine for women. Sex Transm Infect. 2004;80:24–29.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Hughes JP, Garnett GP, Koutsky L. The theoretical population-level impact of a prophylactic human papilloma virus vaccine. Epidemiology. 2002;13:631–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Schwartz E J, Blower S. Predicting the potential individual- and population-level effects of imperfect herpes simplex virus type 2 vaccines. J Infect Dis. 2005; 191:1734–1746.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Sanders GD, Taira AV. Cost-effectiveness of a potential vaccine for human papil-lomavirus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:37–48.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Kulasingam SL, Myers ER. Potential health and economic impact of adding a human papillomavirus vaccine to screening programs. JAMA. 2003;290:781–789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Goldie SJ, Kohli M, Grima D, Weinstein MC, Wright TC, Bosch FX, et al. Projected clinical benefits and cost-effectiveness of a human papillomavirus 16/18 vaccine. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2004;96:604–615.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Taira AV, Neukermans CP, Sanders GD. Evaluating human papillomavirus vaccination programs. Emerg Infect Dis. 2004;10:1915–1923.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Smith RJ, Blower SM. Could disease-modifying HIV vaccines cause population-level perversity? Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4:636–639.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Blower SM, McLean AR. Prophylactic vaccines, risk behavior change, and the probability of eradicating HIV in San Francisco. Science. 1994;265:1451–1454.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Zimet GD, Mays RM, Fortenberry JD. Vaccines against sexually transmitted infections: promise and problems of the magic bullets for prevention and control. Sex Transm Dis. 2000;27:49–52.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Zimet GD, Mays RM, Winston Y, Kee R, Dickes J, Su L. Acceptability of human papillomavirus immunization. J Womens Health Gend Based Med. 2000;9:47–50.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Kahn JA, Rosenthal SL, Hamann T, Bernstein DI. Attitudes about human papillo-mavirus vaccine in young women. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14:300–306.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Boehner CW, Howe SR, Bernstein DI, Rosenthal SL. Viral sexually transmitted disease vaccine acceptability among college students. Sex Transm Dis. 2003; 30:774–778.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Rosenthal SL, Kottenhahn RK, Biro FM, Succop PA. Hepatitis B vaccine acceptance among adolescents and their parents. J Adolesc Health. 1995;17: 248–254.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Rosenthal SL, Lewis LM, Succop PA, Bernstein DI, Stanberry LR. College students' attitudes regarding vaccination to prevent genital herpes. Sex Transm Dis. 1999;26:438–443.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Zimet GD, Perkins SM, Sturm LA, Bair RM, Juliar BE, Mays RM. Predictors of STI vaccine acceptability among parents and their adolescent children. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:179–186.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Davis K, Dickman ED, Ferris D, Dias JK. Human papillomavirus vaccine acceptability among parents of 10- to 15-year-old adolescents. J Low Genit Tract Dis. 2004;8:188–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Mays RM, Sturm LA, Zimet GD. Parental perspectives on vaccinating children against sexually transmitted infections. Soc Sci Med. 2004;58:1405–1413.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Olshen E, Woods ER, Austin SB, Luskin M, Bauchner H. Parental acceptance of the human papillomavirus vaccine. J Adolesc Health. 2005;37:248–251.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Zimet GD, Mays RM, Sturm LA, Ravert AA, Perkins SM, Juliar BE. Parental attitudes about sexually transmitted infection vaccination for their adolescent children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:132–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Jaccard J, Dittus PJ, Gordon V V. Parent-adolescent congruency in reports of adolescent sexual behavior and in communications about sexual behavior. Child Dev. 1998;69:247–261.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. McNeely C, Shew ML, Beuhring T, Sieving R, Miller BC, Blum RW. Mothers' influence on the timing of first sex among 14- and 15-year-olds. J Adolesc Health. 2002;31:256–265.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. The 411 about Teens and Sex web site. Available at http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/6872269 (accessed March 20, 2006).

