Abstract
Ray-based models have been used for many years in underwater acoustics. In the early 1960s, virtually all modeling was done using either normal modes or ray tracing and primarily the latter. Today, however, ray tracing codes have fallen somewhat out of favor in the research community, the problem being the inherent (high frequency) approximation of the method which leads to somewhat coarse accuracy in the results. On the other hand, ray methods are still used extensively in the operational environment where speed is a critical factor and environmental uncertainty poses much more severe constraints on the attainable accuracy. Furthermore, much of the insight derived from studying ray theory is important in interpreting the results of other models.
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Jensen, F.B., Kuperman, W.A., Porter, M.B., Schmidt, H. (2011). Ray Methods. In: Computational Ocean Acoustics. Modern Acoustics and Signal Processing. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8678-8_3
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