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Modeling Daylight Distribution in Complex Architectural Spaces

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Daylight Science and Daylighting Technology

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Abstract

Everybody knows that white surfaces are the brightest and color surfaces reflect mostly that light which is in the wavelength range of the perceived color, that mirrors reflect directly (specularly), and that many matt paints diffuse or scatter and reflect light rays into many directions. Glass that transmits daylight into interiors and also enables view is a common, although specific transparent type with low reflectance. Obviously, the characteristics of reflecting and transmitting characteristics of media are important when interreflection has to be predicted or when a particular class of diffusing materials is to be utilized in interiors, in calculations, or in measurements.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Construction and Architecture Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Richard Kittler, Miroslav Kocifaj & Stanislav Darula

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  1. Richard Kittler
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Correspondence to Richard Kittler .

Appendix 10

Appendix 10

10.1.1 Special Laboratory Possibilities to Test Complex Interreflections in Designed Architectural Spaces

Unique architectural solutions using exceptional space forms, shapes, color rendering, or unusual fenestration systems for daylighting often present taxing design scenarios. Such novel applications can create very complex interreflection situations with consequences that cannot be predetermined either by calculation methods or by computer programs. However, in a research or testing laboratory equipped with an artificial sky and sun and appropriate photometric facilities, scale model measurements can be made to reveal the effects of complex interreflections or light redistribution influences. Scale models can simulate alternative design scenarios at the early stages of the design process. These can model a black-clad interior in order to separate direct skylight or sunlight influences from those caused by interior interreflectance. With such scale models placed under a sophisticated artificial sky or heliodon, the influence of the sky and sun can be tested under conditions in a sequence of hypothetical modeling alternative solutions.

The traditional use of scale models for the analysis of daylight and sunlight in rooms, atria, or whole architectural complexes can also be similarly scale-modeled and usefully extended to nontraditional special or novel devices such as anidolic systems or hollow light tubes, diffusers, laser-cut panels, and special glazing materials. Side-lit interiors are typically characterized by illuminance decreasing with the distance from the window. Nevertheless, technology can alter the rate of decrease of such lighting. Devices have been designed to transport light during sun-shaded situations or both sunlight and skylight during sunny situations. However, the efficiency of light-guiding systems is different in “enhancement” and “redirection” situations. Edmonds (1993) measured indoor illuminance under various sky conditions in a model room with laser-cut panels which were transparent and deflected skylight deeper into the interior. Courret et al. (1996) built a scale model with anidolic zenithal openings and set it in a heliodon to test the direct and diffuse light penetration into the modeled interior. These measurements confirmed the belief that under various sky luminance distributions there are significant influences on the efficiency of these novel transport or enhancement daylighting devices.

Innovative approaches and special laboratory equipment for the measurement of advanced fenestration daylight delivery systems are now complemented by faster analysis of the optical properties of special glazing materials and the development of digital imaging techniques in the determination of the daylighting performance characteristics of fenestration. Special laboratory instruments have also advanced the state of this art. Goniophotometers were designed and constructed especially for complex fenestration systems (Andersen and de Boer 2006), and for sunlight-simulated penetration using scale models (Andersen et al. 2005). Special glazing, with spectrally and angularly selective coatings, was tested using a scanning and projection goniophotometer and a spectral video-goniophotometer (Gayeski and Andersen 2007), or such innovative daylight systems set under a heliodon tested the direct and diffuse light penetration into the interior (Littlefair 1990). All devices transport light during a sun-shaded situation or both sunlight and skylight during a sunny situation, and the efficiency of light-guiding systems is different in both of these situations. Darula et al. (2010) tested penetration of daylight through a hollow tube under an artificial sky adjusted to uniform and CIE overcast sky luminance distribution. These measurements confirmed the supposition that under various sky luminance patterns there are significant influences on the efficiency of these novel devices.

New light delivery, shading, enhancement, and/or directing optical elements of building fabric, shading systems, and concentrators present many problems which can be investigated and tested in daylight research laboratories prior to field pilot evaluation and real-world validation studies (Müller 1994).

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Kittler, R., Kocifaj, M., Darula, S. (2011). Modeling Daylight Distribution in Complex Architectural Spaces. In: Daylight Science and Daylighting Technology. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-8816-4_10

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