  57. Stanton BF, Li X, Galbraith J, Cornick G, Feigelman S, Kaljee L, Zhou Y. Parental underestimates of adolescent risk behavior: a randomized, controlled trial of a parental monitoring intervention. J Adolesc Health. 2000;26:18–26.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Deeks SL, Johnson IL. Vaccine coverage during a school-based hepatitis B immunization program. Can J Public Health. 1998;89:98–101.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Jones RK, Boonstra H. Confidential reproductive health services for minors: the potential impact of mandated parental involvement for contraception. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2004;36:182–191.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Freed GL, Bordley WC, Clark SJ, Konrad TR. Universal hepatitis B immunization of infants: reactions of pediatricians and family physicians over time. Pediatrics. 1994;93:747–751.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Loewenson PR, White KE, Osterholm MT, MacDonald KL. Physician attitudes and practices regarding universal infant vaccination against hepatitis B infection in Minnesota: implications for public health policy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:373–378.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Mays RM, Zimet GD. Recommending STI vaccination to parents of adolescents: the attitudes of nurse practitioners. Sex Transm Dis. 2004;31:428–432.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Raley JC, Followwill KA, Zimet GD, Ault KA. Gynecologists' attitudes regarding human papilloma virus vaccination: a survey of Fellows of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol. 2004; 12:127–133.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Riedesel JM, Rosenthal SL, Zimet GD, Bernstein DI, Huang B, Lan D, et al. Attitudes about human papillomavirus vaccine among family physicians. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2005;18:391–398.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Siegel RM, Baker RC, Kotagal UR, Balistreri WF. Hepatitis B vaccine use in Cincinnati: a community's response to the AAP recommendation of universal hepatitis B immunization. J Natl Med Assoc. 1994;86:444–448.

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  66. Short MB, Rupp R, Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Parental acceptance of adolescent vaccines within school-based health centres. Herpes. 2005;12:23–27.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Molliconi SA, Zink T. Managed care organizations and public health: exploring collaboration on adolescent immunizations. J Sch Health. 1997;67:286–289.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Harris PA, Kerr J, Steffen D. A state-based immunization campaign: the New Mexico experience. J Sch Health. 1997;67:273–276.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Marron RL, Lanphear BP, Kouides R, Dudman L, Manchester RA, Christy C. Efficacy of informational letters on hepatitis B immunization rates in university students. J Am Coll Health. 1998;47:123–127.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Fogarty KJ, Massoudi MS, Gallo W, Averhoff FM, Yusuf H, Fishbein D. Vaccine coverage levels after implementation of a middle school vaccination requirement, Florida, 1997–2000. Public Health Rep. 2004;119:163–169.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  71. Averhoff F, Linton L, Peddecord KM, Edwards C, Wang W, Fishbein D. A middle school immunization law rapidly and substantially increases immunization coverage among adolescents. Am J Public Health. 2004;94:978–984.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Yacobi E, Tennant C, Ferrante J, Pal N, Roetzheim R. University students' knowledge and awareness of HPV. Prev Med. 1999;28:535–541.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Holcomb B, Bailey JM, Crawford K, Ruffin MT. Adults' knowledge and behaviors related to human papillomavirus infection. J Am Board Fam Pract. 2004;17:26–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Dell DL, Chen H, Ahmad F, Stewart DE. Knowledge about human papillomavirus among adolescents. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:653–656.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Pitts M, Clarke T. Human papillomavirus infections and risks of cervical cancer: what do women know? Health Educ Res. 2002;17:706–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  76. Waller J, McCaffery K, Forrest S, Szarewski A, Cadman L, Wardle J. Awareness of human papillomavirus among women attending a well woman clinic. Sex Transm Infect. 2003;79:320–322.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  77. Anhang R, Stryker JE, Wright TC Jr, Goldie SJ. News media coverage of human papillomavirus. Cancer. 2004;100:308–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Daley MF, Liddon N, Crane LA, Beaty BL, Barrow J, Babbel C, Markowitz L, Dunne EF, Stokley S, Dickinson LM, Berman S, Kempe A. A National Survey of Pediatrician Knowledge and Attitudes Regarding Human Papillomavirus Vaccination. Pediatrics. 2006;188(6):2280–2289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Rosenthal SL, Stanberry LR. Parental acceptability of vaccines for sexually transmitted infections. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005;159:190–192.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Davies P. Anti-vaccination websites. JAMA. 2002;288:1717.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Lashuay N, Tjoa T, Zuniga de Nuncio ML, Franklin M, Elder J, Jones M. Exposure to immunization media messages among African American parents. Prev Med. 2000;5:522–528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Gilbert LK, Alexander L, Grosshans JF, Jolley L. Answering frequently asked questions about HPV. Sex Transm Dis. 2003;30:193–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Ball LK, Evans G, Bostrom A. Risky business: challenges in vaccine risk communication. Pediatrics. 1998;101:453–458.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  84. Sturm LA, Mays RM, Zimet GD. Parental beliefs and decision making about child and adolescent immunization: from polio to sexually transmitted infections. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2005;26:441–452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  85. Diekema DS. Responding to parental refusals of immunization of children. Pediatrics, 2005;115:1428–1431.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  86. Spigener SD, Mayeaux EJ. Patient education and issues of HPV infection. Hosp Pract. 1998;33:133–135.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Washam C. Targeting teens and adolescents for HPV vaccine could draw fire. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2005;97:1030–1031.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Stanberry LR, Rosenthal SL. Progress in vaccines for sexually transmitted diseases. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2005;19:477–490, xi.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  89. Dell DL, Chen H, Ahmad F, Stewart DE. Knowledge about human papillomavirus among adolescents. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:653–656.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  90. Pitts M, Clarke T. Human papillomavirus infections and risks of cervical cancer: What do women know? Health Education Research 2002;17:706–714.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Abma JC, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Dawsom BS. Teenagers in the United States: sexual activity, condom use and childbearing, 2002. Vital and Health Statistics. 2004; Series 23, No. 24.

    Google Scholar 

  92. Kirby D. The impact of schools and school programs upon adolescent sexual behavior. J Sex Res 2002;39:27–33.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Raine T, Harper C, Leon K, Darney P. Emergency contraception: advance provision in a young, high-risk clinic population. Obstet Gynecol. 2000;96:1–7.

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Raine TR, Harper CC, Rocca CH, Fischer R, Padian N, Klausner JD, Darney PD. Direct access to emergency contraception through pharmacies and effect on unintended pregnancy and STIs: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;293:54.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  95. Schuster MA, Bell RM, Berry SH, Kanouse DE. Impact of a high school condom availability program on sexual attitudes and behaviors. Fam Plann Perspect. 1998;30:67–72.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Averett SL, Rees DI, Argys LM. The impact of government policies and neighborhood characteristics on teenage sexual activity and contraceptive use. Am J Public Health. 2002;92:1773–1778.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Stanton B, Li X, Pack R, Cottrel L, Harris, C, Burns JM. Longitudinal influence of perceptions of peer and parental factors on African American adolescent risk involvement. J Urban Health 2002;79:536–548.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  98. Whitaker DJ, Miller KS, May DC, Levin ML. Teenage partners' communication about sexual risk and condom use: the importance of parent-teenager discussions. Fam Plann Perspect 1999;31:117–121.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  99. Cohen DA, Farley TA, Taylor SN, Martin DH, Schuster MA. When and where do youth have sex? The potential role of adult supervision. Pediatrics. 2002;110:e66.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  100. Lonczak HS, Abbott RD, Hawkins JD, Kosterman R, Catalano RF. Effects of the Seattle social development project on sexual behavior, pregnancy, birth, and sexually transmitted disease outcomes by age 21 years. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2002;156:438–447.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Franco EL, Harper DM. Vaccination against human papillomavirus infection: a new paradigm in cervical cancer control. Vaccine. 2005;23:2388–2394.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  102. Humiston SG, Rosenthal SL. Challenges to vaccinating adolescents: vaccine implementation issues. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:S134–S140.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of STD Prevention, National Centers for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Georgia, Atlanta, USA

    Nicole Liddon (Ph.D.)

  2. Indiana University Cancer Center and Medical School, Indiana, Indianapolis, USA

    Gregory D. Zimet (Ph.D.)

  3. Sealy Center for Vaccine Development, University of Texas Medical Branch, Texas, Galveston, USA

    Lawrence R. Stanberry (M.D.)

Authors
  1. Nicole Liddon
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Gregory D. Zimet
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lawrence R. Stanberry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of STD Prevention, National Centers for HIV, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Sevgi O. Aral Ph.D.  & John M. Douglas Jr M.D.  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2007 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Liddon, N., Zimet, G.D., Stanberry, L.R. (2007). STI Vaccines: Status of Development, Potential Impact, and Important Factors for Implementation. In: Aral, S.O., Douglas, J.M. (eds) Behavioral Interventions for Prevention and Control of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48740-3_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-48740-3_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-387-85768-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-0-387-48740-3

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation